大学毕业设计（英文翻译）
Content summary: In recent years the new advanced manufacture technology pattern and the philosophy emerge one after another incessantly, this article unifies our country national condition, through the analysis modern integration manufacture system with other advanced manufacture technologies relations, elaborated our country modern integration manufacture system technical constitution and the development strategy and the way, hoped makes a beneficial exploration for our country manufacturing industry development.
Key word: Modern integration manufacture system, parallel project, hypothesized manufacture, distributional network research center
Introduction
The information technology development causes the revolution caused us to enter the information age. The information revolution not only causes people's thought idea, the life style change, moreover has caused the production method and the manufacture philosophy huge change, may say in the recent ten years proposed the new manufacture philosophy cannot leave the strut which the information technology provides, is causing the manufacturing industry take the becoming an information based society manufacture technology as representative's advanced manufacture technology to be in the important historical transformation time. For many years, our country's comprehensive national strength unceasingly has strengthened, enters the pass in namely, the market competition is extremely intense, the domestic market transformed from the seller market as the buyer market, moreover rapidly is becoming the international market a part, many large and middle scale enterprises are at the disadvantageous position in the competition, even goes bankrupt, goes out of business. This article unifies our country national condition, through the analysis modern integration manufacture system and the advanced manufacture technology relations, elaborated our country modern integration manufacture system technical constitution and the development strategy and the way, hoped makes a beneficial exploration for our country manufacturing industry development.
Modern integration manufacture system meaning and localization
The modern integration manufacture system (Contemporary Integrated Manufacturing System) is the computer integration manufacture system recent development phase, in inherits the computer integration manufacture system outstanding achievement in the foundation, it absorbs in the advanced manufacture technology unceasingly the related thought essence, from the information integration, the process integration integrates the direction to the enterprise rapidly to develop, is at the core position in the advanced manufacture technology. To be specific, it the traditional manufacture technology and the modern information technology, the management technology, the automated technology, the systems engineering technology carries on the organic union, causes the enterprise product in the entire life
cycle through computer technology the related organization, the management, the management and the technical organic integration and the optimized movement, realizes becoming an information based society, the intellectualization, the integration in the enterprise product entire life cycle optimizes, achieved the product goes on the market quickly, serves, the quality is superior, the cost low goal, then enhances the enterprise the flexibility, vigorous and healthy and the agility, causes the enterprise to in an impregnable position in the intense market competition. Looked from the integrated angle that, the early computer integration manufacture system stresses on the information integration, but the modern integration manufacture system integrated concept all had the enormous expansion in the breadth and the depth, has also realized in the enterprise product entire life cycle each kind of service process whole optimization besides the information integration, namely the process integration, and develops to the enterprise superiority supplementary enterprise's between integrated stage.
The modern integration manufacture system research scope should be situated between the country to climb between the plan and the national attack plan. With climbs the plan research project to compare, it pays great attention to the achievement application, puts into industrial production as far as possible the technology, and impels our country manufacturing industry the modernized advancement; Compares with the national attack plan, it pays great attention to solves in the our country manufacturing industry development key general character problem, foresightedness question and the demonstrative question [ 1 ].
Modern integration manufacture system technical constitution
Chart 1 modern integration manufacture system technical constitution
The advanced manufacture technology (AMT - Advanced Manufacturing Technology) takes a proper noun does not have to be explicit until now, the consistent recognition definition. Through to its connotation and the characteristic research, at present the common understanding is: The advanced manufacture technology is the traditional manufacture technology absorbs aspect the unceasingly and so on machinery, electron, information, material, energy and modern management achievement, and applies its synthesis in the product design, the manufacture, the examination, the management, sales, the use, the service manufacture entire process, by realizes high quality, is highly effective, the low consumption, cleanly, the nimble production, and obtains the ideal technology economic effect the manufacture technology always to call [ 3 ]. It has the following some characteristics: From to transforms take the technology as the center take the human as the center, causes technical the development even more to conform to human society's need; From the emphasis specialization division of labor to the fuzzy division of labor, masters many skills while specializing in one the transformation, enables worker's intelligence and ability to obtain the full display; From pyramid's multilayered management structure to the flat network structural transformation, reduces the level and among the link; Transforms from the traditional smooth work way to the multi-tasking way, reduces the duty cycle action cycle, improves the work quality; From defers to the function division department the fixed organization form to the
dynamic independent management group work way transformation. Through analyzes us to the advanced manufacture technology definition and the characteristic to discover that, the modern integration manufacture system has the advanced manufacture technology the major part characteristic, only the advanced manufacture technology involves the scope must be bigger than the modern integration manufacture system, therefore through to the advanced manufacture technology comprehensive survey, we proposed a modern integration manufacture system technical constitution pattern. Like chart 1 shows, namely in the advanced manufacture technology, the modern integration manufacture system in the absorption computer integration manufacture system outstanding achievement foundation, continues to impel the parallel project, the hypothesized manufacture, the agile manufacture and dynamic alliance research work deep high-rising "y $. _A @ Carries on, and absorbs in the advanced manufacture technology unceasingly the success experience and the advanced thought, carries on them the promoted application, from this causes the modern integration manufacture system to become the advanced manufacture technology the core, concrete explanation as follows: 1st, parallel project (CE - Concurrent Engineering):
The parallel project is the integration, parallel designs the product and its the correlation process (including manufacture process and support process) the system approach. It requests the product development personnel in from the very beginning to form all factors on the consideration product entire life cycle in from the concept which discards to the product, including quality, cost, progress plan and user request. In order to achieve the parallel goal, must establish the main model which integrates highly, realizes the different department personnel's joint operation through it; In order to achieve the product time designs successfully, reduces the relapse, it has applied the simulation technology in many parts; The main model establishment, the partial simulation application and so on all contains in the hypothesized manufacture technology, may say the parallel project the development has created the condition for the hypothesized manufacture technology birth, the hypothesized manufacture technology will be take the parallel project as the foundation, the parallel project enters one The CAM technology also waits for the popularization, the comprehensive implementation parallel project also lacks the basic material base.
Because the parallel project locates the foundational status and our country research work insufficiency, had decided must thoroughly carry on unceasingly it as the modern integration manufacture system basic research work.
2nd, hypothesized manufacture (VM - Virtual Manufacturing):
The hypothesized manufacture use information technology, the simulation technology, computer technology to in the reality manufacture person, the thing, the information and the manufacture process carry on the comprehensive simulation, by discovered in the manufacture possibly appears the question, takes the preventive measure before the product actual production, thus achieved the product disposable makes successfully, achieved reduces the cost, reduces the product development cycle, the enhancement product competitive power goal [ 4 ].
At present, the hypothesized manufacture technology already in overseas had the
application, for example: American Boneing a corporate design VS-X hypothesized airplane, may use the hard helmet monitor and the data glove carries on the observation and the control, causes the airplane to design the personnel to observe the result personally which the airplane designs, and to its outward appearance, the internal structure and the operational performance carries on the inspection; Japanese Matsushita Corporation develops the hypothesized kitchen equipment manufacture system, permits the consumer in front of the purchase commodity, experiences the different equipment in the hypothesized kitchen environment the function, according to own likes the appraisal, chooses and reorganizes these equipment, their choice is saved and delivers through the network to the production department carries on the production; American Coventry School of Art and the Design development hypothesized prototype manufacture system, the designer can the structure hypothesized prototype and the prototype carries on the appraisal regarding this in the design preliminary stage in the computer [ 6 ].
The domestic research just started, mainly concentrated in three aspects [ 7 ]:
(1) product hypothesized design technology:
Mainly includes the hypothesized product to develop the platform, the hypothesized test, the hypothesized assembly as well as the engine bed, the mold hypothesized design realization and so on. Qinghua University developed the platform using American country instrument company's Labview to realize the phase locking circuit hypothesized, the mechanical academy of science has used the C language and OpenGL carries on the programming to realize initially three-dimensionally has stopped the garage under the virtual reality parametrization design, might direct-viewing carry on the garage the layout, the design, the analysis and the movement simulation.
(2) product hypothesized manufacture technology
Mainly includes the material hot-working craft simulation, the processing process simulation, the plate takes shape the simulation, the mold manufacture simulation and so on. North the navigation the sheet which developed with OPTRIS takes shape the software with steam already to be basic can simulate the similar vehicle door the medium complex degree automobile cover and other ramming takes shape a ramming to take shape the process; The Shenyang casting research institute's develops electroslag smelting casting craft simulation software package ESRD3D already applied in the water turbogenerator variable camber has flowed in the part production, its product in Liu chia hsia, Li Jiaxia, the inborn bridge, the peaceful service and so on in 7 power plants used; The Hefei industrial university's develops the double tool rest numerical control lathe processing process simulation software already in the Ma'anshan steel and iron limited liability company wheel tire mill application, caused the numerical control procedure scene debugging time to reduce from several classes to several hours, and guaranteed time tried to cut successfully; Beijing unit and so on engine bed research institute, mechanical academy of science, northeast University, ShangHai Jiao Tong Univeristy and Changsha railroad institute also develops some this aspects the simulation software.
(3) hypothesized manufacture system
Mainly includes the hypothesized manufacture technology the system structure, the technical support, the development strategy and so on. Proposed the different network research center which by Shanghai Tongji University Professor Zhang Shu the quite mature thought and possibly realizes is which proposes the disperser network production system and Xian Jiao tong University academician Xie Youbai sets up.
From the above elaboration may see to the domestic and foreign research horizontal disparity is very big, moreover because the hypothesized manufacture technology not only is the parallel project development direction also is the agile manufacture core, this decided we must by it take the modern integration manufacture system the central technology, by leads the correlation technology research work carrying on, and causes them to coordinate smoothly develops.
3rd, agile manufacture (AM - Agile Manufacturing):
The agile manufacture is take the competitive power and Credibility of degrees as a foundation, chooses the collaborator to form the hypothesized company, the division of labor and cooperation, joint effort for the identical goal strengthens the whole competitive ability, makes the rapid reaction to the user demand, by satisfies the user the need. In order to achieve the fast strain capacity, the hypothesized enterprise's establishment is the essential technology, its core is the hypothesized manufacture technology, namely the agile manufacture is take the hypothesized manufacture technology as the foundation. The agile manufacture is the modern integration manufacture system develops the way that must be taken from the information integration which integrates to the enterprise, its level of development has represented the modern integration manufacture system level of development, is the modern integration manufacture system development direction.
Since 1991 US proposed the agile manufacture thought, the American government supports many research units to develop the realization agile manufacture the foundation structure and the tool, and the encouragement carries on the demonstration in the different profession to apply, at present already has made the certain progress. For example: In the remote measuring unit production agile manufacture demonstration project, it united California's saint sulphadiazine country laboratory, the union signal company Kansas city branch and New Mexico's saint sulphadiazine country laboratory as well as the mechanical main tank, the printed wiring board supplier. Through has made up weakness jointly which the sole enterprise resources is insufficient, this □R~ $. _A @ The pledge productive time reduced 50% compared to the sole enterprise's productive time, the productivity enhancement has been remarkable. Now US'S very many big companies all participated in this research plan, and so on the developed country in abundance has also established the corresponding organization in Europe and Japan, conducts the corresponding research and the implementation work. Our country experts started from 1993 to the agile manufacture to conduct the track research, mainly included: Implements the agile manufacture the technology base; Hypothesized company's establishment step and its system structure and movement pattern; Hypothesized company's organization and application and so on. With overseas compares, these
research works only can calculate the principled research work, is away from practical also needs to walk very long section of roads. Therefore, is impossible in our country enterprise to realize the agile manufacture at present, but looked from the scientific research angle that, we thought needs to establish a research under the appropriate condition hypothesized enterprise, deepens us to meet the difficult problem to the hypothesized enterprise in the practical application the understanding, namely absorbs the beneficial experience in the practice, will make the certain technical reserve for the next development.
4th, green manufacture (GM - Green ManufacturinCIMS subject implementation strategy, CIMS,1998,10:7 ~ 15 Wu clear, Li Bohu, from computer integration manufacture system to modern integration manufacture system, CIMS,1998,10:1 ~ 6 Li Min virtuous, face the 21st century advanced manufacture technologies, the mechanical industrial automation, 1.998,2 million (4):1 ~ 3 hypothesized manufactures technologies deliberates with display the collection, mechanical academy of science, 1,998, 9 Wiens G.J. : Overview of Virtual Manufacturing, Proceedings of 2nd Agile Manufacturing Conference: Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, March 16 ~ 1.7,1995 million Wang Hongdian, Zhang Youliang, hypothesized manufacture technology and its application, mechanical science and technology, 1.998,17 million (3): 477 ~ 479 Chen Xiaochuan, Zhang Baobao, Liu Xiao ice, Feng Xin is peaceful, the hypothesized manufacture engineering research survey summarizes, machine manufacture, 1998,12:8 ~ 10 IKimura F.: Product and Process Modeling as a Kernel for Virtual Manufacturing Environment. Annals of the CIRP,1.993,42 million (1):147 ~ 150 Chen Xiaochuan, Liu Xiao ice, Feng Xin is peaceful, the distributional network research center and its the system structure, the computer-aided design and makes, 1998, 12 The Strategy and Frame of Contemporary Integrated Manufacturing System
Chen Xiao-Chuan, Liu Xiao-Bing
(Dalian University of Technology, CIMS Centre,Dalian,.116023 million)
Abstract: Recent years the new advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) are developed rapidly. In this paper, We analyzed contemporary integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) technology and the relation between CIMS and the other AMTs according to Chinese conditions. We proposed the system frame and some developing strategies of CIMS that will be beneficial to our manufacturing sector for development of AMT in China.
Keywords: Contemporary Integrated Manufacturing System, Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing, Distributed Networked Research Center
内容提要：近几年新的先进制造技术模式和哲理层出不穷，本文结合我国国情，通过分析现代集成制造系统与其它先进制造技术的关系，论述了我国现代集成制造系统的技术构成和发展策略及途径，希望为我国制造业的发展做些有益的探索。
关键词：现代集成制造系统，并行工程，虚拟制造，分布式网络化研究中心
引言
信息技术的发展引起的革命使我们进入了信息时代。信息革命不仅引起人们的思想观念、生活方式的变化，而且导致了生产方式和制造哲理的巨大变化，可以说近十年来提出的新的制造哲理都离不开信息技术提供的支撑，以信息化制造技术为代表的先进制造技术正使制造业处于重要的历史性变革时期。多年来，我国的综合国力不断增强，入关在即，市场竞争十分激烈，国内市场已从卖方市场转化为买方市场，而且正在迅速成为国际市场的一部分，许多大中型企业在竞争中处于不利地位，甚至破产、倒闭。本文结合我国国情，通过分析现代集成制造系统与先进制造技术的关系，论述了我国现代集成制造系统的技术构成和发展策略及途径，希望为我国制造业的发展做些有益的探索。
现代集成制造系统的含义与定位
现代集成制造系统（Contemporary Integrated Manufacturing System）是计算机集成制造系统新的发展阶段，在继承计算机集成制造系统优秀成果的基础上，它不断吸收先进制造技术中的相关思想的精华，从信息集成、过程集成向企业集成方向迅速发展，在先进制造技术中处于核心地位。具体地说，它将传统的制造技术与现代信息技术、管理技术、自动化技术、系统工程技术进行有机的结合，通过计算机技术使企业产品在全生命周期中有关的组织、经营、管理和技术有机集成和优化运行，在企业产品全生命周期中实现信息化、智能化、集成优化，达到产品上市快、服务好、质量优、成本低的目的，进而提高企业的柔性、健壮性和敏捷性，使企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。从集成的角度看，早期的计算机集成制造系统侧重于信息集成，而现代集成制造系统的集成概念在广度和深度上都有了极大的扩展，除了信息集成外还实现了企业产品全生命周期中的各种业务过程的整体优化，即过程集成，并发展到企业优势互补的企业之间的集成阶段。
现代集成制造系统的研究范围应该介于国家攀登计划和国家攻关计划之间。与攀登计划研究项目相比较，它更注重成果的应用性，尽可能将技术产业化，并推动我国制造业的现代化进程；与国家攻关计划相比较，它更注重解决我国制造业发展中的关键的共性问题、前瞻性问题和示范性问题【1】。
现代集成制造系统的技术构成
图1 现代集成制造系统的技术构成
先进制造技术（AMT－Advanced Manufacturing Technology）作为一个专有名词至今还没有一个明确的、一致公认的定义。通过对其内涵和特征的研究，目前共同的认识是：先进制造技术是传统制造技术不断吸收机械、电子、信息、材料、能源和现代管理等方面的成果，并将其综合应用于产品设计、制造、检测、管理、销售、使用、服务的制造全过程，以实现优质、高效、低耗、清洁、灵活的生产，并取得理想技术经济效果的制造技术的总称【3】。它具有如下一些特点：
从以技术为中心向以人为中心转变，使技术的发展更加符合人类社会的需要；从强调专业化分工向模糊分工、一专多能转变，使劳动者的聪明才智能够得到充分
发挥；从金字塔的多层管理结构向扁平的网络化结构转变，减少层次和中间环节；从传统的顺序工作方式向并行工作方式转变，缩短工作周期，提高工作质量；从按照功能划分部门的固定组织形式向动态的自主管理的小组工作方式转变。通过对先进制造技术的定义和特点的分析我们发现，现代集成制造系统拥有先进制造技术的绝大部分特点，只不过先进制造技术所涉及的的范围要比现代集成制造系统大，因此通过对先进制造技术的综合考察，我们提出了一个现代集成制造系统的技术构成模式。如图1所示，即在先进制造技术中，现代集成制造系统在吸收计算机集成制造系统的优秀成果的基础上，继续推动并行工程、虚拟制造、敏捷制造和动态联盟的研究工作深入进行，并不断吸收先进制造技术中的成功经验和先进思想，将它们进行推广应用，由此使现代集成制造系统成为先进制造技术的核心，具体说明如下：
1、并行工程（CE－Concurrent Engineering）：
并行工程是集成地、并行地设计产品及其相关过程（包括制造过程和支持过程）的系统方法。它要求产品开发人员在一开始就考虑产品整个生命周期中从概念形成到产品报废的所有因素，包括质量、成本、进度计划和用户要求。为了达到并行的目的，必须建立高度集成的主模型，通过它来实现不同部门人员的协同工作；为了达到产品的一次设计成功，减少反复，它在许多部分应用了仿真技术；主模型的建立、局部仿真的应用等都包含在虚拟制造技术中，可以说并行工程的发展为虚拟制造技术的诞生创造了条件，虚拟制造技术将是以并行工程为基础的，并行工程的进一步发展就是虚拟制造技术。同时，并行工程是在CAD、CAM、CAPP 等技术支持下，将原来分别进行的工作在时间和空间上交叉、重迭，充分利用了原有技术，并吸收了当前迅速发展的计算机技术、网络技术的优秀成果，使其成为先进制造技术中的基础。
虽然并行工程在我国进行的研究工作中属于热点，也取得了一些成果，但是目前还存在以下一些问题：
(1)研究的广度和深度不够：虽然并行工程的研究工作已经广泛开展，但是无论从研究的内容上看，还是从研究的水平上说都明显存在差距。如：并行工程在成本和质量上的应用才刚刚起步，与供应商的集成问题还没有提上日程。
(2)与并行工程有关的技术实用化不够：在实用技术研究方面，目前还没有商品化软件诞生，而国外公司已经推出商品化软件（如：PTC的Pro-Engineering、CV的CADDS5）。
(3)并行工程的实施队伍不够：由于科研力量薄弱，在研究上还不能全面开花，并行工程的实施就更是难上加难了。而且，当前国内机械行业在激烈的市场竞争中经济效益不好，CAD/CAM技术还有待普及，全面实施并行工程还缺乏基本的物质基础。
由于并行工程所处的基础性地位及我国研究工作的不足，就决定了必须将它作为现代集成制造系统的基础性研究工作不断深入地进行。
2、虚拟制造（VM－Virtual Manufacturing）：
虚拟制造利用信息技术、仿真技术、计算机技术对现实制造活动中的人、物、信息及制造过程进行全面的仿真，以发现制造中可能出现的问题，在产品实际生产前就采取预防措施，从而达到产品一次性制造成功，来达到降低成本、缩短产品开发周期，增强产品竞争力的目的【4】。
目前，虚拟制造技术已经在国外有所应用，例如：美国Boneing公司设计的一架VS-X虚拟飞机，可用头盔显示器和数据手套进行观察与控制，使飞机设计人员
身临其境地观察飞机设计的结果，并对其外观、内部结构及使用性能进行考察；日本Matsushita公司开发的虚拟厨房设备制造系统，允许消费者在购买商品前，在虚拟的厨房环境中体验不同设备的功能，按自己的喜好评价、选择和重组这些设备，他们的选择将被存储并通过网络送至生产部门进行生产；美国Coventry School of Art and Design开发的虚拟原型制作系统，设计者在设计的初始阶段能够在计算机中构造虚拟原型并对此原型进行评价【6】。
国内的研究刚刚起步，主要集中在三个方面【7】：
（1）产品虚拟设计技术：
主要包括虚拟产品开发平台、虚拟测试、虚拟装配以及机床、模具的虚拟设计实现等。其中清华大学利用美国国家仪器公司的Labview开发平台实现了锁相电路的虚拟，机械科学研究院采用C语言和OpenGL进行编程初步实现了立体停车库的虚拟现实下的参数化设计，可以直观地进行车库的布局、设计、分析和运动模拟。
（2）产品虚拟制造技术
主要包括材料热加工工艺模拟、加工过程仿真、板材成型模拟、模具制造仿真等。北航与一汽用OPTRIS开发的板料成型软件已经基本能够模拟类似车门的中等复杂程度的汽车覆盖件和其他冲压成型件的冲压成型过程；沈阳铸造研究所开发的电渣熔铸工艺模拟软件包ESRD3D已经应用于水轮发电机变曲面过流部件生产中，其产品在刘家峡、李家峡、天生桥、太平役等7个电站中使用；合肥工业大学研制的双刀架数控车床加工过程模拟软件已经在马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司车轮轮箍厂应用，使数控程序现场调试时间由几个班缩短到几小时，并保证一次试切成功；北京机床研究所、机械科学研究院、东北大学、上海交大和长沙铁道学院等单位也研制出一些这方面的仿真软件。
（3）虚拟制造系统
主要包括虚拟制造技术的体系结构、技术支持、开发策略等。其中提出了比较成熟的思想并可能实现的是由上海同济大学张曙教授提出的分散网络化生产系统和西安交通大学谢友柏院士组建的异地网络化研究中心。
从以上的论述中可以看到国内外研究水平差距是很大的，而且由于虚拟制造技术既是并行工程的发展方向又是敏捷制造的核心，这就决定我们必须以它作为现代集成制造系统的中心技术，以带动相关技术的研究工作的进行，并使它们协同一致顺利地发展。
3、敏捷制造（AM－Agile Manufacturing）：
敏捷制造是以竞争力和信誉度为基础，选择合作者组成虚拟公司，分工合作，为同一目标共同努力来增强整体竞争能力，对用户需求作出快速反应，以满足用户的需要。为了达到快速应变能力，虚拟企业的建立是关键技术，其核心是虚拟制造技术，即敏捷制造是以虚拟制造技术为基础的。敏捷制造是现代集成制造系统从信息集成发展到企业集成的必由之路，它的发展水平代表了现代集成制造系统的发展水平，是现代集成制造系统的发展方向。
自从1991年美国提出敏捷制造的思想后，美国政府就赞助许多研究单位开发实现敏捷制造的基础结构和工具，并鼓励在不同行业进行示范应用，目前已经取得了一定进展。例如：在遥测装置生产的敏捷制造示范项目中，它联合了加利福尼亚的圣地亚国家实验室、联合信号公司堪萨斯城分部和新墨西哥的圣地亚国家实验室以及机械主箱、印刷电路板供应商。通过联合弥补了单一企业资源不足的弱点，这一联盟的生产时间比单一企业的生产时间减少了50％，生产率提高显著。
现在美国的很多大公司都参加了这一研究计划，在欧洲和日本等发达国家也纷纷成立了相应的机构，进行相应的研究和实施工作。我国专家从1993年就开始对敏捷制造进行跟踪研究，主要包括：实施敏捷制造的技术基础；虚拟公司的建立步骤及其体系结构和运行模式；虚拟公司的组织与应用等。与国外相比，这些研究工作只能算原则性的研究工作，距离实用还需要走很长的一段路。因此，在我国企业目前还不可能实现敏捷制造，但是从科学研究的角度看，我们认为需要在合适的条件下建立一个研究性的虚拟企业，加深我们对虚拟企业在实际应用中所遇难题的理解，即在实践中吸取有益的经验，为今后的发展作一定的技术储备。
4、绿色制造（GM－Green Manufacturing）：
绿色制造是一个综合考虑环境影响和资源效率的现代制造模式，其目标是使得产品从设计、制造、包装、运输、使用到报废的整个产品生命周期中，对环境的影响（负作用）最小，资源的使用效率最高。绿色制造的提出是人们日益重视环境保护的必然选择，发展不能以环境污染为代价，国际制造业的实践表明，通过改进整个制造工艺来减少废弃物，要比处理工厂处理已经排放的废弃物大大节省开支。绿色制造的实现可以通过计算机仿真来达到目的，即它是虚拟制造的一部分。从可持续发展战略的观点看，绿色制造是必然选择，它将成为现代集成制造系统的一个重要的组成部分。
从以上的分析中我们可以看到：各种先进制造技术是相互关联、彼此交叉的，在先进制造技术这一大厦下，现代集成制造系统成为它的核心，并随着先进制造技术的不断发展而发展，即现代集成制造系统应该是一个动态的概念。
我国现代集成制造系统的发展策略
在市场竞争的推动下，先进制造技术发展十分迅速，新思想、新概念层出不穷，通过对现代集成制造系统与先进制造技术关系的分析，我们认为在制定我国现代集成制造系统的发展策略时，应该注重以人为本的思想，运用并行工程的哲理，使各种先进制造技术相互衔接、协调发展，并不断吸收先进制造技术的成熟成果，为先进制造技术在我国的广泛应用起到促进的作用。
目前，在美国并行工程已到了推广应用阶段，在虚拟制造方面也有商品化软件投入市场，在这方面我们存在巨大的差距，主要表现在：从研究工作方面看，科研经费紧缺，科研力量分散，科研成果难以推广应用，人才流失严重；从企业方面看，企业的整体素质不高，管理工作落后，科研能力薄弱，当面临国际竞争时大多难以为继，很难在现代集成制造系统方面花费过多，而且受企业人员素质的制约，一些先进的技术还不易取得立竿见影的实际效果，这些都影响了企业应用先进制造技术的热情；从国家政策方面看，虽然国家对制造业十分重视，但是，由于我国当前正处在改革过程中，多种机制同时运行，多方利益难以协调，在资金使用上往往顾此失彼，而且国家财政困难，也难以使用重金支持现代集成制造系统的研究。针对上述实际情况，我们提出下列解决方案：
（1）以企业需求为出发点，以“甩图板”工程为契机，大力普及CAD技术，帮助企业进行人员培训，提高企业人员的素质（其中包括技术水平、劳动态度、道德水平等），不断提高企业的管理水平，在计算机集成制造系统成功示范企业中及时推广并行工程，并适当宣传虚拟制造、敏捷制造等思想和技术，为企业的进一步发展提供坚实的基础。
（2）在政府方面，应发挥政府的协调职能，组织企业和科研部门进行多方面、多层次的合作，加强科研成果的应用推广，而且应组织多学科、跨地区的科研力
量共同攻关；从宏观上加强对现代集成制造系统的指导，集中大家的智慧制定出符合我国国情的发展计划，并将计划的执行落到实处。
（3）在技术的先进性方面，不要过度追求世界领先，应该根据企业实际要求，解决实际问题，力争尽快创造效益，以此取得企业的支持并获得资金上的帮助，以便形成良性循环，促进研究工作的进一步开展。同时，应该参与国际合作，跟踪国际研究动态，当然，也可以适当引进一些关键的、有发展潜力的技术，进行消化和创新，缩短我国与世界先进水平的差距，保持一定的技术领先性。
（4）针对我国科研力量分散的弱点，仿照分散网络化生产的思想，利用计算机网络，开展合作研究，建立分布式网络化研究中心，协调一致进行科技攻关。所谓分布式网络化研究中心就是利用信息技术、网络技术、计算机技术对现实研究活动中的人、物、信息及研究过程进行全面的集成，在一定时期内为了共同的目标以最佳的人员和单位组合来开展科学研究工作，调动各方面的积极性通过协同工作达到研究工作的广泛开展和深入进行，缩短科研周期，增强科技成果的竞争力，也可以说分布式网络化研究中心是将现实的研究机构的职能在网络中的映射，是一种“虚拟”的工作模式【9】。
综上所述，发展我国的现代集成制造系统应该以企业的需求为动力，通过政府的政策和计划的协调，继续深入开展并行工程、虚拟制造、敏捷制造和绿色制造的研究与应用，并利用分布式网络化研究中心，组织各地区的科研力量集中突破与现代集成制造系统密切相关的如STEP标准的应用、CORBA规范的推广、企业过程重构理论的研究等具有重大战略意义的理论研究工作，逐步使现代集成制造系统成为我国制造业的灵魂。
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外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
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故障概率模型的数控车床 摘要：领域的失效分析被计算机数字化控制 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14 外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the 使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1．导言 在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。 在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响，使用了有效长度系数，如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而，有效长度方法的 外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI） 毕业设计英文资料翻译 篇一：毕业设计(论文)外文资料与译文 大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文 姓名： 准考证号： 专业： 助学单位： 大连东软信息学院 Dalian Neusoft University of Information张校辉020*********项目管理大连东软信息学院继续教育学院外文资料和译文格式要求 一、装订要求 1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。 2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。 3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。 二、撰写要求 1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。 2、译文汉字字数不少于3000字。 三、格式要求 1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。 2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。 3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）译文”。 -1- -2- -3- 篇二：毕业设计外文资料翻译 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目静压轴承密封件的水压特性水泵和电机学院专业机械工程及自动化 班级 学生王道国 学号指导教师王栋梁 二〇一三年六月五日 济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译 静压轴承/密封件的水压特性水泵和电机。第1部分：理 论和实验 X 王 A山口 横滨国立大学工学部，日本横滨240-8501 XX年11月26日，在修订后的XX年2月25日收到XX 年3月7日接受 摘要 在这项研究中，磁盘型静压推力轴承的特性支承同心的负载，模拟的主要水液压泵和马达， 轴承/密封件。该轴承是由不锈钢，钢/不锈钢和不锈钢/塑料组成。通过研究作为载荷之间的关 系的特性进行评估容量，口袋压力，膜厚，泄漏流率。对于弹性材料的杨氏模量是一个非线性应 力作用在密封件上表面和压缩应变之间的关系。的承载能力所表示的比例流体静力平衡不是只依 XX Elsevier科学有限公司版权所有 关键词：静压推力轴承，喷嘴，不锈钢，热塑性弹性变形，承载能力，水液压泵和马达 1介绍 近年来，已经引起了水的液压系统主要的兴趣，因为他们的特点是用户友好和环 境安全。他们有很多优势，因为它们是无公害，无火灾造成风险，成本低，并提供高 南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡 理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 包装对食品发展的影响 一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。 包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛 Highway Subgrade Construction in Expansive Soil Areas Jian-Long Zheng1 Rui Zhang2 and He-Ping Yang3 1 Professor and President, ChangSha Univ. of Science and Technology, Chiling Road 45, Changsha, Hunan 410076, China. E-mail: zjl_csust@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac8841299.html, 2 Ph.D. Candidate and Lecturer, School of Highway Engineering, ChangSha Univ. of Science and Technology, Chiling Road 45, Changsha, Hunan 410076, China. E-mail: zr_csust@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac8841299.html, 3Professor, School of Highway Engineering, ChangSha Univ. of Science and Technology, Chiling Road 45, Changsha, Hunan 410076, China. E-mail: cscuyang@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac8841299.html, (Accepted 22 May 2007) Introduction Expansive soil is predominantly clay soil that undergoes appreciable volume and strength changes following a change in moisture content. These volume changes can cause extensive damage to the geotechnical infrastructure, and the damage is often repeatable and latent in the long term (Liao 19848). China is one of the countries with a wide distribution of expansive soils. They are found in more than 20 provinces and regions, nearly 600,000?km2in extent. It has been estimated that the planned highways totaling 3,300?km in length pass through expansive soils areas (Zheng and Yang 200422). Improper highway construction in such areas could well lead to great losses and damage to the environment. In 2002, the Chinese Ministry of Communications (CMOC) sponsored a research project, “A Complete Package for Highway Construction in Expansive Soil Areas,” whose primary objective was to solve expansive soil problems in highway engineering. A research group with personnel from Changsha University of Science and Technology (CUST) was set up. Comprehensive laboratory tests, field investigations, and analyses were carried out, aimed at solving highway engineering problems in several different expansive soil areas. A complete presentation of the results of this research is beyond the scope of this paper, but the research on subgrade 英文原文 Components of A Building and Tall Buildings Andre 1. Abstract Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1885.Gustave Eiffel (1832-1932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1857.In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. 2. Load-Carrying Frame Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearing-wall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required；for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5 meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of Center Lathe 4.1 INTRODUCTION Lathe is the oldest machine tool invented, starting with the Egyptian tree lathes. In the Egyptian tree lathe, one end of the rope wound round the workpiece is attached to a flexible branch of a tree while the other end is pulled by the operator, thus giving the rotary motion to the workpiece. This primitive device has evolved over the last two centuries to be one of the most fundamental and versatile machine tools with a large number of uses in all manufacturing shops. The principal form of surface produced in a lathe is the cylindrical surface. This is achieved by rotating the workpiece while the single point cutting tool removes the material by traversing in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation and termed as turning as shown in Fig.4.1.The popularity of the lathe due to the fact that a large variety of surfaces can be produced. Different types of lathes are used in manufacturing shops. Some of them are: (a)Centre lathe (b)Tool room lathes (c)Special purpose lathes (d)Copying lathe (e)Gap bed lathe (f)Capstan and turret lathes (g)Automatic lathes The centre lathe is the most common lathe which derives its name from the way a workpiece is clamped by centres in a lathe, though this is not the only way in which the job is mounted. This is sometimes also called as engine lathe in view of the fact that early lathes were driven by steam engines. This is generally used for more general applications and thus the construction of the machine tool is more rigid. The tool room lathe is generally meant for applications of tool making, where the accuracy desired is much higher than that is normally required for general production 编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （原文） 院（系）：应用科技学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名：邓瑜 学号：0501120501 指导教师单位：应用科技学院 姓名：黄小能 职称： 2009年 5 月20 日 The Injection Molding The Introduction of Molds The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment. Mold Material Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced. A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier. Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components软件开发概念和设计方法大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
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