英语选修八第一单元复习指南
1.关于likely、possible、probable的用法辨析
2. declare
⑴declare war on/against
①对……宣战
②(=officially stated its intention to stop)
⑵declare sb/sth to be + n./adj.宣布某人/事
eg. ① His actions declared him to be an honest man.他的行为表明他是个诚实的人。
②I declared his story to be false.
我声明他的话不是真的。
⑶declare for sb/sth 声明支持;表示赞成
⑷declare against sb/sth 声明反对;表示不赞成
eg. The boys declared themselves against cheating.
男孩子们宣布考试不作弊。
⑸declare sth open/closed 宣布……开始/结束
eg. ① The manager declared the meeting open.
经理宣布会议开始。
② At 6:00 pm the chairman declared the
meeting closed. 下午六点，大会主席宣布闭
会。
⑹declare that... 声称﹑宣布、公布……
eg. He declared that he was in love with her.
他声称爱她。
⑺declare sth
eg. ①The government has declared a state of emergency.政府宣布进入紧急状态。
② Jones was declared the winner of the
fight. 琼斯被宣布为这场竞赛的优胜者。
⑻申报(所购之物、收入等)
3. rather than
⑴释义：“宁愿……而不愿”;；“而不是……”；“与其……
倒不如……”
⑵用法：常用作并列连词，连接两个并列的成分，表示对
后者的否定。比如：
①连接两个名词或代词
eg. ◎ He is a explorer rather than a sailor.
= He is more a explorer than a sailor.
与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。
◎ You rather than I are going to camping.
是你而不是我要去野营。
②连接两个形容词或副词
eg. ◎ The sweater that she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛
衫便宜，不如说它漂亮。
◎The ship sank quickly rather than slowly.
船沉得很快，而不是很慢。
③连接两个介词（短语）或动名词
eg. ◎We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.我们是在教
室开会，而不是在大厅里。
◎ She enjoys singing rather than dancing.
她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。
◎ I prefer getting up early rather than going
to school without breakfast.我宁愿早起，
也不想空着肚子上学。
④连接两个分句
eg. ◎ We should help him rather than he should
help us.我们应该帮助他，而不是他应该帮助
某人。
⑤连接两个不定式
eg. I decided to write to him rather than (to) telephone.我决定写信，而不打电话。
⑥连接两个动词
eg. ◎ He ran rather than walked.
他是跑来的，而
⑶相近词辨析：
★other than 表示“除了……”、“除了……之外”常用于否定句中，相当于except﹑but等
★or rather 意思是“更确切地说”
⑷关于“would rather”
①意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动
词原形,常省略为’d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather 没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。
“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。常用固定搭配为would do ...rather than do = would rather do ...than do
eg. ◎Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music.
李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。
◎If you’d rather be alone, we’ll all leave
here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这
儿。
◎He’d rather work in the countryside. 她宁
可到农村去工作。
◎You would rather stay at home and do some
reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读
点书。
②如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿……而不愿……，
与其……宁可……”的意思时，则可用would
rather…than…或would…rather than…的句型
eg. ◎I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电
影。
◎The children would walk there rather than
take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘
公共汽车。
注意
1）would rather…than…/would…rather than…也可以颠倒为：rather than…would…。Would(rather)和than
后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那
么than 后的动词可以省略。
eg. ◎ I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。
◎He would rather drink wine than beer．他
喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。
◎Rather than work in such bad condition, he
would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，
他宁愿放弃。
2)使用would rather…than…句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。
eg. ◎I would rather go to work by bike than by bus.
我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。
◎I would rather talk with his mother than with
his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说
话。
③在疑问句式中，would rather 与would rather…tha n中的would要放在主语之前
eg. ◎ Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？
◎Which would you rather have, apples or bananas?
你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？
◎Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?
你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？
④would rather+宾语从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型would rather+宾语从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿……,还是…… 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。
eg. ◎John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看
我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came
不是表示过去而是表示将来)
◎We’d rather he paid us the money tomorrow.
我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。
◎Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came
next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。请注意
1）如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,
其（that）从句则用过去完成时。
eg. Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。
2）如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather 之后不接that从句而接have done结构。
eg. ◎I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆
在家里。
◎He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods．他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。
◎Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does．亨利希望他的女朋
友和他在一个部门工作。
⑤w ould rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。
eg. ◎Tom would rather/sooner read than talk．汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。
◎Tom prefers reading to talking．汤姆喜欢读书而
不喜欢谈天。
请注意
1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。
eg. ◎ He prefers wine to beer．= He would rather drink wine than beer．他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜
欢喝啤酒。
◎ I prefer tennis to golf．= I’d rather play
tennis than golf．我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔
夫球。
2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats．（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than
cats．（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。
3）would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。
eg. I’d rather fly than go by sea．=I’d prefer to fly．我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。
这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样：
eg. —Would you like some gin？
—I’d prefer a coffee．=I’d rather have coffee
than gin．
—您想喝点杜松子酒吗？
—我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。
eg. We went by sea but I’d rather have gone by air=I’d prefer to have gone by air．我们是
乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，
可我的愿望未能实现。这和 would like+不定式的
完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完
成式也表示未能实现的愿望。）
⑸prefer to do rather than do 宁愿……而不愿
4. 《复习指导》P292的1,2；Ｐ294 的6,7,8。
5. 田老师笔记Ｐ100－Ｐ106 除declare外所有
单词总结 Bet 1.bet (sth) (on/against sth ) to risk money on a race or an event by trying to predict the result 下赌注（于）用…..打赌 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b414089780.html,ed to say that you are almost certain that sth is true or that sth will happen 敢说八成二 词语扩展 I’ll bet 1．（表示理解）有同感当然 2．（表示不相信对方的话） e.g: “I’m going to tell her what I think of her.” “Yeah. I’ll bet.” I wouldn’t bet on it/don’t bet on it. 不大可能 e.g:”she’ll soon get used to the idea.” “I wouldn’t bet on it!”(很难说) You bet中文解释的确当然 e.g:”are you nervous?” “you bet!”(这还有说) You can bet your life/your bottom dollar （on sth/(that)…..）中文解释肯定毫无疑问 e.g: you can bet your bottom dollar that he’ll be late.（他肯定会迟到） Peer Noun 1. a person who is the same age r who has the same social status as you 身份或地位相同的人同龄人同辈 2. (in Britain) a member of the NOBILITY 英国的贵族成员 Verb (~+adv/prep) to look closely or carefully at sth ,especially when you can not see it clearly.仔细端详 Spectacle 1.spectacles 相当于glasses 2. a performance or a event that is very impressive and exciting to look at 精彩的表演，壮 观的场面 3. a sight or a view that is very impressive to look at 壮观的景象 4.an unusual or surprising sight or situation that attract a lot of attention. 奇特的景象出 人意料之外的情况 词语扩展 Make a spectacle of yourself to draw attention of yourself by behaving or dressing in a ridiculous way in public 出洋相出丑
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
学习必备欢迎下载 Unit 1 How do you study for a test ? 一．短语。 1．向老师寻求帮助7.嘲笑 2．说的技能8 .编造 3．英语口语9 .抱怨 4．复习备考10. 处理 5．加入英语俱乐部11. 中止，中断 6．犯错误12. 听磁带 二．同义词。 1 Look up 2. unless 3. regard… as 4. with the help of 5. be angry with 6. not … at all 7. improve 8. laugh at 三．重点词。 1. a good way 2. the best way 3. have trouble 4. one of 5. look them up 6. too much 7. decide 8. practice 9. friend (adj) (n) 10. happy (反义词) 11. easy (adv) 12. success (v) (adj) 13. help (adj) 14. suggest (n) 15. noise 16. end up (in) Voice end up with sth Sound 17. important (反) (n) 18. different (adv) (n) 19. 四．重点句型 1. It’s too hard to understand the voice. 2. Joining the English club was the best way to improve her English. 3. Studying grammar is a great way to learn a language. 4. Why don’t you join the English club to practice speaking English. 5. The writer found learning English difficult. 6. It wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher. 7. How do you study for a test? -- I study by working with a group. . Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the dark. 一．短语 1过去常常2一直 3令某人吃惊的是4即使，尽管 5注意，留心6支付得起 7为…付款8做决定 9几乎不10 在过去 11日常生活 二．同义词 1. be interested in 2. afford to 3. In the end 4. take pride in 5. One day 6. walk to school 7. hold on 8. go to bed 9. Not … any more 10. not … any longer 三．重点词 1.so many so much 2.spend take pay cost 3.give up 4.(效力于) the swim team / the soccer team. 5.踢足球弹钢琴 6．In the front of In front of 6.seem 7.die ( n ) ( adj ) 8.day ( adj ) 日常生活 9.much / even 四．重点句型 1. I go to bed with my bedroom light on. 2. My daily life has changed a lot in the last few years. 3. He is one of the best students in his class. 4. 含used to 的句型： 肯定句： 否定句： 一般疑问句： 5. be used to
八年级英语笔记整理 Unit 1 How often do you exercise? 谈论通常做的事情谈论做事的频率 -----what du you usually du on weekends? -----how often do you eat vegetables? -----I sometimes go to the beach. ------Every day. 重点短语： How often 多久一次 eating habit 饮食习惯 Junk food 垃圾食品 as for 至于；关于 a lot of 大量；许多 of course 当然；自然 look after 照看；照顾 how many多少 语法：一般现在时 1.一般现在时的谓语动词主要用动词原形表示，但如果主语是第三人称单数，则谓 语动词也要变为第三人称单数。另外，be动词和have有特殊的人称形式。 2.一般现在时的用法。 （1.）表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常和always ,usually,often, sometimes, every day,等时间状语连用。例如：he is often late for meeting.他常常开会迟
到。 （2.）表示客观真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。例如;the earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 （3）有些表示心理状态和感觉的动词往往用于到一般现在时中。例如： I want tu see you.我想去看你。 思维拓展: 1、 how often 通常用来询问动作发生的频率，回答一般是once（一次）,twice （两次）,three times a day（一天三次）sometimes（有时）,never（从不）,often （经常）等。 how long 主要用来对时间的长短提问或者询问物体的长度，回答一般是：two days/weeks/months/years(两天/周/月/年)。 how much用来提问不可数名词数量的多少或对价格提问。 How many 对可数名词的数量的多少提问。 2、与go有关的短语： go to the movies 去看电影 go out 熄灭 go over 仔细查看 go to school 去上学 go home 回家 3关于几种“看”的区别 Look at----表示看的动作，不强调结果。例如：please look at the blackboard.请看黑板。 See----表示“看见”强调结果。Watch----意为“观看”，强调娱乐
八年级上册英语复习笔记 Unit 1: How often do you exercise? 【单词】always, usually , often, sometimes , hardly , ever, never. how often, once , twice , three times a week , every day. milk, junk food, health, unhealthy, habit, exercise, most, result, try, different, maybe, although, arm, foot, tooth, ear, eye, advice, thirsty ,forget, finish, plan . 【词组】 1. go to the movies 去看电影 2. look after = take care of 照顾 3. surf the internet 上网 4. healthy lifestyle 健康的生活方式 5. go skate boarding 去划板 6. keep healthy=stay healthy 保持健康 7.exercise=take exercise=do sports锻炼 8. eating habits 饮食习惯 9. take more exercise 做更多的运动 10. the same as 与什么相同 11. be different from 不同 12. once a month一月一次 13. twice a week一周两次 14. make a difference to 对什么有影响 15. how often 多久一次 16. although = though虽然 17. most of the students=most students 18.shop=go shopping=do some shopping 19. as for至于 20. activity survey活动调查21. do homework做家庭作业 22. do house work做家务事 23. eat less meat吃更少的肉 24. junk food垃圾食物 25. be good for 对什么有益 26. be bad for对什么有害 27. want to do sth 想做某事 28. want sb to do sth想某人做某事 29. try to do sth 尽量做某事 30. come home from school放学回家 31. of course = certainly = sure当然 32. get good grades取得好成绩 33. some advice 34. hardly=almost not几乎不 35. keep/be in good health保持健康 36.be stressed紧张的，有压力的 37. take a vacation 去度假 48.get back 回来 【应掌握的句子】 1. How often do you exercise? 你（你们）多久锻炼一次身体？ 频率副词，如：once, twice, three times…, sometimes, often, quite, often, never, every day, once a week , twice a month , three times a month , three or four times a month 等。 2. “What do you usually do on weekends?” “ I usually play soccer.” 3. “What’s your favorite program?” “It’s Animal World.” 4. As for homework , most students do homework every day . as for...意思是“至于；关于”，常用于句首作状语，其后跟名词、代词或动词的-ing形式（即动名词）。如：As for him，I never want to see him here. 至于他，我永远不希望在这里见到。 As for the story，you'd better not believe it. 关于那故事，你最好不要相信。 至于我自己，我现在不想去。(As for myself, I don’t want to go now. ) 至于那个人，我什么都不知道。(As for the man, I know nothing about him.)
高分作文标志 1、是否长短句交叉； 2、用词是否恰当，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词； 3、关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词； 下面给出写好一篇作文的注意事项： 1.适当用被动代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. )举个经典结 尾It is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. Thus， its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively. 2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词， 助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 比如说：Other individuals, however, take the attitude that … 3. 一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的代替太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子中，applicable代替proper, approaches代替ways, implement代替carry out, sharpen one’s competitive edge代替enhance one’s competitiveness(提高某物竞争力) 下面举一篇例子，给各位钻石班会员共勉！ Computer and I By Simmy I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that i indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected ,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music. That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me. exceedingly 替换 very thrilling 替换 exciting
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
Unit1笔记整理 1、What’ s the matter with you?= What’s the trouble with you? = What’ s wrong with you?你怎么了？= What’s up? = What happens to sb.? 2、as a matter of fact= in fact 事实上, 实际上 【拓展】matter的用法 It doesn’t matter 没关系（用来回答别人道歉时的用语） 3、have a cold 受凉;感冒 have a/an + 疾病名词“患……病” (cold/fever/cough) have a sore throat 患喉咙痛have a sore back 患背痛 have a fever 发烧have a cold =catch a cold 患感冒 have a stomachache 患胃痛have a toothache患牙痛 have a headache 患头痛have a backache患背痛 4、back n 背；背部at the back of......在......的后面 go/come back 返回give back 归还 5、hand in hand 手拉手 V 交给；传递hand in 上交hand on 依次传递hand out 分发 6、enough 的用法 (1) adj.足够的，充分的修饰名词时，可放在名词之前或之后enough time，enough money (2) adv. “足够地，十分，相当”修饰adj./adv,必须放在adj./adv 后expensive enough (3) be +adj. +enough to do sth.足够……的去做某事He is strong enough to carry the box. 7、drink some hot tea with honey.喝一些加蜂蜜的热茶。 with ：⑴prep “具有，带有” , 表示某物带有或具有某种特征。She is a girl with long hair. with （反）without ⑵prep. 和......一起I like to talk with my friends. ⑶ prep 用......，表示“使用某种工具”Cut it with a knife. 8、see a dentist = go to a dentist看牙医 see a doctor = go to a doctor 看医生 9、感官动词+ like，后接名词或名词性短语作表语。 “sound like 听起来像feel like 摸起来像smell like 闻起来像look like 看起来像taste like 尝起来像 10、need v 需要 ◆用于肯定句是实义动词 (1) need sth 需要某物I need your help. (2) 人做主语，sb need to do sth 某人需要做某事Do you need to drink more
笔记整理: Unit1 1.频度副词: always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never. (对他们提问用how often). 并且他们是一般现在时的标志 2.go skateboarding 去玩滑板 3.do/take exercise 做运动 4.morning/eye exercises早操/眼保健操 5.surf the Internet 上网冲浪 6.once a week/twice a month/ three or four times a day(对其提问也用how often) 7.How often do you go shopping? How often does your mother clean the house? How often do they play sports? (注意助动词的运用) 8.activity survey 活动调查 9.most 大多数most students/ most of the classmates 10.at Green High School 在格林高中 11.Here is/are… 12.the result（c.n）of…。。。的结果the results of the final exam(期末考试的结果) 13.as for 至于，关于As for homework 14.the results for ―watch TV‖ 15.junk food 垃圾食品（u.n） 16.vegetables(c.n) and fruit(u.n) 17.want sb. to do sth. 18.be good/bad for 对…有好/坏外be good to sb 对…好be good with sb 和某人相处得 好be good at=do well in 擅长 19.healthy (adj) health(n) 固定搭配有：a healthy lifestyle, be in good health=keey/stay healthy, healthy food, it’s good for your health, 20.how many hours=how long, how many times=how often 21.eatting habits(注意不能说a eating habits) 22.try to do 尽力做某事try one’s best to do尽某人最大的努力做某事 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b414089780.html,e home from school 从学校回家 24.look after=take care of 照顾 25.help sb (to) do 26.get good grades 取得好成绩（注意不能说a good grades） 27.the same as/be different from 28.keep in good health=keep healthy保持健康 29.less meat更少的肉 Unit2 1.What’s the matter? What’s the trouble? What’s wrong? What’s up? 询问某人怎么了（除了 What’s up外，都可以在后面加上with sb） 2.have a cold/have a fever/have a headache/have a toothache/have a sore throat/have a sore back/have a stomachache/have a sore leg 3.lie down 躺下(lie作动词讲有撒谎的意思，常用短语：lie to sb 对某人撒谎tell a lie 撒了一个谎) 4.have a (good) rest （好好）休息
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
Unit1 What’s the matter? 1.What’s the matter with sb? 常用来询问别人怎么了，也用于医生询问病人有什么不舒服。 = What’s the trouble with sb = What’s the problem with sb? = What’s wrong with sb =What happened to sb? 2.常见的患病表达： 1.Have a +身体部位+ache. I have a headache. 2.Have a+sore+身体部位I have a sore back. 3.Have a+ 病症She has a cold. 4.There is something wrong with +one’s+身体部位。 There is something wrong with my head. 我的头不舒服。 3.Should 情态动词，（can, may, must , could, will, would等） Should+动词原形； 一般疑问句: Should +主语+V原形。。。。？ 一般疑问句的回答：Yes，主语（对应人代）+should. No, 主语（对应人代）+shouldn’t. 否定句：主语+shouldn’t+V原形。。。。。 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+should+主语+V原形？ 4.反身代词的构成 由第一人称、第二人称形容词性物主代词或第三人称代词宾格加self或selves组成，意为“本人；亲自；自己” 一/二人称：My self, our selves, your self, your selves, 三人称：him self, her self, it self, them selves. 常见词组: learn sth by oneself 自学help oneself to…随便吃…. Enjoy oneself 玩得开心 5.lie,动词：撒谎，lied, lied, lying 名词: 谎言 lie，平躺，lay, lain, lying lie down 躺下 lay, 下蛋，布置，laid, laid, laying.
语言学考研笔记整理 一、语言和语言学 1．语言的本质 （1）自然属性：语言从本质上来说是一套符号系统。 （2）社会属性：是人类最重要的交际工具。 （3）心理属性：是人类进行思维的工具。 语言的自然属性从本质上来说是一套符号系统。 2．什么是符号？语言符号和其它符号的不同特点。 符号：用甲事物指代乙事物，甲即乙的符号。 语言符号的特点：①有声的；②成系统的；③分层次的装置，语音→音素→音节→语素→词；④音义结合是任意的，是约定俗成的（不可论证，无理据）；⑤线条性：语言符号在输出时是一个接一个的，不能全盘端出。 语言符号与客观事物的关系。 3．语言最基本的社会功能：交际功能。 文字：是在语言的基础上产生的，是记录语言的书写符号。 符号：是形式和内容（意义）的统一体。 （1）语言符号的形式：声音（语音）是语言的物质外壳，听觉可感知。 （2）语言符号的内容：意义（语义）是人们对现实现象的概括反映。 （99年填空） 4．语言符号的特点：①任意性和强制性；②线条性；③系统性。 人的语言和动物语言有何不同？ 简要说明语言符号的任意性和强制性。 答：①任意性：语言符号的音与义之间没有必然的、本质的联系，它们的结合是由社会“约定俗成”的。表现：某种具体语言的音义结合关系；形成人类语言多样性的一个重要原因。②强制性：符号的任意性知识是就创制符号时的情形说的。符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语音形式与某一意义结合起来，表示某一特定的现实现象以后，它对使用它的社会成员来说就具有了强制性。任何人不能借口任意性而随意改变音义之间的结合关系。符号的音义结合是社会约定俗成的，它们之间的关系改变也要由社会来决定。
英语修辞学 Ⅰ. Phonetic figure of speech 语音修辞 1.Alliteration 押头韵 Bread not bombs. Cut crimes with jobs not jails. Time and tide waits for no man. 2.Assonance 押元音 Let us help you extend yourself. Could anything ever replace the taste of old grape and apple juice. Haste makes waste. Spend dime save your time. 3.Consonance Women don’t angonize,organize. Farms not arms. 4.Aposiopesis 中间间断法 Another step forward,you will… 5.Pun 双关 To Engla nd I will steal,and there I’ll steal. If we don’t hang together,we hang separately. On Sunday they pray for you,on Monday they prey on you. You earn your living.You urn your dead. Ⅱ.Syntactic figure of speech句法修辞 1. Repetition 重复 There is no,no,no,life. 2. Anaphora 句首重复 I want to know,I want to know who is the girl. 3.Epiphora 句尾重复 Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man and writing an exact man. 4.Simploce 首尾重复 Those who are toil to death,those who are worried to death,those who are bored to death. 5.Parallelism 平行结构 It was not anger,nor surprise,nor disapproval,nor horror,nor any of emotions that she has been prepared for. Kind hearts are the gardens,kind thoughts are the roots,kind words are the flowers,kind deeds are the fruits. 6.Antithesis 对照 It was the season of light,it was the season of darkness;it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair. When poverty comes in at the door,love flies out of at the window. 7.Climax 高潮 I came，I saw, I conquer. I was born American,I live American,I shall die American. 8.Anticlimax 反高潮突降法