Floyd D. Hedrick, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Editor: Jeannette Budding, Communications Manager
National Association of Purchasing Management
Inventory management
Abstract
Inventory management, or inventory control, is an attempt to balance inventory needs and requirements with the need to minimize costs resulting from obtaining and holding inventory. There are several schools of thought that view inventory and its function differently. These will be addressed later, but first we present a foundation to facilitate the reader's understanding of inventory and its function
Inventory management is inventory management in short .As an important inventory of liquid assets, its existence is bound to take up a lot of liquidity. In general, inventories of industrial enterprises accounted for about 30% of the total assets of commercial circulation enterprises is even higher, the management of utilization is directly related to the occupation of the level of corporate funds and asset efficiency. Therefore, a business to maintain high profitability, should be attached great importance to inventory management. Inventory management at different levels, the company's average occupancy level of funding is a big difference. Through the implementation of proper inventory management methods to reduce the level of the average amount of funds used to improve the inventory turnover rate and total assets, will ultimately improve the economic efficiency of enterprises.
Keyword：Inventory；Management
ChapterⅠ Inventory Definition
Inventory is a quantity or store of goods that is held for some purpose or use (the term may also be used as a verb, meaning to take inventory or to count all goods held in inventory). Inventory may be kept "in-house," meaning on the premises or nearby for immediate use; or it may be held in a distant warehouse or distribution center for future use. With the exception of firms utilizing just-in-time methods, more often than
not, the term "inventory" implies a stored quantity of goods that exceeds what is needed for the firm to function at the current time (e.g., within the next few hours).
Chapter II The meaning of Inventory Management
2.1maintain the list
Why would a firm hold more inventory than is currently necessary to ensure the firm's operation? The following is a list of reasons for maintaining what would appear to be "excess" inventory.
Table 1
January February March April May June Demand 50 50 0 100 200 200 Produce 100 100 100 100 100 100 Month-end inventory 50 100 200 200 100 0
Table 11-6 month a business demand, production, end balance situation
2.2 Meet demand
In order for a retailer to stay in business, it must have the products that the customer wants on hand when the customer wants them. If not, the retailer will have to back-order the product. If the customer can get the good from some other source, he or she may choose to do so rather than electing to allow the original retailer to meet demand later (through back-order). Hence, in many instances, if a good is not in inventory, a sale is lost forever.
2.3 Keep operations running
A manufacturer must have certain purchased items (raw materials, components, or subassemblies) in order to manufacture its product. Running out of only one item can prevent a manufacturer from completing the production of its finished goods.
Inventory between successive dependent operations also serves to decouple the dependency of the operations. A machine or workcenter is often dependent upon the previous operation to provide it with parts to work on. If work ceases at a workcenter, then all subsequent centers will shut down for lack of work. If a supply of work-in-process inventory is kept between each
workcenter, then each machine can maintain its operations for a limited time, hopefully until operations resume the original center.
2.4 Lead time
Lead time is the time that elapses between the placing of an order (either a purchase order or a production order issued to the shop or the factory floor) and actually receiving the goods ordered. If a supplier (an external firm or an internal department or plant) cannot supply the required goods on demand, then the client firm must keep an inventory of the needed goods. The longer the lead time, the larger the quantity of goods the firm must carry in inventory.
A just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing firm, such as Nissan in Smyrna, Tennessee, can maintain extremely low levels of inventory. Nissan takes delivery on truck seats as many as 18 times per day. However, steel mills may have a lead time of up to three months. That means that a firm that uses steel produced at the mill must place orders at least three months in advance of their need. In order to keep their operations running in the meantime, an on-hand inventory of three months' steel requirements would be necessary.
2.5 Hedge
Inventory can also be used as a hedge against price increases and inflation. Salesmen routinely call purchasing agents shortly before a price increase goes into effect. This gives the buyer a chance to purchase material, in excess of current need, at a price that is lower than it would be if the buyer waited until after the price increase occurs.
2.6 Smoothing requirements
Sometimes inventory is used to smooth demand requirements in a market where demand is somewhat erratic. Consider the demand forecast and production schedule outlined in Table1
Notice how the use of inventory has allowed the firm to maintain a steady rate of output (thus avoiding the cost of hiring and training new personnel), while building up inventory in anticipation of an increase in demand. In fact, this is often called anticipation inventory. In essence, the use of inventory has allowed the firm to move demand requirements to earlier periods, thus smoothing the demand.
Chapter III Controlling Inventory
Often firms are given a price discount when purchasing large quantities of a good. This also frequently results in inventory in excess of what is currently needed to meet demand. However, if the discount is sufficient to offset the extra holding cost incurred as a result of the excess inventory, the decision to buy the large quantity is justified.
Firms that carry hundreds or even thousands of different part numbers can be faced with the impossible task of monitoring the inventory levels of each part number. In order to facilitate this, many firm's use an ABC approach. ABC analysis is based on Pareto Analysis, also known as the "80/20" rule. The 80/20 comes from Pareto's finding that 20 percent of the populace possessed 80 percent of the wealth. From an inventory perspective it can restated thusly: approximately 20 percent of all inventory items represent 80 percent of inventory costs. Therefore, a firm can control 80 percent of its inventory costs by monitoring and controlling 20 percent of its inventory. But, it has to be the correct 20 percent.
The top 20 percent of the firm's most costly items are termed "A" items (this should approximately represent 80 percent of total inventory costs). Items that are extremely inexpensive or have low demand are termed "C" items, with "B" items falling in between A and C items. The percentages may vary with each firm, but B items usually represent about 30 percent of the total inventory items and 15 percent of the costs. C items generally constitute 50 percent of all inventory items but only around 5 percent of the costs.
By classifying each inventory item as an A, B or C the firm can determine the resources (time, effort and money) to dedicate to each item. Usually this means that the firm monitors A items very closely but can check on B and C items on a periodic basis (for example, monthly for B items and quarterly for C items).
Another control method related to the ABC concept is cycle counting. Cycle counting is used instead of the traditional "once-a-year" inventory count where firms shut down for a short period of time and physically count all inventory assets in an attempt to reconcile any possible discrepancies in their inventory records. When cycle counting is used the firm is continually taking a physical count but not of total inventory.
A firm may physically count a certain section of the plant or warehouse, moving on to other sections upon completion, until the entire facility is counted. Then the process starts all over again.
The firm may also choose to count all the A items, then the B items, and finally the C items. Certainly, the counting frequency will vary with the classification of each item. In other words, A item may be counted monthly, B items quarterly, and C items yearly. In addition the required accuracy of inventory records may vary according to classification, with A items requiring the most accurate record keeping.
Chapter IV Summary
Time inventory management is now faced with the defects.The advent, through altruism or legislation, of environmental management has added a new dimension to inventory management-reverse supply chain logistics. Environmental management has expanded the number of inventory types that firms have to coordinate. In addition to raw materials, work-in-process, finished goods, and MRO goods, firms now have to deal with post-consumer items such as scrap, returned goods, reusable or recyclable containers, and any number of items that require repair, reuse, recycling, or secondary use in another product. Retailers have the same type problems dealing with inventory that has been returned due to defective material or manufacture, poor fit, finish, or color, or outright "I changed my mind" responses from customers.
Finally, supply chain management has had a considerable impact on inventory management. Instead of managing one's inventory to maximize profit and minimize cost for the individual firm, today's firm has to make inventory decisions that benefit the entire supply chain.
References
[1] D. Bertsekas. Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control, (Volumes
1 and 2). Athena Scientific, 2005.
[2] A. Burnetas and P. Ritchken. Option pricing with downward-sloping
demand curves: The case of supply chain options. Management Science, 51(4):566–580, 2005.
[3] F. Chen and M. Parlar. Value of a put option to the risk-averse
newsvendor. IIE Transactions, 39(5):481–500, 2007.
[4] J. Cox, S. Ross, and M. Rubinstein. Option Pricing: A Simplified
Approach'. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics,
143:461–495, 2002.
[5] R. Levine and S. Zervos. Stock markets, banks, and economic growth.
American Economic Review, 88(3):537–58, June 1998.
[6] E. L. Porteus. Foundations of Stochastic Inventory Theory. Stanford
University Press, Stanford, 2002.
[7] J. Primbs. Dynamic hedging of basket options under proportional
transaction costs using receding horizon control. Preprint, 2007.
Floyd D. Hedrick, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Editor: Jeannette Budding, Communications Manager
National Association of Purchasing Management
库存管理
摘要
库存管理或库存控制，是为了平衡库存的需要和要求，有必要从降低成本获得和持有的库存造成的。有一些企业或学校的思想管理都不尽相同，这些将得到解决。但首先我们提出了一个基础，以方便读者的理解库存和其功能。
库存管理简而言之就是存货的管理，存货作为一项重要的流动资产，它的存在势必占用大量的流动资金。一般情况下，存货占工业企业总资产的30%左右，商业流通企业的则更高，其管理利用情况如何，直接关系到企业的资金占用水平以及资产运作效率。因此，一个企业若要保持较高的盈利能力，应当十分重视存货的管理。在不同的存货管理水平下，企业的平均资金占用水平差别是很大的。通过实施正确的存货管理方法，来降低企业的平均资金占用水平，提高存货的流转速度和总资产周转率，才能最终提高企业的经济效益。
关键词：库存；管理
第一章库存的定义
库存数量或者是某些目的或用途（这个词也可以用作动词，意思是把库存或库存的数量在所有商品）持有的商品商店。库存可能会保持“内部”，在该处所或附近即时使用的意义，或者它可能是一个遥远举行仓库或配送中心供日后使用。随着公司的异常利用刚刚在时间的方法，往往不是中，“库存”意味着商品储存量超过所需要的公司，在当前时间功能（例如，在未来数小时）。
第二章库存管理的意义
2.1保持清单
一个公司持有更多的存货比目前要确保公司的运作似乎显得更为重要？以下是为什么要维护存货“过剩”原因列表。
Table 1
January February March April May June Demand 50 50 0 100 200 200 Produce 100 100 100 100 100 100 Month-end inventory 50 100 200 200 100 0
Table1一个企业1-6月份的需求、生产、月末结存情况
2.2 满足需求
为了使零售商继续经营，他们必须对我们的产品，客户手头上的资料，以及仓库里面的存存货必须有所了解，当顾客想用他们时，如果没有，零售商将不得不回到原来的产品。如果这些客户可以从其他来源更好的供应商，他们就可以选择的作比较，使原来的零售商以应付需求后（通过回订单）。因此，在许多情况下，如果没有一个良好的库存，销售是永远失去了。
2.3 保持工作的顺利
一个制造商必须具备一定的购买物品（原材料，零部件或部件）能力，以及制造出自己的产品的能力。在许许多多的生产环节中往往创新突破的只有
一个项目，这个项目不仅可以改变你从其他的渠道获得产品，而且还让你的企业获得更高的知名度与利润。
连续相关的操作之间的库存也有助于解决整个行动的依赖。在工作中心的机器往往是根据工人提供的部分工作依赖于它。如果一个工作中心的机器在工作中停止，那么所有的后续工作将无法进行，则必定会影响工作的稳定性。如果一个工作在制造库存是每个工作中心之间，那么每一台机器可以在有限时间内保持其运作，希望恢复到原来的操作中心保持供应。
2.4 节省时间
交货期是时间之间的命令（一个采购订单或生产订单发出到店或工厂车间）和实际接收的货物摆放是有一定的间隔。
如果供应商（外部公司或内部部门或植物）不能按要求提供所需商品，然后在客户端企业必须保持一个必要的商品库存。前置时间越长，规模较大的商品量的企业必须进行库存管理。保持好企业的存货供应充足。
一个刚刚实行（JIT）的制造公司，如在士麦那，田纳西州的日产，能保持
极低的库存水平。日产汽车座位上需要交付高达18次之多每天。然而，钢厂可能有一个准备时间长达三个月。这意味着，一个公司，使用在工厂生产的订单，必须在他们需要至少提前三个月钢铁。为了保持其业务运行的同时，一个三个月的钢铁需求对现有库存是必要的。
2.5 数量优惠
通常公司都会给予价格折扣时购买大量的好。在目前需要什么是多余的库存来满足需求，这也是很多企业在降低产品成本的原因。但是，如果折扣足以抵消额外的持有成本作为多余的库存而产生的，决定购买的大量使用是合理的。
2.6 平滑要求
有时候，库存是用来平滑市场需求的地方，是有点古怪的需求要求。考虑需求预测和生产进度表1所述。
同时必须得注意的是如何使用的库存使得公司能够保持稳定的输出率（从而避免了新的招聘和培训人员的费用），从而建立在预期的需求增加库存。事实上，这通常被称为预期库存。从本质上讲，存货的使用使企业移动需求的要求，从而平滑的需求。
第三章控制库存量
库存还可以用来作为打击价格上涨和通货膨胀的手段。销售人员经常打电话给采购商协商提高价格前不久生效。这使买方有机会购买材料，在目前需要在一个多余的价格低。如果买方价格上涨之后才发生的就不算是控制库存量。
某个公司携带数百甚至不同的零件编号，可面对成千上万的监测各部分数量的库存水平不可能完成的任务。为了促进这一点，许多公司使用ABC办法。 ABC 分析是基于帕累托分析，也为“80/20”规则而闻名。 80/20来自帕累托的发现，百分之二十的民众拥有百分之八十的财富。从库存角度看，可以重申正是如此：约百分20之代表所有库存物品的库存成本的百分之80。因此，公司可以控制的监测和控制其库存的百分20之百分之80的库存成本。但是，它必须是正确的百分之二十。
排名前20的公司最昂贵的项目占百分之20的称为“A”的项目（这应该是近似代表总数的百分之80库存成本）。非常便宜的物品或有低需求被称为的“C”与“B”的A和C之间的物品掉落物品物品。该百分比可能会随每个企业的不同而不同，但B项目通常约占百分之三十的项目，总库存成本的百分之十五。 C
项目一般占所有库存物品的百分之五十，但只有大约百分之五的费用。
通过划分为A，B或C各存货项目的公司可以决定的资源（时间，精力和金钱）奉献给每一个项目。通常这意味着该公司的项目非常密切监视，但可以在B和C 项定期检查（例如，每月为B项和C项季刊）。
另一种控制方法相关的ABC的概念是循环计数。循环计数是用来代替传统的一次的为期三年的”盘点公司关闭了在很短的时间内和物理计算，试图调和他们的库存记录任何可能出现的差异所有库存资产。当使用周期计算，公司不断进行实物计数，但不是总库存。
一个公司可能算一个身体的某一部分厂房或仓库，完成后移动到其他章节，直到整个设施计算在内。那么过程又重新开始。
该公司也可以选择数着一个项目，则B项，最后在C项。当然，计数频率将随每个项目的分类。换言之，一个项目可能被计算每月，每季B项和C项年度。此外，存货记录的准确性可能会有所不同要求进行分类，以A级要求最准确的记录保存项目。
第四章总结
面对着现时段的库存管理的缺陷，期待着未来存货管理的到来，通过利他主义或法律环境管理，又增加了一个新的层面，库存管理，逆向供应链物流。环境管理，扩大了公司的存货类型必须协调的数目。除了原材料，在产品，产成品，商品和维修，公司现在必须处理后的消费项目，如废弃，退货，可重复使用或可回收容器，以及任何需要维修的项目的数量，再利用，再循环，或在其他产品的二次利用。零售商是同一类型的问题与库存已返回因材料或制造缺陷，或直接交易“改变了我们的库存环境，不过这些都可以从客户的反应上能反映出企业存货管理存在的一些问题。
最后，供应链管理，已对库存管理产生重大影响。不仅是管理自己的库存，而且以利润最大化和尽量减少单个企业的成本，今天的公司必须做出库存决策，造福于整个供应链。
1) A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplying components needed for manufacturing.一个供应链仅包括直接参与提供所需的元件制造业的组织。Answer: FALSE 2) A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request.Answer: TRUE 供应链由所有各方，直接或间接参与，满足客户要求。 3) A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network or supply web. Answer: TRUE 供应链可以更准确地描述为供应网络。 4) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. TRUE 每一个供应链的目的是生成的整体价值最大化。 5) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated for the manufacturing component of the supply chain.Answer: FALSE 每一个供应链的目标是最大化为供应链的制造组件生成价值。 6) Every supply chain must include all 5 stages.Answer: FALSE 每个供应链必须包括所有5 个阶段。 7) The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages.Answer: TRUE 供应链周期认为供应链流程分为一系列的活动上演在连续阶段之间的接口。 8) The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: FALSE 供应链周期观点认为，在供应链过程可以分为2 个类别，具体取决于他们是否发起回应或预期客户订单。 9) The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: TRUE 供应链推/拉认为，在供应链过程可以分为2 个类别，具体取决于他们是否发起回应或预期客户订单。 10) The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages. FALSE 供应链推/拉认为在供应链流程分为一系列的活动上演在连续阶段之间的接口。 11) The objective of the customer arrival process is to maximize the conversion of customer arrivals to customer orders.Answer: TRUE 客户到达过程的目标是最大化客户来港定居人士对客户订单的转换。 12) The objective of the customer arrival process is to ensure that orders are quickly and accurately
Floyd D. Hedrick, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Editor: Jeannette Budding, Communications Manager National Association of Purchasing Management Inventory management Abstract Inventory management, or inventory control, is an attempt to balance inventory needs and requirements with the need to minimize costs resulting from obtaining and holding inventory. There are several schools of thought that view inventory and its function differently. These will be addressed later, but first we present a foundation to facilitate the reader's understanding of inventory and its function Inventory management is inventory management in short .As an important inventory of liquid assets, its existence is bound to take up a lot of liquidity. In general, inventories of industrial enterprises accounted for about 30% of the total assets of commercial circulation enterprises is even higher, the management of utilization is directly related to the occupation of the level of corporate funds and asset efficiency. Therefore, a business to maintain high profitability, should be attached great importance to inventory management. Inventory management at different levels, the company's average occupancy level of funding is a big difference. Through the implementation of proper inventory management methods to reduce the level of the average amount of funds used to improve the inventory turnover rate and total assets, will ultimately improve the economic efficiency of enterprises. Keyword：Inventory；Management ChapterⅠ Inventory Definition Inventory is a quantity or store of goods that is held for some purpose or use (the term may also be used as a verb, meaning to take inventory or to count all goods held in inventory). Inventory may be kept "in-house," meaning on the premises or nearby for immediate use; or it may be held in a distant warehouse or distribution center for future use. With the exception of firms utilizing just-in-time methods, more often than
An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results Across Industries Greg Filbeck. Schweser Study Program Thomas M. Krueger. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Abstract Firms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the funds available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied up in current assets. We provide insights into the performance of surveyed firms across key components of working capital management by using the CFO magazine’s annual Working Capital Management Survey. We discover that significant differences exist between industries in working capital measures across time. In addition. we discover that these measures for working capital change significantly within industries across time. Introduction The importance of efficient working capital management is indisputable. Working capital is the difference between resources in cash or readily convertible into cash (Current Assets) and organizational commitments for which cash will soon be required (Current Liabilities). The objective of working capital management is to maintain the optimum balance of each of the working capital components. Business viability relies on the ability to effectively manage receivables. inventory. and payables. Firms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the funds available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied up in current assets. Much managerial effort is expended in bringing non-optimal levels of current assets and liabilities back toward optimal levels. An optimal level would be one in which a balance is achieved between risk and efficiency. A recent example of business attempting to maximize working capital management is the recurrent attention being given to the application of Six Sigma? methodology. Six Sigma? methodologies help companies measure and ensure quality in all areas of the enterprise. When used to identify and rectify discrepancies. inefficiencies and erroneous transactions in the financial supply chain. Six Sigma? reduces Days Sales Outstanding (DSO). accelerates the payment cycle. improves customer satisfaction and reduces the necessary amount and cost of working capital needs. There appear to be many success stories. including Jennifer Towne’s (2002) r eport of a 15 percent decrease in days that sales are outstanding. resulting in an increased cash flow of approximately $2 million at Thibodaux Regional Medical Center. Furthermore. bad debts declined from $3.4 million to $600.000. However. Waxer’s (2003) study of multiple firms employing Six Sigma? finds that it is really a “get rich slow” technique with a rate of return hovering in the 1.2 – 4.5 percent range.
公司营运资金管理分析 比亚迪股份有限公司营运资金管理分析 一、比亚迪简介 比亚迪股份有限公司（以下简称“比亚迪”）创立于1995年，是一家香港上市的高新技术民营企业。LI前，比亚迪在全国范围内，已在广东、北京、陕西、上海等地共建有九大生产基地，总面积将近700万平方米，并在美国、欧洲、日本、韩国、印度、台湾、香港等地设有分公司或办事处，现员工总数已超过13万人。 2002年7月31日，比亚迪在香港主板发行上市（股票代码:1211HK）,创 下了54支H股最高发行价记录。2007年，比亚迪电子（国际）有限公司（股票代码:028o. HK）在香港主板顺利上市，表现理想。 比亚迪设立中央研究院、电子研究院、汽车工程研究院以及电力科学研究院，负责高科技产品和技术的研发，以及产业和市场的研究等;拥有可以从硬件、软件以及测试等方面提供产品设计和项LI管理的专业队伍，拥有多种产品的完全自主开发经验与数据积累，逐步形成了自身特色并具有国际水平的技术开发平台。强大的研发实力是比亚迪迅速发展的根本。 比亚迪现拥有IT和汽车两大产业群。公司IT产业主要包括二次充电电池、充电器、电声产品、连接器、液晶显示屏模组、塑胶机构件、金属零部件、五金电子产品、手机按键、键盘、柔性电路板、微电子产品、LED产品、光电子产品等以及手机装饰、手机设计、手机组装业务等。公司坚持不懈地致力于技术创新、研发实力的提升和服务体系的完善，主要客户为诺基亚、摩托罗拉、三星等国际通讯业顶端客户群体。目前，比亚迪作为全球领先的二次充电电池制造商，IT及电子零部件产业已覆盖手机所有核心零部件及组装业务，银电池、手机用锂电池、手机按键在全球的市场份额均已达到笫一位。
互利共赢的供应商质量控制 前言 近年来，随着对供应链的重视，供应商管理正逐渐成为企业和学术界的关注对象，IS0９000族标准以及QS 9０00标准都对供应商的管理提出了相应的要求，与供应商管理有关的研究成果正逐渐增多，一些软件巨头也推出了供应商关系管理的软件，但是在这些研究成果和应用软件中，涉及到的供应商质量控制的内容只是一些最基本的要求，而供应商质量控制恰恰是供应商管理的最基本、最重要的内容。另一方而，质量管理界对质量控制的研究取得了大量的成果，遗憾的是这些成果大多依然局限于企业的内部控制，仅仅研究从企业内部各环节如何改善产品的质量，而基于供应链的角度来研究质量控制的成果尚不多见。因此，系统地研究经济全球化形势下供应商质量控制的理论与方法，将有助于推动我国企业产品质量的快速提高和供应链竞争优势的形成与巩固。 1、质量与企业共存 质量一直是一个随着时代的变化而不断变化的概念,人们对质量的认识也往往因关注点不同而有所不同。如，早在1908年，通用汽车公司的工程师们在皇家汽车俱乐部会员们的面前拆解了3辆凯迪拉克轿车，并把这些零件混在一起,而后从中选择零件重新组装成车，然后驾车绝尘而去。这令在场的会员极为震惊，认为凯迪拉克车质量之高令人惊叹。显然在当时，汽车零件具有互换性是一种了不起的质量特性,这也是福特公司的Ｎ型车和T型车取得辉煌成功的重要原因.时至今日，即使农用三轮车的零部件也具有极高的互换性，零部件的标准化和互换性已经是理所当然的事情，不再是吸引顾客的重要质量特性.可见质量的内涵是不断变化的.那么究竟什么是质量呢？ （１)市场竟争就是企业间对“顾客”的争夺，在日益激烈的“顾客"争夺战中，质量、价格、交付（交付日期、方式和手段）和服务是企业常用的四个法宝，其中质量是根本，离开质量其他三项将变得毫无意义，因此可以说质量己成为市场竞争的焦点.它反映了产品是否能够反映顾客需求、能否满足顾客需求，从面决定了产品的市场前途。有鉴于此，质量己成为一项全球性运动,世界上所有优秀企业无一不把质量作为企业战略的关键内容，从战略的角度来规划质量。 （2）对于企业经营者来说,认识到质量对企业的重要意义只是经营企业的第一步,重要的是如何利用科学的方法来保证产品和服务的质量，使顾客满意，来保证过程和工作的质量来获互利共炭的供应商质量控制得良好的业绩。 众所周知,企业管理是社会生产力发展到一定程度的历史产物,质量管理作为企业管理的组成部分,同样也是社会发展的客观要求，特别是顾客处于主导地位的今天,要使顾客满意，就必须有过硬的产品质量和服务质量，这就要求企业积极推行先进的质量管理理论与方法，不断进行质量管理创新. ２、企业与供应商质量控制 随着生产社会化的不断发展，企业的生产活动分工越来越细,专业化程度越来越强，促使生产技术水平越来越高,产品质量得到大幅度改善。通常，某一产品不可能由一个企业从最初的原材料开始加工直至形成顾客最终使用的产品，往往是通过多个企业分工协作来完成.另外，先进生产方式的广泛应用,如准时生产、敏捷制造、零库存等，使企业与供应商的关系愈加紧密，企业与供应商的关系也由单纯的买卖关系向互利共底的合作关系演变。 ISO 900０族标准自1987年诞生以来受到了世界各国的一致追捧,全球约５0多万家企业通过ISO90０1质量管理体系认证足以说明这套管理标准在引领国际管理潮流方面的巨大成功。在备受企业欢迎的新版标准ＩSO9000：2０00中，互利的供应商关系被作为八项质量管理原则之一，充分体现了供应商关系管理在企业经营实践中的作用和价值。企业要贯彻这一原则,就必须
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 原文： Multi-echelon inventory management in supply chains Historically, the echelons of the supply chain, warehouse, distributors, retailers, etc., have been managed independently, buffered by large inventories. Increasing competitive pressures and market globalization are forcing firms to develop supply chains that can quickly respond to customer needs. To remain competitive and decrease inventory, these firms must use multi-echelon inventory management interactively, while reducing operating costs and improving customer service. Supply chain management (SCM) is an integrative approach for planning and control of materials and information flows with suppliers and customers, as well as between different functions within a company. This area has drawn considerable attention in recent years and is seen as a tool that provides competitive power .SCM is a set of approaches to integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores efficiently, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at right quantities, to the right locations and at the right time, in order to minimize system-wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements .So the supply chain consists of various members or stages. A supply chain is a dynamic, stochastic, and complex system that might involve hundreds of participants. Inventory usually represents from 20 to 60 per cent of the total assets of manufacturing firms. Therefore, inventory management policies prove critical in determining the profit of such firms. Inventory management is, to a greater extent, relevant when a whole supply chain (SC), namely a network of procurement, transformation, and delivering firms, is considered. Inventory management is indeed a major issue in SCM, i.e. an approach that addresses SC issues under an integrated perspective.
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Effects Of Working Capital Management On Sme Profitability The corporate finance literature has traditionally focused on the study of long-term financial decisions. Researchers have particularly offered studies analyzing investments, capital structure, dividends or company valuation, among other topics. But the investment that firms make in short-term assets, and the resources used with maturities of under one year, represent the main share of items on a firm’s balance sheet. In fact, in our sample the current assets of small and medium-sized Spanish firms represent 69.48 percent of their assets, and at the same time their current liabilities represent more than 52.82 percent of their liabilities. Working capital management is important because of its effects on the firm’s profitability and risk, and consequently its value (Smith, 1980). On the one hand, maintaining high inventory levels reduces the cost of possible interruptions in the production process, or of loss of business due to the scarcity of products, reduces
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系（院）：江淮学院 专业：会计学 姓名：孙露铭 学号：3082113127 外文出处：The American Society of Mechanical (用外文写)Engineers Agency，2007:27-33 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 供应链下的多级存货管理 从历史上看，多级供应链、仓库、分销商、零售商等，已经通过大量的库存缓冲被独立管理。竞争压力的增加和市场的全球化迫使企业发展能够快速满足客户需要的供应链。为了保持竞争力，降低库存，这些企业必须交互使用多级库存管理，同时降低运营成本，改善客户服务。 因各种不同的原因，存货以不同形式存在在供应链中。在整个供应链中，存货管理失衡，经常会引起“牛鞭效应”，即需求逆流而上，逐级变异放大的一个阶段。这种效应引起企业过多的存货积压，使收入减少，运输效率降低，扰乱了库存计划和产品生产计划，同时降低了企业的服务水平。 许多学者已经对这些问题进行了研究，并且强调了对有效地满足客户需求的供应链各阶段之间进行整合的必要性。除了整合问题，为了确定一个有效地供应链库存政策，还必须处理不确定性问题。除了对供应和需求的不确定性，与生产和销售过程相关的信息延迟也是供应链的一个特点。 多级供应链中的库存管理是一项重要的内容，因为有许多方面两者都必须相互配合，协调合作。它们还必须对它们的库存进行协调安排。有许多因素使成功的库存管理变得复杂，例如。需求的不确定、交货时间、投产日期、产品价格、成本等，尤其是在不确定性的需求和交货时间下，管理者不能够将多级供应链中的存货管理得最优。 大多数制造企业被组织起来形成了一个制造和分销为一体的网络，这个网络包括了原材料的采购、加工和产品的销售。当一个产品经过多个阶段才到达最终用户时，多级或者多层次生产/分销网络这些代名词也和前面所述的这样的网络意思相
外文翻译 原文 Supply chain management for agricultural products Resource: MBA (IT), IIIT Allahabad Pulastya Roy Agriculture is a significant sector of most of the economy of world. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it provides any a country self reliance in terms of food for their people, providing huge direct and indirect employment and more over huge revenue by export of surplus food grain. Agriculture is backbone of the economy and infrastructure for many countries like India, Brazil and others. Due to technical advancement, improved irrigation system and several other reasons production in agriculture has increased several folds. To meet this increased production and business in agriculture sector an equally reliable supply chain support is imperative. Supply chain is basically-“a set of processes functioning synergistically to satisfy a customer’s demand”. Any supply chain trades off between two main attributes of supply chain, “Efficiency and Responsiveness”. Any supply chain is adopted or designed keeping only this two attributes in mind because it defines about which kind of customer the supply chain wants to cater and what is the scale of “return on investment” is being planned for. Agricultural industry uses bo th kind of supply chain as per the need. Designing supply chain for agricultural products: Most of the produce in agriculture can not be sold directly; as per their mode of consumption they can be categorized as follows.There are some products which are not highly perishable like cereals but needed to be processed like- rice is polished, and wheat has to be husked.Some products are highly perishable so they must be sent to market very fast or otherwise needed to be processed and packaged well. For designing a supply chain for any Agriculture product, it’s important to know which kind of agriculture products is that, and accordingly a responsive or efficient supply chain is designed. Supply chain for non perishable items: Most all the cereals like Wheat, Rice, Maize etc. and some vegetables like
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院） ：江淮学院 专业： 会计学 姓名： 孙露铭 学号： 外文出处：(用外文写) 3082113127 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Agency，2007:27-33 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文。
指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 供应链下的多级存货管理 从历史上看，多级供应链、仓库、分销商、零售商等，已经通过大量的库存缓冲被独立管理。竞争压力的增加和市场的全球化迫使企业发展能够快速满足客户需要的供应链。为了保持竞争力，降低库存，这些企业必须交互使用多级库存管理，同时降低运营成本，改善客户服务。 因各种不同的原因，存货以不同形式存在在供应链中。在整个供应链中，存货管理失衡，经常会引起“牛鞭效应”，即需求逆流而上，逐级变异放大的一个阶段。这种效应引起企业过多的存货积压，使收入减少，运输效率降低，扰乱了库存计划和产品生产计划，同时降低了企业的服务水平。 许多学者已经对这些问题进行了研究，并且强调了对有效地满足客户需求的供应链各阶段之间进行整合的必要性。除了整合问题，为了确定一个有效地供应链库存政策，还必须处理不确定性问题。除了对供应和需求的不确定性，与生产和销售过程相关的信息延迟也是供应链的一个特点。 多级供应链中的库存管理是一项重要的内容，因为有许多方面两者都必须相互配合，协调合作。它们还必须对它们的库存进行协调安排。有许多因素使成功的库存管理变得复杂，例如。需求的不确定、交货时间、投产日期、产品价格、成本等，尤其是在不确定性的需求和交货时间下，管理者不能够将多级供应链中的存货管理得最优。 大多数制造企业被组织起来形成了一个制造和分销为一体的网络，这个网络包括了原材料的采购、加工和产品的销售。当一个产品经过多个阶段才到达最终用户时，多级或者多层次生产/分销网络这些代名词也和前面所述的这样的网络意思相同。因各种不用的原因，存货以不用的形式存在在整个供应链中。在任何一个制造过程中，它们可能作为原材料、在制品或者产成品存在。它们存在于配送仓库，存在于运输途中，或者存在于管道里，它们存在于这些设备的每个链接处。 制造商从供应商处采购原材料，将它们加工成产品并销售给分销商，然后由分销商销售给零售商或者用户。当一个产品经过多个阶段才到达最终用户，它就形成了一个多级库存系统。某一库存节点的级库存等于这个库存节点上的所有库
文献出处:Enqvist, Julius, Michael Graham, and Jussi Nikkinen. "The impact of working capital management on firm profitability in different business cycles: evidence from Finland." Research in International Business and Finance 32 (2014): 36-49. 原文 The impact of working capital management on firm profitability in different business cycles: Evidence from Finland 1. Introduction This paper investigates the effect of the business cycle on the link between working capital, the difference between current assets and current liabilities, and corporate performance. Efficient working capital management is recognized as an important aspect of financial management practices in all organizational forms. In acknowledgement of this importance, the CFO Magazine publishes an annual study of corporate working capital management performance in many countries. The extensive literature indicates that it impacts directly on corporate liquidity ( Kim et al., 1998 and Opler et al., 1999), profitability (e.g., Shin and Soenen, 1998, Deloof, 2003, Lazaridis and Tryfonidis, 2006 and Ukaegbu, 2014), and solvency (e.g.,Berryman, 1983 and Peel and Wilson, 1994). It is reasonable to assume that economy-wide fluctuations exogenous to the operations of the firm play an important role in the demand for firms’ products and any financing decision. Korajczyk and Levy (2003), for instance, suggest that firms time debt issuance based on economic conditions. Also, given that retained earnings are a significant component of working capital, business cycles can be said to affect all enterprises financing source through its effect on economic growth and sales. For example, when company sales weaken it engenders earning declines, thereby, affecting an important source of working capital. The recent global economic downturn with crimping consumer demand is an excellent example of this. The crisis,
库存控制方法的文献综述 专业：物流管理 班级：1552 学号： 姓名： 摘要：在保证企业生产、经营需求的前提下，使库存量经常保持在合理的水平上；掌握库存量动态，适时、适量提出订货，避免超储或缺货；减少库存空间占用，降低库存总费用；控制库存资金占用，加速资金周转。本文参考了相关文献，总结了一系列物流库存控制方法，开展进一步研究。 关键词：库存量、控制方法 一、前言 库存量过大所产生的问题：增加仓库面积和库存保管费用，从而提高了产品成本；占用大量的流动资金，造成资金呆滞，既加重了货款利息等负担，又会影响资金的时间价值和机会收益；造成产成品和原材料的有形损耗和无形损耗；造成企业资源的大量闲置，影响其合理配置和优化；掩盖了企业生产、经营全过程的各种矛盾和问题，不利于企业提高管理水平。 库存量过小所产生的问题：造成服务水平的下降，影响销售利润和企业信誉；造成生产系统原材料或其他物料供应不足，影响生产过程的正常进行；使订货间隔期缩短，订货次数增加，使订货（生产）成本提高；影响生产过程的均衡性和装配时的成套性。
二、正文 目前，在库存管理中常用的方法有两种类型，一种是传统的库存管理方法，另一种是现代的库存管理方法。对于传统的库存管理方法，主要有定量订购与定期订购方法、ABC库存控制方法和经济订货批量等。对于现代库存控制方法，主要有MRP与MRPn库存控制方法、企业资源计划(ERP)和及时生产(JIT)库存控制方法等。 （一）、定量订货法 定量订货法是指当库存量下降到预定的最低库存量（订货点）时，按规定进行订货补充的一种库存控制方法。当库存量下降到订货点时，即按预先确定的订货量发出订单，经过订货期、交货周期，库存量继续下降，到达安全库存量时，收到订货，库存水平回升。采用定量订货方式必须预先确定订货点和订货量（见图1）。图1 定量定货法原理 其中：Q——批量或订货量，T——周转期，S——安全库存 1. 订货点的确定 通常订货点的确定主要取决于需求率和订货交货周期这两个因素。在需求为固定、均匀和订货交货期不变的情况下，订货点由以下公式确定： 订货点 = 平均交货期全年需求量 / 365 + 安全库存量（1）