Unit 1 Cultural relics
1.rare adj
1 not often happening or seen, etc; unusual 稀有的; 罕见的; 不寻常的
a rare occurrence, sight, visitor 稀罕事、罕见的景象、稀客
a rare book, plant, butterfly珍本书、珍奇的植物、稀有的蝴蝶
The panda is now a rare animal. 熊猫现在是稀有动物
With rare exceptions, he does not appear in public now.
除了极其个别的情况外, 他现在不公开露面.
it’s rare for sb to do sth
It is rare for her to arrive late. 她很少有迟到的时候.
2 [attrib 作定语] unusually good or great 极好的; 极大的
be shy/tolerant to a rare degree 极为腆、宽容等
We had a rare (old) time at the party. 我们在聚会时玩得高兴极了..
rare adj (usu of beef) cooked so that the inside is still red and juicy; underdone （通常指牛肉）半熟的（里面色红肉嫩的）
a (medium-) rare steak 半生半熟的牛排.
2. valuable adj
1 worth a lot of money 贵重的; 值钱的
a valuable collection of paintings 一批很有价值的画儿.
2 very useful or worthwhile or important 很有用的; 很有价值的; 很重要的
valuable advice, help, information, etc 宝贵的意见、帮助、信息等
wasting valuable time and effort 浪费宝贵的时间和精力
Survive v
1 [I, Ipr] ~ (from sth); ~ (on sth) continue to live or exist 继续生存或存在
Of the six people in the plane that crashed, only one survived.
在失事飞机上的六个人, 仅一人幸存.
Many strange customs have survived from earlier times. 有许多古怪的习俗源远流长.
I can't survive on ￡30 a week,. 我每周收入30英镑难以活命.
(fig 比喻) Life is hard at the moment, but we're surviving.
目前生活很艰难, 但我们正在挣扎求生.
2 [Tn] continue to live or exist in spite of nearly being killed or destroyed by (sth) 经历（某事物）幸存
survive an earthquake, shipwreck, 经历地震、沉船等而死里逃生
Few buildings survived the bombing raids intact. 空袭过後幸存的建筑物绝无仅有.
The plants may not survive the frost. 这些植物不经冻.
3 [Tn] remain alive after (sb) 比（某人）长命
The old lady has survived all her children. 那老太太的子女都先她而去世了.
4. amaze v fill (sb) with great surprise or wonder 使（某人）惊异或惊奇
He amazed everyone by passing his driving test. 他驾驶考试合格使大家很惊奇.
be amazed at/by sth
We were amazed at/by the change in his appearance. 他的样子变得使我们大为惊讶.
be amazed that ---- it amazed that-----
She was amazed/It amazed her that he was still alive. 他居然还活著使她感到惊异. Amazement n [U]:
He looked at me in amazement. 他惊愕地看著我.
I heard with amazement that.... 我听到...大为吃惊.
amazing adj (usu approv 通常作褒义)
an amazing speed, player, feat 令人惊异的速度, 表演者, 事迹
I find it amazing that you can't swim. 你不会游泳可使我大吃一惊.
5.select v [Tn, Tn.pr, Cn.n/a, Cn.t]
~ sb/sth (as sth)选择, 挑选, 选拔（尤指最好的或最合适的）
select a gift, candidate, wine 挑选礼物、候选人、葡萄酒
select a card from the rack 从架子上选择贺卡
select sb as sth be selected as ----
He was selected as the team leader 他被选中作队长
select sb to do be selected to do
Who has been selected to take part in the project? 挑上谁来参与这项计画?
6.honey n
1 [U](a) sweet sticky yellowish substance made by bees from nectar 蜂蜜.
(b) its colour蜜色
honey-coloured hair 蜜色的毛发.
2 [U] sweetness; pleasantness 甜蜜; 甜美.
3 [C] (infml 口esp US)(a) (used to address or refer to a person one likes or loves 用作爱称) You look great tonight, honey! 亲爱的, 你今晚真漂亮!
Our baby-sitter is an absolute honey. 我们的临时保姆好极了.
(b) thing that is excellent or delightful 出类拔萃的事物; 讨人喜欢的东西
That computer game's a honey. 那电脑游戏真好玩儿.
7.design n 1.(a) [C] ~ (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be made 图样; designs for a dress, a garden, an aircraft 连衣裙、花园、飞机的设计图.
(b) [U] art of making such drawings, etc 设计术; 制图术
study textile design 学习纺织品设计术
industrial design 工业设计.
2 [U] general arrangement or planning (of a building, book, machine, picture, etc) （建筑物、
书、机器、画等的）设计, 布局
The building seats 2000 people, but is of poor design.
这座建筑物可容纳2000人, 但设计很差.
A machine of faulty design will not sell well. 设计不良的机器销路不会好.
3 [C] arrangement of lines, shapes or figures as decoration on a carpet, vase, etc; pattern （地毯、花瓶等上的）装饰图案; 图案
a bowl with a flower design 有花卉图案的碗.
4 [U, C] purpose; intention 目的; 打算; 意向
We don't know if it was done by accident or by design
我们不知道那是偶然的还是故意的.
His evil designs were frustrated. 他的罪恶企图未能得逞.
5 (idm 习语) have designs on sb/sth企图伤害某人[某事物]; 企图将某人[某事物]据为己有
She has designs on his money. 她觊觎他的钱财.
design vi/vt
Do the Italians really design better than we do? 意大利人真比我们会设计吗?
design a car, a dress, a tool, an office 设计汽车、连衣裙、工具、办公室
design sb sth
They've designed us a superb studio. 他们给我们设计了一个极好的工作室.
~ sth (for sb/sth) 设计; 制图
We design kitchens for today's cooks. 我们为当今一代的厨师设计厨房.
(b) [Tn, Tn.pr]think of and plan (a system, procedure, etc); devise 想出, 计划（一系统、步骤等）; 谋划
Can anyone design a better timetable? 有人能定出更好的时间表吗?
We shall have to design a new curriculum for the third year.
我们得设计出三年级的新课程.
2 (idm 习语) be designed for sb/sth;
be designed as sth;
be designed to do sth为某目的或用途而制造或计划
The gloves were designed for extremely cold climates. 这些手套是为严寒地区制造的.
This course is designed as an introduction to the subject.
这门课程是作为该科目的入门课而开设的.
The route was designed to relieve traffic congestion.
这条路是为缓解交通拥挤而开辟的.
8.fancy n
1 [U] power of the mind to imagine (esp unreal things) 想像力（尤指对非现实的事物）
the novelist's fancy 小说家的想像力.
2 [C] thing imagined 想像之物
Did I really hear someone come in, or was it only a fancy?
我是真听到有人进来还是仅仅是幻觉而已?
I have a fancy that he will be late. 我感觉他要迟到.
3 [sing] ~ (for sth) desire; liking 渴望; 喜爱
I have a fancy for some wine tonight. 我今晚想喝点酒.
4 [C usu pl 通常作复数] small decorated cake 带装饰的小蛋糕
fancies served with coffee 佐咖啡的漂亮小蛋糕.
5 (idm 习语) catch/take sb's fancy合某人的心意; 吸引某人
She saw a dress in the shop window and it caught her fancy immediately.
她看见商店橱窗里的一件连衣裙, 立刻觉得很合心意.
. take a fancy to sb/sth喜欢上、爱上某人[某物]（常无明显原因）
I've suddenly taken a fancy to detective stories. 我突然喜欢上了侦探小说.
fancy adj
1 [attrib 作定语](esp of small things) brightly coloured; made to please the eye or taste （尤指小东西）色彩鲜艳的, 悦目的, 可口的
fancy cakes/goods 精美的蛋糕[物品].
2 not plain or ordinary; unusual 有装饰的; 不寻常的; 精致的
That's a very fancy pair of shoes! 那是一双非常别致的鞋!
3 extravagant or exaggerated 过度的; 过分的
fancy ideas, prices 过分的想法、高昂的价格.
4 (esp US) (of food, etc) above average quality （指食物等）精选的, 精美的
fancy vegetables 精选的蔬菜.
fancy v (pt, pp fancied)
1 [Tf] think or believe (sth); imagine 想; 以为; 想像
I fancy (that) it's going to rain today. 我看今天要下雨.
He fancies she likes him. 他以为她喜欢他.
He fancied he heard footsteps behind him. 他好像听到身後有脚步声.
2 [Tn] (infml 口) have a desire or wish for (sth); want 渴望或希望得到（某事物）; 想要
I fancy a cup of tea. 我想来杯茶.
What do you fancy for supper? 你晚饭喜欢吃甚麽?
3 [Tn] (Brit infml 口) find (sb) attractive 喜爱（某人）
He rather fancies her. 他很喜欢她.
4 [I, Tn, Tg, Tsg](usu imperative, expressing surprise, disbelief, shock, etc 通常用於祈使句, 表示惊奇、不相信、震惊等): Fancy that! 多奇怪呀!
Just fancy! 真想不到!
Fancy her being so rude! 她竟如此放肆!
Fancy never having seen the sea! 竟然从未见过大海!
5 (idm 习语) fancy oneself (as sth)自命不凡; 自负
She rather fancies herself as a singer. 她自以为是了不起的歌手.
9. style n
1 [C, U](a) manner of writing or speaking, esp contrasted with what is actually written or said （语言或文字的）风格, 文风, 文体
She's a very popular writer but I just don't like her style.
她是很受欢迎的作家, 但我就是不喜欢她的文风.
(b) manner that is typical of a particular writer, artist, etc or of a particular literary, artistic, etc period （某作家、艺术家或某文艺时期的）独特风格
a poem in classical style 古典风格的诗歌
a building in Gothic, Romanesque, Tudor, etc style 歌特、罗马、都铎...式建筑物
the architectural styles of ancient Greece 古希腊的建筑风格.
2 [C, U] manner of doing anything 行为方式; 作风
a typically British style of living 典型的英国生活方式
a very unusual style of swimming 非常独特的游泳姿式
American-style hamburgers 美式汉堡包
I like your style, ie the way you do things. 我喜欢你做事的方法.
3 [U] superior or fashionable quality of sb or sth; distinctiveness 风度; 格调; 气派
She performs the songs with style and flair. 她演唱歌曲既有风度又有才华.
The piano gives the room a touch of style. 这架钢琴把房间衬托得很有气派.
4(a) [C, U] fashion in dress, etc （服装等的）款式, 流行式样
the latest styles in trousers, hats, shoes, etc 裤子、帽子、鞋等的最新式样
have a good sense of style 很有格调.
(b) [C] way in which sth is made, shaped, etc; design; type 样式; 花样; 型式
a very short hair-style 很短的发型
We have vases in various styles. 我们有各种各样的花瓶.
5 [C] (fml 文) correct title for use when addressing sb 称谓; 称号
Has he any right to use the style of Colonel? 他有资格使用上校头衔吗?
10.decorate v
1 [Tn, Tn.pr]
~ sth (with sth)make sth (more) beautiful by adding ornaments to it 装饰某事物
Bright posters decorate the streets. 鲜艳的广告招贴画点缀著街道.
The building was decorated with flags. 这座建筑物有旗子作装饰.
decorate a Christmas tree with coloured lights 用彩色灯装饰圣诞树.
2 [I, Tn] 在（房屋等）上添加漆、泥灰、壁纸等
We're decorating (the kitchen) again this summer. 今年夏天我们又要修饰厨房.
3 [Tn, Tn.pr]
~ sb (for sth) give a medal or some other award to sb 授予某人奖章或其他奖状
Several soldiers were decorated for bravery. 有几名士兵因英勇而获奖章
11.jewel n 1
(a) precious stone (eg adiamond or a ruby) 宝石（如钻石或红宝石）.
(b) ornament with such a stone or stones set in it 镶有宝石的装饰品; 珠宝
[attrib 作定语]
a jewel thief 盗珠宝的窃贼.
2 受珍视的人或物
He's always saying his wife is a real jewel. 他总说他的妻子是至宝.
a painting by Goya, the brightest jewel in his collection of art treasures
戈雅的画, 他所收藏的艺术珍品中最光彩夺目的一颗明珠.
jewellery珠宝; 首饰.
12. belong v
1 [Ipr](a) ~ to sb/sth为某人之财物; 属於, 与某事物或某处有关联
These books belong to me, ie are mine. 这些书是我的.
Who(m) does this belong to? 这是谁的?
That lid belongs to this jar. 那个盖子是配这个瓶子的.
2 ~ to sth be a member of (a group, a family, an organization, etc) 是（某团体、家庭、组织等中的）一员
He has never belonged to a trade union. 他从未加入过工会.
The daffodil belongs to the genus `Narcissus'. 黄水仙是水仙属植物.
3
(a) [Ipr, Ip]
~ (with sb/sth) have a proper or usual place, as specified 应该在某处; 通常在某处
Where does this belong? 这个应该在什麽地方?
The hammer belongs with the rest of the tools.
这把锤子通常和（工具房的）其他工具放在一起.
The vase belongs on this shelf. 花瓶应该放在这个架子上..
(b) [I] fit a certain environment 适应某种环境
He doesn't feel he belongs/has no sense of belonging here 他不适应这儿的环境
13. reception
1 [U] action of receiving or being received 接受; 接待; 接纳; 接收
The bridal suite was prepared for the reception of the honeymooners.
新婚套间已准备好以接待度蜜月的人.
prepare rooms for the reception of guests 准备房间以接待宾客
[attrib 作定语]
a reception area, camp, centre, 接待区、营、中心等
a `reception committee 接待委员会.
2 [sing] way in which sb/sth is received (receive 3) 反应
The play got a favourable reception from the critics. 该剧获评论界好评.
His talk met with/was given a warm reception. 他的讲话受到热烈的欢迎.
3 [sing] (Brit) area in a hotel or an office building where guests or clients are received, registered, etc （旅馆或事务所的）接待处
Wait for me at reception. 在接待处等我吧.
4 [C] formal social occasion to welcome sb 正式的欢迎场合; 欢迎会; 招待会; 宴会
hold a wedding reception 举办结婚宴会
official receptions for the foreign visitors 欢迎外宾的招待会.
5 [U] receiving of broadcast signals; efficiency of this （无线电信号的）接收, 接收效果
a radio with excellent reception 接收性能极好的收音机
Reception is poor here. 这里的接收情况欠佳（如电视节目的）.
14. remove v
1 (esp fml 尤作庄重语)
(a) [Tn, Tn.pr]
~ sth/sb (from sth) take sth/sb away from one place to another 将某物[某人]移到别处; 移开remove the dishes (from the table) （从餐桌上）撤去碗碟
remove one's hand from sb's shoulder 把放在某人肩上的手移开
The statue was removed to another site. 塑像已挪到另一地方.
(b) [Tn, Tn.pr]
~ sb (from sth) dismiss sb from a post, etc 免去某人的职务等
remove a diplomat from office 免除一外交官的职务
He was removed from his position as chairman. 他被撤去主席的职务.
(c) [Tn] take off (clothing, etc) from the body 脱下（衣服等）
remove one's hat, coat, gloves, etc 摘下帽子、脱掉大衣、摘下手套
remove the bandages/plaster from sb's arm解掉某人手臂上的带[揭掉某人臂膀上的橡皮膏].
2 [Tn, Tn.pr]
~ sth (from sth)
(a) get rid of sth by cleaning 去掉或清除某物
remove graffiti from the subway walls 除去人行隧道墙上乱涂乱画的痕迹
Washo removes stains! Washo一到, 污迹全掉!
She removed her make-up with a tissue. 她用纸巾擦掉脂粉.
(b) cause sth to disappear; eliminate sth 使某物消失; 消除某物
remove superfluous hair 剪去多余的毛发
(fig 比喻) remove problems, difficulties, objections, 解决问题、克服困难、消除反对意见remove doubts, fears, etc from sb's mind 消除某人的疑虑、恐惧等
The threat of redundancy was suddenly removed. 裁员的危险顿时消除了.
3 [Ipr] ~ (from sth) (fml 文) go to live or work in another place; move 移居; 迁移
We are removing from London to the country. 我们正从伦敦迁往乡下.
Our suppliers have removed to Bath. 我们的供应厂商已迁往巴斯.
remove n
1 ~ (from sth) (fml 文) stage or degree of difference or distance (from sth) 差别或距离的阶段或程度; 差距; 间距
Your story is several removes from the truth. 你的说法与事实有些距离.
feel a child's suffering at one remove, ie as a parent 身为父母感受到孩子的痛苦.
2 (Brit) class or division in some schools, esp for pupils of about 14 （某些学校的）班或组（尤指约14岁学生的）.
15. doubt n
1 [U, C] ~ (about/as to sth); ~ (as to) whether...怀疑; 不确定; 不信任
There's some doubt about his suitability for the job. 他是否适合该工作有些疑问.
There is (no) room for doubt. （没）有怀疑的余地.
I have grave doubts about her honesty. 我很怀疑她是否诚实..
She had her doubts (as to) whether he would come. 她无法确定他是否来.
2 [U] ~ about sth/that. . . 用於否定词後以强调深信不疑) reason for not believing sth 不相信There's not much doubt about it, ie It is almost certain. 那件事情没有什麽可疑之处.
I have no doubt that you will succeed. 我肯定你能成功.
3 (idm 习语) beyond a/any `doubt; 无疑地
She was beyond all doubt the finest ballerina of her day.
她无疑是她那个时代最优秀的芭蕾舞演员.
give sb the benefit of the `doubt 因证据不足而承认某人无罪，无过失等。
In doubt不肯定的; 不确定的
Their acceptance of the contract is still in doubt. 他们是否接受那合同还说不准.
If in doubt, don't, ie Don't act unless you're certain. 没有把握就不要做.
,no `doubt无疑地; 很可能
No doubt he means to help, but in fact he just gets in the way.（阻碍）
他确实是想帮忙, 然而事实上却只是帮倒忙.
without doubt无疑地; 确实地
He is without doubt the cleverest student I've ever taught. 他确实是我所教过的学生中最聪明的. doubt v [I, Tn, Tf] feel uncertain (about sth); question the truth of (sth) （对某事物）无把握, 有怀疑
It is human to doubt. 怀疑是人的天性.
Do you doubt my word ? 你怀疑我的话吗?
I don't doubt that he'll come, ie I'm sure he will. 我确信他会来.
I doubt whether he'll come. 我不敢肯定他来不来.
I doubt if that was what he wanted. 不知道那是不是他想要的.
16. worth adj[pred 作表语]
1 having a certain value 有某种价值
be worth sth
Our house is worth about 60000. 我们的房子约值60000英镑.
I paid only 3000 for this used car but it's worth a lot more.
我只花了3000英镑就买下了这辆旧汽车, 其价值远不止这些.钱?
This contract isn't worth the paper it's written on
这份合同的价值还比不上写合同的这张纸呢.
2 be worth doing值得（做某事）; 有（做某事）的价值
The book is worth reading/It's worth reading the book. 这本书值得一读.
He felt that his life was no longer worth living. 他觉得他的生命已经没有再活下去的价值了.
It's an idea that's worth considering. 这是个值得考虑的意见.
3 (idm 习语) a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
all one is `worth (infml 口) 竭尽全力
The thief ran off down the road, so I chased him for all I was worth.
那个贼顺著马路逃跑, 我就拼命紧追不舍.
for ,what it's `worth无论某事物价值如何
And that's my opinion, for what it's worth. 这就是我的意见, 也别管有用没用吧.
worth, n [U]
1 ~ of sth 用於表示数量、持续时间等的名词之後)
(a) amount of sth that a specified sum of money will buy （某物的）值某金额的量
The thieves stole 1 million worth of jewellery. 窃贼偷走了价值100万英镑的珠宝.
ten pounds' worth of petrol 十英镑的汽油.
(b) amount of sth that will last for a specified length of time （某物的）能持续某段时间的量
a day's worth of fuel 能用一天的燃料
two weeks' worth of supplies 能维持两个星期的供应品.
2 value or usefulness 价值; 用处
items of great, little, not much worth 很有、简直没有、没什麽...用处的物件
people of worth in the community 社区里的重要人物.
worthless adj
1 having no value or usefulness 无价值的; 没用的
worthless old rubbish 没用的破烂货
This contract is now worthless. 这份合同现在毫无价值了.
2 (of a person) having bad qualities （指人）品质坏的
a worthless character 品质坏的人.
17. evidence n
1 [U] ~ (to do sth/that...) (esp law 尤用於法律) 根据; 证据; 证词
There wasn't enough evidence to prove him guilty. 没有充分的证据证明他有罪.
Have you any evidence to support this statement? 你这种说法有根据吗?
not a bit/piece/scrap/shred of evidence 没有一点[一项/丝毫/点滴]证据.
2 [U, C] indication or trace 迹象; 痕迹
The room bore evidence of a struggle. 这房间里有搏斗过的痕迹.
evidences of glacial action on the rocks 岩石上的冰河留下的痕迹.
3 (idm 习语) (be) in evidence显而易见的; 清楚的; 明显的
He's the sort of man who likes to be very much in evidence at important meetings,
他是非常喜欢在重大会议上出风头的那种人.
on the evidence of sth用某事物作为证据
On the evidence of their recent matches it's unlikely the Spanish team will win the cup.
从西班牙队最近的比赛情况来看, 他们难以在这一锦标赛中夺标.
18. explode v
1 [I, Tn] (cause sth to) burst with a loud noise; blow up （使某物）爆炸; 炸开
When the boiler exploded many people were injured. 因锅炉爆炸, 许多人受了伤.
The firework exploded in his hand. 那个爆竹在他手里响了.
explode a bomb 使一颗炸弹爆炸. Cf 参看implode.
2 [I, Ipr](a) (of feelings) burst out suddenly （指感情）迸发
At last his anger exploded. 他终於大发雷霆.
(b) ~ (with/in/into sth) (of people) show sudden violent emotion （指人）冲动, 激动
He exploded with rage, fury, jealousy, etc. 他勃然大怒、暴跳如雷、妒火中烧等.
She exploded into loud laughter. 她突然大笑起来.
3 [I] (of a population, etc) increase suddenly or quickly （指人口等）突然或迅速增加
the exploding world population 激增的世界人口.
4 [Tn] destroy (a theory, an idea, etc) by showing it to be false 破除, 推翻（一理论、观念等）（揭示其谬误）
explode a superstition 破除迷信
The myth that eating carrots improves your eyesight was exploded years ago.
认为吃胡萝卜可以改善视力的海外奇谈, 多年前已祛除殆尽.
19. debate n[C, U]
(a) （正式的）辩论, 讨论（如在公众集会或议会中, 常以表决结束）
After a long debate, the House of Commons approved the bill. 经过长时间的辩论, 下议院通过了议案.
to open the debate, ie be the first to speak 开始辩论（第一个发言）
the motion under debate, ie being discussed 在辩论中的动议.
(b) argument or discussion in general （一般性的）辩论, 讨论
After much debate, we decided to move to Oxford. 我们经充分讨论决定迁往牛津.
We had long debates at college about politics. 我们上大学时曾长时间地辩论政治问题.
Her resignation caused much public debate. 她辞职一事引起群众议论纷纷.
debate, v
1 [I, Ipr, Tn, Tw, Tg]
~ (about sth)have a debate about (sth); discuss (sth) 对（某事）进行辩论; 讨论（某事）What are they debating (about)? 他们在辩论什麽?
We're just debating what to do next. 我们正讨论下一步该做什麽事.
They debated closing the factory. 他们争论是否关闭工厂.
2 [Tn, Tw, Tg]考虑（某事物）以决定
I debated it for a while, then decided not to go. 我反覆考虑後决定不去.
I'm debating where to go on holiday. 我在琢磨到何处度假.
He debated buying a new car, but didn't in the end. 他思量很久是否买辆新汽车, 但最後还是没买.
debater n 辩论的人.
20. in search of 寻找
go in search of a cheap hotel 寻找便宜的旅馆
Scientists are in search of a cure for the disease. 科学家想研究出治疗这种疾病的方法
21. belong to 属于
These books belong to me, ie are mine. 这些书是我的
He has never belonged to a trade union. 他从未加入过工会.
22.in return 作为回报，回报
I asked her opinion, but she just asked me a question in return.
我徵求她的意見，她卻只是反問了我一句。
in return for---作為（對…的）回報：Can I buy you lunch in return for your help? 感謝你幫忙，我請你吃午飯好嗎
23.take apart 拆开
We had to take the engine apart. 我們不得不拆卸了引擎。
tell --- apart 区分---
I can’t tell him and his brother apart.
24. think highly of --- 看重，器重，对---评价很高
Speak highly of ---看重，器重，对---评价很高
综合写作分类词汇 history society imperialism帝国主义web-based以网络为基础 的cornerstone基础，地基sound effect声音效果 massacre残杀，大屠杀； 彻底击败mental development 精神发展 slave trade奴隶买卖socialbility社会性anchor锚non-physiological非生理的inscribe题写，题献sympathetic交感神经的genus类，种，属parasympathetic副交感神经的disperse散布，驱散neurological regulatory system 神经系统调节 vocalize发声water vapor水蒸气 ritual仪式的，典礼的ice crystal冰点 staple主食criteria标准 maize玉米pesticide杀虫剂construction material 建筑材料fertilizer肥料 prehistoric陈旧的，史前的genetic modification 基因变异agrarian农耕的certification承认，确认dwelling居住地，住所synthetic合成的irrigation灌溉priority优先顺序royal tomb王室墓穴profit maximiztion利润最大化archaeological site 考古现场intercity城市间的
artifact手工制品preferred stock优先股 radiocarbon dating 放射性碳年代测 定 ownership所有权 organic material 有机物board of directors董事会 mass production 大规模生产profitability收益 abundant丰富的privatization私有化，民营 化imprisonment入狱cast a vote投票autobiography自传ballot投票用纸memoir回忆录disabled残疾的，有残 疾的 family line家族，家系eligible voter选民 accessibility易接近性 electoral fraud不正当选举 block禁止，阻止 distribution流通传播 security maintenance 安全维护 capacity容量 public welfare公共福利 altruistic利他的 youth organization青少年团体 judicial system司法体系 sentence宣告，判刑 sanatorium疗养院 mandate授权
2014年4月18日星期五 Unit 1-3 词汇复习题 1.W e couldn’t ___ a day without arguing. We were still good friends, though. A. get over B. get through C. get by D. get across 2. The little girl ___ to her mother’s hand while they crossed the road. A. hung on B. hung around C. hung in D. hung up 3. We can offer some ___ suggestions on how to increase the fibre in your daily diet. B. prehistoric C. practical D. federal 4. It seems improbable that the ___ situation will continue. A. racial B. apparent C. arbitrary D. current 5. I always ___ the song with my trip to Hawaii. A. associate B. reform C. strike D. retire 6. He was not emotionally ___ enough to think through his decision. A. moral B. stable C. reasonable D. miserable 7. Only ___ can fly to the remote desert area. A. angles B. extensions C. helicopters D. seagulls 8. We are grateful to you for the permission to ___ this article. A. shave B. mourn C. reproduce D. insert
雅思写作话题分类词汇 教育与学业 考试频率：★★★★★ Education and study 教育与学业 1、Teaching methods 教学方法 7、Generation gap 代沟 2、Educational facilities 教育设施8、Adolescents’/Teenagers’problems 青少年问题 3、Academic subjects 学校科目9、Studying abroad 留学话题 4、Computer and learning(teaching) 电脑与学习（教学）10、Taking a part-time job 兼职工作 5、Personal development 个人发展11、Parents’/Teachers’responsibilities 父母/教师责任 6、Physical and mental growth 身心成长12、Functions/tuition of university 大学功能/学费 真题重现 In schools and universities, some girls tend to choose arts subjects, while boys choose to study science subjects. What are the reasons? Do you think this trend should be changed? Some people think that the main purpose of school is to turn children as a good citizens and workers, rather to benefit them as individuals. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 分类词汇加油站 1. scope of knowledge 知识面 2.lighten the burden of 减轻了…的负担 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b61199403.html,prehensive knowledge 广博的知识 4.long-distance education 远程教育 5.enrich the teaching method 丰富教育手段 6.teaching\pedagogical methodology 教学方法 7.schooling 学校教育parenting、upbringing 家庭教育8.impart\inculcate knowledge 传授知识 9.multi-media teaching 多媒体教学10.vocational education 职业教育11.down-to-earth, practical 切合实际的12.enlightening 予以人启迪的13.perplexing 令人困惑的 14.the cultural diversity 文化的多元性15.insightful 富有洞察力的,有深刻见解的16.undertake the due obligations 承担责任17.exam-oriented education 应试教育 18.develop our creative mind 培养我们创造性思维19.widen one’s knowledge 拓展知识面20.realize the value of life 实现生命价值
1、 Blindness is a very serious disability. 失明是非常严重的残疾。 2、 Though he is disabled, he is a gifted artist. 尽管身残疾 (的 )，他是一个有天赋的艺术家。 3、 person with a hearing and eyesight disability misses many things. 一位听力和视力残疾的人会错过很多东西。 4、 Beware of the love syndrome.当心恋爱综合症。 5、 Rosalyn had been there frequently in past years for treatment for infantile paralysis. 罗莎琳在过去的几年中频频来这里治疗小儿麻痹。 6、 Harris went on top in the last lap. 哈里斯在最后一圈跑到了最前面。 7、 He had a high ambition to be a headmaster. 他的抱负是想成为一名校长。 8、 I will love the ambitious for they can inspire me!我爱雄心壮志的人，因为他们能激励我！ 9、 We will have dictation today.我们今天要听写了。 10、 I wrote the letter at Sally's dictation . 我照萨利的口述写信。 11、 The campus is noisy today.今天校园里很吵。 12、 Do believe there is no best man, only much suitable one. 要相信没有最好男人，只有更适合的。 13、 Trees hid the entry of the cave. 洞穴的入口被树丛遮掩。 14、 Fresh air is beneficial to people's health. 新鲜空气对人的健康有好处。 15、 In other words, a classic fudge. 总之一句话，一派胡言。 16、 Mother reproached me for being too clumsy. 母亲责备我笨手笨脚。 17、 He used to be quiet, but now he is very outgoing. 他以前性格沉默少言，但现在很外向。 18、 How do you adapt to this new environment? 你要怎样适应这种新环境呢?。 19、 The bench often does duty for a table. 这条长凳经常当桌子用。 20、 The doctor told me to cut out meat for my fat. 由于肥胖，大夫叫我停止吃肉 21、 He applied his eye to the microscope. 他把眼睛贴近显微镜。 22、 She was out of breath from climbing the stairs. 爬楼梯使她上气不接下气的。 23、 A servant is known by his master's absence.主人不在就可以看出仆人的品行来。 24、 You are a milk-livered fellow!你真是一个胆小的家伙！ 25、 Thank you, my fellow colleagues. 谢谢，同事们。 26、 No joy without annoy. 没有无烦恼之快乐。 27、 I am really very annoyed about it. 我对此事真是很生气。 28、 I felt annoyance at being teased.我恼恨“别人”取笑我。 29、 I let go of all annoyance. 我放下所有烦恼。 30、 He has his faults, but all in all , he is a good guy. 他有缺点，但总的来说，他是不错的人。 单词拼读举例:Di sa bi li ty di sa bled syn drome in fan tile pa ra ly sis am bi tion am bi tious
词性转换总结与归纳 动词变名词 announce—announcement通知 equip 装备---equipment 装备，器材(不可名) settle—settlement定居，安定 achieve---achievement 成就 amuse--amusement 娱乐 manage---management 经营管理 advertise--- advertisement广告 agree— agreement同意disgree—disagreement不同意 argue---argument争吵commit—commitment奉献 develop---development发展 govern 统治—government 政府 describe—description描写，描绘erupt—eruption爆发 affect—affection影响 satisfy—satisfaction满意，满足select—selection挑选，选择
permit—permission允许admit—admission承认，允许invite—invitation 邀请，请帖devote—devotion献身，专注apply—application申请，申请书produce—production生产，产品protect—protection保护 educate-----education教育consider—consideration考虑attract—attraction 吸引力，吸引instruct—instruction 指导，介绍discuss—discussion 讨论appreciate—appreciation感激，欣赏recognize—recognition认出conclude—conclusion 结论 decide----decision 决定compete—competition比赛 express 表达----expression 词语；表达方式graduate 毕业—graduation operate—operation操作，动手术organize----organization 组织imagine—imagination 想象力
雅思写作高频词汇分类汇总 1.advanced science 尖端科学 2.scientific invention 科学发明 3.exert a far-reaching impact on…对…产生一种深远的影响 4.double-edged sword 双刃剑 5.earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变 6.pay the way for the future development 为未来的发展铺平道路 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b61199403.html,y a solid foundation for…为…打下良好的基础 8.energy crisis 能源危机 9.depletion of resources 能源消耗 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b61199403.html,estone 里程碑 11.sophisticated equipment 尖端设备 12.technical innovation 科技创新 13.expediency 权宜之计 14.antithetical 与…背道而驰的 15.over-commercialized 过渡商业化的 16.a heated discussion 热烈的讨论 17.exhaust gas 废气 18.disastrous 灾难性的 19.overshadow 使…相形见绌 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b61199403.html,pared to/with…与…相比 https://www.doczj.com/doc/b61199403.html,her in 引领 22.speedy and comfortable 既快捷又舒适 23.opposite forces 负面影响 24.a fatal breakdown 致命故障 25.potential hazards 潜在危险 26.pose a threat to…对…有一种威胁 27.promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展 28.accelerate 加速… 29.means of transportation 交通方式 30.transportation tools 交通工具 31.social status 社会地位 32.environmentally-friendly resources 环保的能源 33.make people’s life easier 使人们生活更方便 34.alternative fuel 可替代燃料 35.sustainable development 可持续性发展 36.scientific exploration 科学探索 37.air travel 航空旅行 38.ridiculous 可笑的 39.absurd 荒唐的 40.substitute 取代
第一组 achievement n.完成，成就，成绩 act v.行动，表演 affect vt.影响，感动 agreement n.协定，协议，同意 aim n.目标，目的 allow vt.允许，准许 amazing a.令人吃惊的 ambulance n.救护车，野战医院 amount n.总数，数量，总和 application n.请求，申请，施用 aquarium n.水族馆 Arctic a.北极的 article n.文章，条款，物品 ashamed adj. 羞愧的 assume vt.假定，承担，呈现 astronaut n.宇航员 at least 至少，最低限度 athletic a.运动的；竞技的 average n.平均数a.平均的 battery n.电池 battle n.战役，斗争vi.作战 blame vt.责备，把…归咎于 blind a.瞎的，盲目的 bloodshed n. 流血事件 bomb v.轰炸n. 炸弹 bother v.打扰 breathe v.呼吸 bully n. / v.欺负 第二组 cage n.笼，鸟笼，囚笼 calculation n.计算 camera n.照相机，摄影机 cancel v.取消 cancer n.癌，癌症 captive / caged adj.俘虏的，捕获的captivity n. 囚禁，被关 cause n.原因，理由 celebration n.庆祝，祝贺 chain n.链，链条，项圈challenge n.挑战
cheer v.欢呼 chest n.胸腔，胸膛，箱子 claim v. 认领 close adj.亲密的 comfortable a.舒适的，安慰的command vt.命令，指挥，控制common a.普通的，共同的community n.社区 compare vt.比较，对照 complain v.抱怨，投诉complaint n.抱怨，控告 complete v. 完成adj.完整的connect vt.连接，联系 continue vt.继续 control vt.控制，克制n.控制counter n.柜台，计数器countless a.无数的 courage n.勇气，胆量 course n. 课程 crash vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞creature n.生物，创造物 crossing n. 十字路口 cube-shaped adj. 立方体形状的culture n. 文化 第三组 dairy n.牛奶场，乳制品dangerous a.危险的 dare vt.aux.v.敢，竟敢 deaf a.聋的 degree n.程度，度，学位 diet n.饮食，食物 direction n.方向，指导 directly ad.直接地，立即disappoint v.使……失望disastrous a.灾难性的，悲惨的discover vt.发现，暴露，显示discuss vt.讨论 disorder n.混乱，骚乱 distance n.距离，远处 distract v. 分散注意力documentary a.有文件的；有证件的double a.两倍的，双的
Unit 1 △California 加利福尼亚（州） △Californian 加利福尼亚（州）人 △illustrate vt. 说明；阐明 distinct adj. 清晰的；明显的；明确的 distinction n. 差别；区分；卓著 △immigrant n. （从外国移入的）移民 live on 继续存在；继续生存 strait n. 海峡 △Bering 白令海峡 Arctic adj. 北极的；北极区的 the Arctic 北极 means n. 手段；方法 by means of… 用……办法；借助…… △prehistoric adj. 史前的 majority n. 大多数；大半 ministry n. （政府的）部；（全体）牧师；牧师的职责Catholic adj. 天主教的 n.天主教徒 △Alaska n. 阿拉斯加（州） △San Francisco n. 圣弗朗西斯科（也称 旧金山） △adventurer n. 冒险家 make a life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等 △despite prep. 尽管；不管 hardship n. 苦难；困苦 elect vt. 选择；决定做某事；选举某人 federal adj. 联邦制的；联邦政府的 rail n. 铁路；扶手；（护栏的）横条 percentage n. 百分比；百分率 △Los Angeles n. 洛杉矶 Italy n. 意大利 Italian n. 意大利人；意大利语 adj.意大利人的；意大利语的
Denmark n. 丹麦（北欧国家） keep up 坚持；维持；沿袭（风俗、传统等）△Hollywood n. 好莱坞；美国电影业 boom n. （人口、贸易的）繁荣 vi. 处于经济迅速发展时期 aircraft n. 飞行器；航空器；飞机 △Cambodian n. 柬埔寨人；柬埔寨语Korea n. 韩国；朝鲜 Korean n. 韩国/朝鲜人；朝鲜/韩语 adj.韩国（人/语）的；朝鲜（人/语）的Pakistan n. 巴基斯坦 Pakistani adj. 巴基斯坦（人）的 n.巴基斯坦人 △immigrate vi. 移入（外国定居）immigration n. 移民；移居入境 racial adj. 人种的；种族的 crossing n.横渡；横越；十字路口；人行横道vice n. & adj. 代理；副职 nephew n. 侄子；外甥 pole n. 地极；电极；磁极 applicant n. 申请人 customs n. 海关；关税；进口税 socialist n. 社会主义者；社会党人 adj.社会主义者的 socialism n. 社会主义 occur vi. 发生；出现 cattle n. 牛（总称） △Hispanic n. （美）讲西班牙语的美国人indicate vt. 指出；指示；表明；暗示 back to back 背靠背 luggage n. 行李（<美>baggage） shave vt. & vi. (shaved; shaved, shaven) 刮；剃 △cable n. 缆绳；绳索；电缆 △cable car 缆车；（美）有轨缆车
UNIT1 Ⅰ.重点单词 1．______________ adj.抽象的；深奥的n．摘要 2．______________n．雕塑 3．______________ n．目标；目的v i.& v t.瞄准；(向某方向)努力 4．______________ adj.卓越的；杰出的；极好的 5．______________n．技术；方法；技能 6．______________ n．巧合(的事)；(事情、口味、故事等)相合 7．______________ n．阴影；影子 8．______________ adj.荒谬的；可笑的 9．______________ adj.争论的；争议的 10．______________n．努力；尝试；企图v t.尝试；企图 11．______________ n．信任；信心；信念→______________ adj.忠诚的→______________ad v.忠实地① 12．______________adj.常规的；传统的；因循守旧的→______________ n．传统② 13．______________ adj.典型的；有代表性的→______________ n．类型 14．______________ adj.明显的；明白的→______________ n．证据③ 15．______________ v t.采用；采纳；收养→______________n．采用；收养④ 16．______________v t.拥有；具有；支配→______________n．拥有；(尤作复数)所有17．______________ v t.预言；预告；预测→______________ n．预告；预言 Ⅱ.核心短语 1．______________ 巧合地 2．______________ 大量 3．_____________ _ (可是)另一方面 4．_____________ _以一种更加现实的方式 5．____________ __ 集中精力于…… 6．____________ _ _导致；通向；通往 7．_____________ _ 逃脱；摆脱；脱离 Ⅰ.重点单词 1．______________ adj.确切的；特定的 2．______________n．画像；身材；数字 3．______________ v t.雕刻；刻记 4．______________ adj.脆弱的；容易生病的；精致的
高三英语话题写作必备词汇 一、人品人物 【必备词句】 年龄 （1）a five-year-old boy一个五岁的男孩 （2）a boy aged five 一个五岁的男孩 （3）in my teens /twenties在我十/二十多岁时 （4）at the age of five在五岁时 （5）As a child, I liked to... 我小时候喜欢…… 出生 （1）was born in ... 出生在…… （2）be/come from a wealthy family出生于富裕人家 （3）was born into a peasant family出生于一个农民家庭 外表 （1）a 1.80-meter-tall boy 一个高1.8米的男孩 （2）overweight胖的；thin瘦的；slim苗条的；strong强壮的 （3）look young for one’s age 显得比实际年龄年轻 （4）good-looking 长得好看； plain-looking 长得一般 （5）well dressed 穿得漂亮； neatly dressed 衣着干净整洁 能力 （1）efficient办事高效率的 （2）intelligent有智力的；creative 富创造力的 （3）a boy with great ability 能干的男孩 （4）a qualified teacher 一名合格的教师 （5）speak fluent English 讲流利的英语 （6）have a gift for = have a talent for 有……的天赋 （7）be skilled in 在……方面熟练 （8）be experienced in 在……方面有经验 健康 （1）be in good health/shape/condition 身体健康 （2）energetic精力充沛的；well-built身材健美的
B8-U1 词汇学习 1. distinction n.差别；区分；卓著 make/ draw a distinction between A and B 对……加以区分 without distinction 无差别地；一视同仁地with distinction以优异的成绩,以杰出的表现 gain/obtain/win distinction 出名 There is a fine distinction betw een the two words. 这两个字之间有细微区别。 We should make a distinction between right and wrong. 我们应该分清是非。 We must make a distinction between freedom and license. 我们必须把自由和放纵区分开来。
Michael graduated with distinction from the university. 迈克尔以优异的成绩从大学毕业了。 He passed the examination with distinction. 他以优异成绩通过考试。 Employers should hire men and women without distinction. 雇主用人应不分男女。 distinct adj. 清晰的；明显的；明确的 be distinct in ...from ... 在某方面与……不同Mozart's style is quite distinct from Haydn's. 莫扎特在风格上与海顿截然不同。 There was a distinct sense of embarrassment in the air. 周围的气氛中有一种明显的局促不安的感觉。 She is trying to remain calm, but there is a distinct edge to her voice. 她竭力想保持冷静，但她的声音中却显然带着怒气。
考研写作核心词汇分类总结 （红宝书编辑） 一、媒体类 1. paparazzi狗仔队 2. mass media 大众媒体 3. entertainment 娱乐 4. journalism新闻业 5. journal 期刊 6. the latest news 最新消息 7. exclusivenews 独家新闻 8. news agency新闻社 9. news blockout 新闻封锁 10. news censorship新闻审查 11. freedom of the press 新闻自由 12. coverage 新闻报道
13. do reportageon … 报导… 14. hit the headlines 上头条 15. issue 出版、发行 16. newsstand报摊 17. free-lancer writer 自由撰稿人 18. chief editor 总编 19. editorial 社论 20. newsworthy值得报道的 21. barometer晴雨表 22. the barometer of public opinion 舆论的晴雨表 23. live broadcast 直播 24. quiz show 智力竞争节目 25. game show 游戏节目 26. variety show 综合节目 27. talk show 脱口秀
28. sitcom情景喜剧 29. soap opera 肥皂剧 30. movie star 电影明星 31. movie king 影帝 32. movie queen 影后 33. affair绯闻 34. celebrity名人 35. fame 名声 36. rise to fame 声名鹊起 37. fan 粉丝 38. invade one’s privacy 侵扰了…的隐私 39. misleading误导性的 40. cheating 欺骗性的 41. popularity 知名度 42. scandal 丑闻
选修6 unit1 Art Exercise(1) 1．The author was required to submit an ____of about 200 words together with his research paper. A. edition B. editorial C. article D. abstract 2．He will not steal my money ;I have _______ in him. A. credit B. trust C. faith D. fame 3．It rained that day and _______ the baseball game was called off. A. however B. still C. consequently D. so 4．The project _______ helping young unemployed people. A.aims at B.is aimed at C.aims to D.for the purpose of 5．The workers worked day and night , _______ finishing the task on time. A.aimed at B.aiming to C.aiming at D.aimed to 6．I wish you weren't so _______ in the clothes you wear .After all, you are just twenty years old. A.controversial B.conventional C.traditional D.typical 7．It is _______ of him to be so gentle just like a girl. A.traditional B.typical C.technical D.tolerable 8．She has a large collection of CDs .It is _______ to everyone that she loves music. A.obvious B.apparent C.evident D.clear 9．Our school has ___ a new teaching method to meet the requirement of the students. A.adapted B.adopted C.adjusted D.advanced 10．A sense of fear _______ him as he walked into the old house. A.had B.owed C.possessed D.possession 11．Before leaving the country ,you must be in _______ of a valid passport. A.provide B.possession C.core https://www.doczj.com/doc/b61199403.html,bel 12．You can't legally take _______ of the property until three weeks after the contract is signed. A.charge B.advantage C.control D.possession 13．The_______ of automatic control is widely used in modern economic society. A.technology B.technique C.telegraph D.telegram 14．Modern agriculture depend on high_______ as well as traditional methods. A.technique B.skill C.technology D.telegram 15．It took many hours to_______ the court of his guilt. A.believe B.ensure C.convince D.persuade 16．He couldn't_______ his father that John was telling the truth. A.convince B.believe C.admit D.persuade 17．_ ,my deskmate and I were born on the same day and same year ,so we have a lot in common. A.By accident B.By chance C.By coincidence D.By no means 18．I have learned_______ from my visit here, so the city is well worth visiting. A.a great many B.a great deal C.a great deal of D.a bit 19．With more forests being destroyed,huge quantities of good earth _______ each year. A.is washing away B.is being washed away C.are washing away D.are being washed away 20．_______ people were killed in the earthquake in Sichuan. A.A large number B.A great many C.A great deal of D.A large quantity of
雅思小作文必备词汇 图表chart = graph = diagram 直线line 曲线curve 柱bar /column 饼pie 表table = figures = statistics the thin（细线） / thick（粗线） / broken（虚线） / dotted（点线） line 表明，表示，阐明show , give information about，reveal，indicate，demonstrate 直线图类词汇 (上升类动词)Increase------------ decrease (下降类动词) go up-------------- go down rise up-------------- fall down climb-----------------slide ascend --------------decline keep an upward tendency ----keep a downward tendency 波动动词类：fluctuate fluctuate upward / downward（波动向上/向下） 保持平稳类动词： keep / remain / maintain / stay unchanged / constant / stable（形容词，不变的） 修饰动词的副词： slightly 轻微地，slowly 缓慢地，gradually 逐渐地，steadily 稳定地，rapidly 迅速地，significantly 明显地，sharply 明显地，dramatically急剧地， 修饰名词的形容词： slight, slow, gradual, steady, rapid, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic 大约，大概，左右类词汇：almost / approximately / around / roughly / more or less / nearly 时间from … to …/during the period/ between … and … / starting from ….
模块7各单元词汇和短语复习 Unit 1 Living Well Part One 根据首字母或汉语提示写出完整的单词: 1. An unexpected accident made Sang Lan a girl with a physical d____________, but she never gave up. 2. We often observe the tiny cells with m______________ in our biology classes. 3. The production of iron and steel is the most important i______________ of the city. 4. Taiwan is part of China and not an i_______________ state. 5. I have passed all the exams and I am waiting to get the graduation c_______________. 6. A place is a______________ if it is possible to reach it. 7. I was not alone on the journey. Instead, I had so many c________________. 8. You can refer to old people in general as the _______________. 9. When something can help people or improve their lives, we say it is ______________ to people. 10. When the disabled meet with difficulty, we should do what we can to give them a___________. 11. One of his ________________ (志向) is to become a world-wide famous pop singer. 12. He was _____________(笨拙的) with a tool. 13. The patient’s _______________(呼吸) grew stronger and stronger. 14. Who took his place and controlled the company during his ________________ (不在) ? 15. I’m going to give some suggestions to this famous ________________(建筑师). 16. A man’s _______________（尊严）doesn’t depends on his wealth but on his character. Part Two 一、词形变换（用所给词的适当形式填空） 1. The ______________ is good at ______________ TV plays from the stories he reads about or hears. (adapt) 2. The country used to be _____________ on Britain in many ways, but now it has become absolutely_______________. (depend) 3. We have ___________ a lot from the co-operation and I’m sure it will continue to be ________ to both of us. (benefit) 4. Her _____________ lecture ____________ all of us. We won’t forget her ____________. (encourage) 5. ______________ people should be treated equally in spite of their ______________. (disability) 6. You were _____________ yesterday, Tom. Can you tell me the reason for you _____________? (absent) 7. The ______________ serving the passengers on the train is of good_______________. (conduct) 8. ________________ countries pay much attention to the development of ________________. (industry) 二、翻译句子 1. 应该给残疾人尽可能多的鼓励和援助。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. 换句话说，这些措施对我们的工业发展是有益的。 ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. 总之，在学校寄宿(board)能帮助学生学会独立。 ______________________________________________________________________________