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高考中译英技能与训练

高考中译英技能与训练
高考中译英技能与训练

四步法提高中译英答题能力

一看括号、二抓主干、三定时态、四添枝叶

一,看括号。一看括号内所给单词或词组的意思以及它们的常用搭配,英汉两种语言中的词,都各有一套自己的习惯搭配关系,决不可根据汉语的搭配来贸然翻译英语的句子。

比如在2002年上海卷中,原题为:不管天有多晚,他从不把今天的事拖到明天(putoff)。我们一定要记得put off something till(until)这个搭配。如果括号内这个词或词组有两个以上搭配,那就要仔细斟酌了。

比如(1999年上海卷第4题)原题为:越来越多的人意识到遵守交通规则的重要性(be aware)。我们知道beaware可以接of短语以及that从句,构成beawareofsomething(知道,意识到什么东西)和be aware that(知道,意识到什么事情)两个句式。我们可以把原句理解为“意识到...的重要性”,而译为More and more people are aware of the importance of obeying the traffic rules,也可以把它理解为“意识到某件事情是重要的”,而把它译为More and more people are aware that it is important to obey the traffic rules.

二要看括号内所给的单词或词组对应的是汉语句中的哪个部分,如果所给的单词或词组是个多义词或词组,比如说(2000年上海卷第4题)原题为:你一旦养成了坏习惯,改掉它是很难的(once)。我们应该看出once是个多义词,这里一定是充当从属连词连接从句用的,因此原句可译为Once you form a bad habit, it's hard for you to get rid of it.三要看括号内所给的单词或词组对整个句子结构的提示。

比如(2002年上海卷第3题)原题为:保护环境是每个公民的职责(It...)。扩号内大写的“It...”提示我们要用形式主语开头的句型。如果你把本句译成:To protect our environment is every citizen's duty.或:Protecting our environment is every citizen's duty.那就要扣去一分。

再如(2001年上海卷第1题)原题为:我们的祖国从来没有像今天这样强大(Never...)。对这句句子你要译成:Our motherland has never been so powerful assheis today.那你还是要面临被扣分的命运,因为大写的“Never”是提示你考核的要点是“否定结构如放句首,句子要部分倒装。”

第二,抓主干。抓主干就是抓住句子的主要结构,即句子的主谓结构。拿到一句句子先把它的所有修饰成分如定语、状语、同位语都拿掉,抓住其主谓部分翻译好,从而搭好整个句子的骨架。

比如(2001年上海卷第2题)原题为:乘车时你有主动为老人让座的习惯吗?(offer)我们分析这句句子,“乘车时”是状语,“主动为老人让座的”是定语。把句子的定语、状语去掉以后,其主干即为“你有习惯吗?”译成英语即为“Do you have the habit?”加上定语修饰,整句即成:Do you have the habit of offering your seat to the old on the bus?

第三,定时态。所谓定时态,就是根据原句的时间状语或借助上下文语境来确定主干谓语动词的时态运用,同时也要兼顾其语态及单复数的运用。因为汉语中一般来说没有时态及单复数的运用,语态也不很清晰,所以中国学生不经训练不会自觉、正确地使用时态、语态和单复数。因此要求学生在抓好主干以后,必须马上定好时态、语态及单复数,以免忘记。

比如(1999年上海卷第6题):在过去的几年里,这家工厂用塑料代替木头来降低成本(substitute...for)。我们可以从这句句子中的时间状语来确定我们的时态------现在完成时。整个句子可译成:In the past few years,the factory has substituted plastics for wood in order to reduce the cost。

第四,添枝叶。所谓添枝叶,就是在完成主干的基础上添上符合原句要求的定语、状语、插入语等修饰成分。

比如:一般来说,父母与孩子间的缺乏交流是形成代沟的主要原因(lack)。其主干为“缺乏是原因”,我们立刻就可将其译为“The lack is the cause.”什么lack呢?The lack of communication.什么人之间的lack of communication呢?The lack of communication between parents and their children.这样一层层循序添上去一点也不会搞乱。主语部分如此,表语部分也是如此。怎么样的原因?the main cause.什么东西的主要原因?the main cause of the generation gap.前后连起来,最后加上全句状语即为:Generally speaking, the lack of communication between parents and their children is the main cause of the generation gap.

英语中大多数介词含义灵活,一词多义多用。除了一些常用短语已有译法外,大量介词需要从其基本意义出发,联系上下文加以灵活处理。下面简明地介绍几种基本译法。

(1)转译:英语中常用介词来表达动作意义。汉译时,可将介词转译成动词。

在作表语的介词短语中,介词常转译为动词,而连系动词则省略不译。如:This machine is out of repair.这台机器失修了。

在作目的或原因状语的介词短语中,介词有时转译成动词。如:

The plane crushed out of control.这架飞机失去控制而坠毁。

The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.通常用E这个字母表示电动势。

在作条件、方式或方法状语的介词短语中,介词有时转译成动词。如:

But even the larger molecules with several hundred atoms are too small to be seen with the best optical microscope.但是,即使有几百个原子的分子也是太小了,用最好的光学显微镜也看不见它们。

介词短语作补足语时,其中介词常转译成动词。如:

Heat sets these particles in random motion.热量使这些粒子作随机运动。

(2)增译:增词不是无中生有,而是要根据上下文特别是与介词搭配的动词或形容词的含义加得恰当。有不少情况,句中与介词搭配的动词或形容词不出现,如照原文结构无法把意思表达清楚,甚至易于误解时,这就需要增词。如:That's all there is to it.那就是与此有关的全部内容。(原句中to=related to)The engineer was taken ill with consumption.It was flour on the lungs,the doctor told him at the time.这个工程师得了肺一病、那是由于面粉对肺部的影响,当时医生这样对他说的。(on=effect)

因此,熟悉介词与动词或形容词的习惯搭配是增词并正确理解词义的一种重要手段。

(3)分译:介词短语作定语时,往往是定语从句的一种简略形式。介词短语作状语时,有时是状语从句的简略形式。有些介词短语还是并列句的简略形式。因此汉译时,有的可以拆句分译。

译成并列分句。

The porous wall acts as a kind of seine for separating molecules.多孔壁的作用就象一把筛子,它把不同质量的分子分开。

译成让步分句。

With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best.这个设计尽管有种种缺点,仍被认为最佳设计之一。

译成真实或虚拟条件分句。

Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind warmth.人的血液是热的,如果得不到一定的热量,人就难以长期在海水中生活。

译成原因分句。

We cannot see it clearly for the fog.由于有雾,我们看不清它。

The machine is working none the worse for its long service.

这部机器并不因使用的时间长而性能变差了。

译成目的分句。

This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound..为了便于研究起见,通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。

(4)不译:不译或省略翻译是在确切表达原文内容的前提下使译文简练,合乎汉语规范,决不是任意省略某些介词。表示时间或地点的英语介词,译成汉语如出现在句首,

大都不译。如:

There are four seasons in a year. 一年有四季。

Many water power stations have been built in the country.我国已建成许多水电站。

有些介词如for(为了),from(从……),to(对……),on(在……时)等,可以不译。如:

The barometer is a good instrument for measuring air pressure.气压计是测量气压的好仪器。

The air was removed from between the two pipes.两根管子之间的空气已经抽出。

Answers to questions 2 and 3 may be obtained in the laboratory.问题2和3的答案可以在实验室里得到。

Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.

大多数物质热胀冷缩。

表示与主语有关的某一方面、范围或内容的介词有时不译,可把介词的宾语译成汉语主语。如:

Something has gone wrong with the engine.这台发动机出了毛病。

Gold is similar in color to brass金子的颜色和黄铜相似。

It's never occurred to me that bats are really guided by their ears.我从未想到蝙蝠居然是靠耳朵引路的。

不少of介词短语在句中作定语。其中of(……的)往往不译。如:

The change of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done in motors.电能变为机械能是通过电动机实现的。(of短语和change在逻辑上有主谓关系,可译成立谓结构。)Some of the properties of cathode rays listed below.现将阴极射线的一些特性开列如下。(第一个of短语和some在逻辑上有部分关系,Of不译出。)

(5)反译:在不少情况下,有的介词短语如不从反面着笔,译文就不通,这时必须反译。如:

beyond, past,against等表示超过某限度的能力或反对....时,其短语有时用反译法。如:It is post repair.这东西无法修补了。

There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet.有些论据不同意这行星上可能有生物。

Radio telescopes have been able to probe space beyond the range of ordinary optical telescopes.射电望远镜已能探测普通光学望远镜达不到的宇宙空间。

off, from等表示地点,距离时,有时有反译法。如:

The boat sank off the coast.这只船在离海岸不远处沉没了。

but,except,besides等表示除去、除外时,有时用反译法。

Copper is the best conductor but silver.铜是仅次于银的最优导体。

The mdelecular formula, C6H14, does not show anything except the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms.分子式C6H14只用来表示碳原子和氢原子的总数。

from,in等介词短语作补足语时,有时用反译法。如:

An iron case will keep the Earth's magnetic field away from the compass.铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。

The signal was shown about the machine being order.信号表明机器设有毛病。

"一个词脱离上下文是不能翻译的"(索伯列夫),没有上下文就没有词义。介词的翻译须根据上下文和词的搭配灵活处理,切忌作对号入座的机械翻译。

高中英语句子汉译英翻译练习

高中英语汉译英 1稍等一会儿,我会帮助你的。 请尽早做出决定,不然你会坐失良机.(or) 2他们作了自我介绍。(introduce) 3请去查询下班火车什么时候开。(find out) 4昨天下午2时到4时你在做什么?(过去进行时) 5我正在吃晚饭,电话铃响了。 6不仅我,而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢游泳。(be fond of) 7他今天感到身体好多了。(a lot) 8礼堂里早已挤满了高中学生。(be full of) 9我在街上走时,看到了一些古老的建筑物。(while) 10我走近花园时,几个男孩子在爬树。(用过去进行时) 11请脱下你的旧上衣,穿上这件新的。(take off, put on) 12这件事是什么时候发生的?(happen) 13他去办公室查询课程表.(ask abut) 14当我们到达车站时,火车已开出了。(过去完成时) 15他服药后,开始感到好些了.(过去完成时) 16 我观看体育节目你有意见吗? (mind) :介意做某事 17我还没有读完那本有关伦敦的书.(finish) finish doing:完成做某事 18 他没有跟我说一声就离开了山村。(without) 19我告诉她我已把餐具洗好了。(过去完成时) wash up 20汤姆上楼去他的卧室时,他的姐姐已把他的上衣改短了一英寸。(过去完成时) 21我和汤姆都盼望早日见到您。(look forward to). 22全世界的人都在电视上观看奥运会.(all over the world) 23我听说这场比赛将延期。(put off). 24这里要讲英语.(被动) 25这座体育馆将于明年建成.(被动语态) 26过马路时要小心.(be careful) 27这次车祸是什么引起的?(cause) 28她总是乐于助人.(be ready to). 29这个女孩由于不遵守交通规则,在车祸中受了伤。(被动). 30到时候会通知你的.(被动语态) 31我根本不喜欢这个铜的框架。(not…at all) not…at all:一点都不 32他把玫瑰栽在花园中间.(in the middle) 33他不知道她为什么在练习中有这么多的错误.(wonder) 34他告诉我一切都会好的。(过去将来时). 35谁也不知道我们什么时候举行下次会议. 36在新学校里有这么多的东西要学。 37当老师进来的时候,我们正在愉快地交谈。 38我们一读完初中就进入高中。 39我的老师比我想象的要年轻得多。 40晚饭后,我总是在厨房里洗碗碟. 41我们将在明天下午举行班会.(用被动语态) 42 老师看见他的学生们在教室里做功课。(…doing…) 43她说鲁宾逊先生将不得不为那张画付高价. 44我的母亲说我们将在北京逗留两个星期。(过去将来时)

中译英高考汇总

1.当时,那位出租车司机别无选择,只能求助于游客。(choice) 2.我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会主席。(occur) . 3.如果方便的话,请帮我从邮局取回包裹。(convenient) 4.应该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识运用到实践中去。(apply) 5.如果队员之间不加强配合,我校篮球队就不可能在决赛中战胜对手。(unless) 2003高考 1.请尽早做出决定,不然你会坐失良机。(or) 2.那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描绘出它的美丽。(It…) 3.勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。(infect) 4.这条铁路横贯平原,把那个偏远山城与海港连接了起来。(remote) 5.这部有关第一次世界大战的历史小说引人入胜,我简直爱不释手。(so…that)T 2004春考 1.我们盼望能参加下星期举行的艺术节开幕式(look forward to) 2.多参加些体育锻炼,你就不那么容易感冒了。(If…) 3.因为缺少实践,他没有通过驾驶考试。(The reason why) 4.直到被送入手术间时,他才明白遵守交通规则的重要性。(not…until…) 5.虽然她孤身一人,无亲无故,但邻居们都向她伸出了援助之手。(offer) 2004高考 1. 小组讨论有助于更好地理解课文。 (help) 2. 上周因为生病我缺了一些课,但是我会努力赶上大家的。 (miss) 3. 这个游戏的规则太复杂,三言两语解释不清。(too….to) 4. 你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize) . 5. 我发现很难与那些一贯固执已知的人合作。(…it…)

2005春考 1.我昨天给你打了好几个电话,你都不在家.(call) 2.虽然并不富裕,但是他对自己的生活相当满意.(Although) 3.在叔叔的帮助下,汤姆写成了一首动人的诗.(succeed) 4.由于准备充分,他在面试中一点也不紧张.(not…at all) 5.只要我们齐心协力,就能很快解决这个技术难题. 2005高考 1. 我希望尽快收到你的照片。(hope) 2.多吃蔬菜和水果有益健康。(good) 3.今天下午我没空,我和牙医有约。(appointment) 4.你最好乘出租车去电影节的开幕式,不然就要迟到了。(or) 5.这款手机样式新颖、携带方面,深受年轻人的欢迎(popular) 6.他进公司后不久就独立完成了一项艰巨的任务,同事们对他刮目相看。(so) 2006春考 1.昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 2.为了保持健康,我们经常参加体育锻炼。(To…) . 3.躺在草地上听音乐真是惬意。(It…) 4.物理课上,他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。(fail) 5.是否在黄浦江上再建一座大桥,委员们意见不一。(agree) The members of the committee / The committee can not agree on whether to build another bridge over / across the Huangpu River. 6.我向她请教,她总是有求必应,而且解释得令我十分满意。(satisfaction) 2006高考 1. 我们相信农民的生活会越来越好。(believe) 2. 一本书是否畅销取决于诸多因素。(Whether. . . ) 3. 我不需要买新车, 我的那辆旧车还很好。(condition)

上海高考英语翻译题与答案(最新整理)

Part 1 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1、格林先生本周日要去拜访一位朋友,此人精通理财之道。(who) 2、人们是否会推迟退休还有待于讨论(remain)。 3、无论任务多么艰巨,我们都要不遗余力地完成。(However) 4、许多公司在雇佣员工时,相对于能力而言,更看重个性。(emphasis) 5、如果双方在这些事务上能达成共识,就有可能在新的领域进一步合作。(If...) 1、Mr. Green is going to visit\see a friend this Sunday, who knows a lot about money matters. 2 、It remains to be discussed whether people will delay retiring. /Whether people will delay retiring remains to be discussed. 3、However hard the task is, we should spare no efforts to accomplish it. 4 、Many companies put more emphasis on personality than on capability when they employ staff members. 5 、If both the parties can agree on these issues, they are likely to further cooperate(have further cooperation)in the new field. Part 2 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1.每年圣诞期间百货店里的商品都减价出售。(sale) 2.如今人们非常关注的是食品安全和空气质量。(concern) 3.无论多么艰难,交给咱们的任务都必须按时完成。(however) 4.专家们一入座外语节的演讲比赛就在王校长的主持下开始了。(Hardly) 5.遍布城市每个角落的星巴克(Starbucks) 满足了人们适应快节奏生活的需要。(adapt) 1.The goods in the department stores are all on sale at Christmas every year. 2.Nowadays what people are (very) much concerned about is food safety and air quality. Food safety and air quality are people’s major concerns nowadays. 3.However hard/ difficult it is, the task given to us must/ should be completed/ fulfilled on time. 4.Hardly had the experts sat down/ got seated/ seated themselves/ taken (their) seats when the speech contest of the Foreign Language Festival (that was) hosted by Principal Wang s tarted. 5.The Starbucks in every corner of the city have met/ satisfied/ meet/ satisfy people’s needs/ demands to adapt to a/ the fast-paced life. Part 3 Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1、孩子们总是对周边的一切都非常好奇。(curious) 2、她在比赛中表现出色,给评委留下了深刻的印象。(which) 3、一进学校,她就意外得知有一所名校录取她了。(No sooner…) 4、奇怪的是,这些年轻人对这些我们都耳熟能详的歌曲却一无所知。(know)

上海往年高考英语真题-(翻译部分)

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