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药理实验册试题及答案

药理实验册试题及答案
药理实验册试题及答案

Experiment 1

One-Compartment Open Model & Calculation of PK Parameters

Methods & Operation Process

1.In this experiment, transport of sodium salicylate is simulated within the one compartment open model. The concentrations in the aqueous was determined and the

pharmacokinetic parameters was calculated.

2.In this model, water indicates blood, chloroform氯仿indicates tissue. According to the difference of physico-chemical properties, the distribution of drug is varied in water phase and chloroform phase.

3.In this experiment, spectrophotometer was used for measuring the concentration of sodium salicylate. The complex with purple color was produced when the salicylic acid in the sample combined with ferric chloride. The optical density was determined at 520 nm.

4.Agent and dosage: 5% sodium salicylate . bolus injection 4 ml.

5.In this experiment, spectrophotometer was used for measurement of the optical density value and all the data were filled in the test form. Concentration-time curve

was drawn by standard curve methods for the calculation of drug concentration. Anwersing the Following Question:

1.what is the mesning of the compartments model of drug?

It describes the condition that the distribution of the drug in the body. The drug is distributed by how many kinds of speed.

2.explain the significance of PK parameters mentioned above.

Half-life: The time which is taken for the concentration of drug to fall to half of the initial value .

Vd: A hypothetical volume of body fluid that would be required to dissolve the total amount of drug at the same concentration as that found in the blood.

Clearance: the volume of plasma which contained drug will be removed per unit time. Elimination Rate Constant: the concentration of a drug that is eliminated per unit time. Experiment 2

Two-Compartment Open Model & Calculation of PK Parameters

1.Agent and dosage: 5% salicylic acid-alcohol solution . bolus injection 4 ml Experiment 3

Basic Operation Training for Animal Experiment

Please decribe the applications of the following animals in brief.

1. Mouse

Drug screening筛选, drug evaluation评估, LD50, ED50, cancer research, etc.

2. Rat

Cardiovascular research, caner research, shock model, pulmonary edema, endocrine function, etc.

3. Rabbit

Study vascular and respiratory function, atherosclerosis, ophthalmic眼的research, etc.

4. Toad

Heart function, neuromuscular function, etc.

5. Dog

Edema, inflammation, shock, arrhythmia, ascites腹水, preclinical toxicity research, etc. 6. Guinea-pig豚鼠

Allergic diseases, immunological study, vascular function, etc.

Basic Operation

Mouse

一Holding mouse

1. Taking mouse’s tail with your right thumb拇指and forefinger食指and lift up.

2.Put the mouse on the rough surface粗糙面,stretching its tail backward in order to lift hind后legs of mouse,

3.Taking mouse’s both ears and the scruff后颈of the head and neck by left thumb

and forefinger to restrain限制the head of mouse.

4.Making mouse lies in a supine between four fingers and great thenar大鱼际, With the ring finger无名指and little finger fixing mouse tail.

二Capital routes of administration and operational methods for mouse. 1.Intraperitoneal Injection(Please describe the operational essentials (operation tip for injection) based on Fig.1)

For an intraperitoneal injection, the mouse should be gripped by the scruff of the neck and by its tail or hind limbs后肢. The needle is pushed firmly through the abdomen in a region where it is not likely to penetrate穿透the liver, kidney, spleen or bladder and the plunger 活塞pressed. Then the thumb presses the plunger.

Volume of intraperitoneal injection: 0.1-0.2ml/10g

2.Oral Administration(Please describe the operational essentials based on Fig.2 )The mouse is held with one hand by griping the scruff of the neck with the mouth held so that the esophagus is as straight as possible. The needle is then carefully inserted between the tongue and the roof of the mouth上颚. Once past the larynx the needle should be moved easily and it may be necessary to mark the needle to indicate how far it has been inserted. Make sure that the operation is correct, and the drug be given to the rat. Faulty injections (e.g. into the lungs) usually cause immediate death.

Volume of oral administration : 0.1-0.2ml/10g

3.Subcutaneous injection(Please describe the operational essentials based on Fig.3 )The skin on the back of the mouse is lifted up and the needle is pushed firmly through it. The point of the needle should be quite free to move between the skin and the muscle. After injection there is a lump肿块on the surface of the skin.

Volume of subcutaneous injection: 0.1-0.2ml/10g

4.Intramuscular injection (Please describe the operational essentials based on Fig.4)For an intramuscular injection the procedure is similar to that of the subcutaneous injection except that the site must be a muscular part of the body, usually in the region of the vastus lateralis股外侧肌of the lateral thigh大腿. With this injection the tip尖of the needle should not be free but should have penetrated the muscle. After injection t here is not any lump on the surface of the skin.

Volume of intramuscular injection: <0.4ml

5. Tail vein injection(Please describe the operational essentials based on Fig.5 )

The veins are on the above and two sides of the cartilage. Two side veins are often employed to make intravenous injection because they are clear. The mouse is placed in a tube that is stoppered用塞子塞住so that its tail could protrudes伸出. The vein is made dilate by placing the tail in warm water or using alcohol. It is advisable适当to start as far away from the base as possible to allow more than one attempt. If the needle is not in the vein the injection will produce a white area around the top of the needle; if it is in place, the

plunger can be pressed with little effort and you can find a white line pass the vein.

Volume of tail vein injection: 0.05-0.1ml/10g

三Numbering the mice

1.Agent used to number:

Common Name:picric acid苦味酸

Chemical Name:2,4,6- trinitrophenol三硝基苯酚

Conservation status in Lab.: liquid state , concentration:3-5%

Toad

一Holding toad.

Holding toad with left hand palm手掌in supine or prone position, Holding one foreleg前腿with your thumb,fixing the other foreleg with your forefinger and middle finger , Pressing lower limbs with your ring finger and little finger

二Capital routes of administration and operational methods for toad.

Capital route of administration for toad was chest saccus lymphaticus injection through the muscle layer under the mouth .

Because of lack of elasticity within chest lymphatic caps ule, so it’s easy to identify the subcutaneous lymphatic capsule

write out the names of lymph vesica in different part listed on Fig 9.

Fig. 9 distribution of lymph vesica in toad

Rabbit

一Holding a rabbit.

One hand grips the scruff of neck firmly, the other hand holds the buttock臀部of rabbit.so make rabbit the sitting position .

二Capital routes of administration and operational methods for a rabbit.

1. Injection of marginal vein of the ear

The size of needles were No. 6 when injection. What size needle is used for intravenous injection for rabbits

The injection site should be at the distal end of marginal vein of ear, during injecting, syringe should keep parallel to marginal vein of ear.

Volume of injection of marginal vein of ear: 3-5ml/kg

2. Oral administration

When oral administration, the wooden mouth-gag should be used in order to insert the rubber catheter橡胶导管to mouth. The catheter is then carefully inserted between the tongue and roof of the mouth by the hole of the wooden mouth-gag. The one end of the catheter can be put in water to observe the air bubble气泡for prevention from trachea before the oral administration.

Volume of oral administration of a rabbit 20 ml.

Experiment 4

Anticonvulsant Effect of the Drugs in Mice

Methods & Operation Process

1.Convulsion惊厥induced by excessive central nerve excitement can be treated by phenobarbital.

2. Write down convulsant-indued agents nikethamide尼可刹米,pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)戊四唑,strychnine士的宁 .

3. The convulsant model were produced by physical method or chemical method ,in

this experiment, we use 2.5% solution of nikethamide for inducing convulsant.

4. In this experiment animals were mice ,dosage of subcutaneous injection was

0.2-0.3ml/10g .

5. Typical Convulsion symptom of mouth should be : hind limb extension后肢伸展

6. Typical symptoms of the convulsion onset include erective tail竖尾, gnash咬牙,

scream尖叫, jump .

7. In this experiment there are two methods for administration: intraperitoneally

and subcutaneously .

8. Preventive medication for convulsion was sodium phenobarbital and its concentration

was 0.5% ,dosage was 50mg/kg ,volume of administration was

0.1ml/10g .

9.When your experiment is finished, humane method of killing mice is cervical

dislocation .

Answer the Following Question:

https://www.doczj.com/doc/ba9112777.html, three classes of central stimulants and describe their mechanisms.

Cerebral cortex大脑皮质stimulant: inhibition of phosphodiesterase磷酸二酯酶→CAMP↑Spinal cord stimulant:

Medulla oblongata respiratory center stimelant: improve the sensitivity to CO2

2. Which central stimulant is used to induce convulsion in medical study? Why ?

Medulla oblongata respiratory center stimelant

Over dosage of medulla oblongata respiratory center stimulant can easily cause convulsion, while cerebral cortex stimulant cause convulsion in a intoxication dosage.

3.Which kind of drug does phenobarbital sodium belong to and what are the pharmacological effects of phenobarbital sodium ?

phenobarbital sodium belongs to sedative-hypnotics镇静催眠药.

Pharmacological effects:sedative, hypnotics, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic抗癫痫药, anesthetic麻醉剂

Experiment 5

Effect of Procaine on Regional Anesthesia on Pithed Toad

Methods & Operation Process

1. The aim of this experiment: To observe the anesthetic effects of procaine普鲁卡因on

sciatic nerve stem坐骨神经干 .

2.In this experiment the observing index was the time of on set of shorten limb reflex .

3.Concentration of procaine was 2% ,injection dosage was 0.3ml . In order to

avoid the anesthesia in contralatateral limb , the injection position of procaine should not be too high .

4. In this experiment, hind limb was soaked with dilute hydrochloric acid稀盐酸, every

time the depth of soaked浸泡limbs should be identical, the soak time should be less than 30 seconds.

5. In this experiment, we inserted a iron needle into foramen magnum .

6. Write down three common local anesthetics surface anesthesia ,infiltration anesthesia ,

conduction anesthesia .

Answer the Following Question:

What are the characteristics and clinical usage of local anesthetic ?

Characteristics:

1.ester酯类local anesthetics: hypersensitivity, emerge their effect by injection.

2.aminoamide酰胺类local anesthetics: highly effective, widely difused, long effective

time.

Clinical usage:

1.surface anesthesia

2.infiltration anesthesia

3.conduction anesthesia

4.subarachnoidal anesthesia蛛网膜下腔

5.epidural anesthesia硬膜外

Experiment 6

Determination of Median Effective Dose (ED50) of Sodium Pentobarbital in Mice Methods & Operation Process

1.In preliminary test, D m represents the maximal dosage,D n represents the minimal dosage

2.In this experiment the dosage of each group should be geometric proportion and ratio value may be between 0.6-0.8 in order to certify the linear relation. In general, there are 6-8 dosage groups should be more appropriate.

3. In this experiment the calculating methods was Improve-Karber’s method

4. In desired results, positive response rate was less than 20% in the minimal dosage group and positive response rate was great than 80% in the maximal dosage group.

5. The concentration of phentobartial sodium was 1%,

6. The observed index was loss of righting reflex ,and this response should last for more than 1min at least.

The three essential requirements for Improve-Karber’s method are:

1) equal amount of animals for each group

2) the maximum dose(d1) at which 100% animals show positive response and the minimum dose(d1) at which 0% animals show positive response

3) the doses among the groups by equal ratio

Describe the process of experiment in your group:

1)number and mark each mouse in my group

2)weight all the mouse in my group

3)calculate the dosage of each mouse(0.1ml/10g)

4)intraperitoneal injection to each mouse according to the calculated dosage

5)observe the behavior of each mouse for 20 min

6)after 20 min, check the righting reflex of each mouse

Positive: the mouse lack of righting reflex

Negative: the mouse exist righting reflex

7.record the number of positive righting reflex

Answer the Following Question:

1. Why were ED50 and LD50 used to judge the therapeutic effect and toxicity of drug (please analyze these with qualitative dose-effect response curve) ?

ED50 refers to the dose at which 50% of the individuals exhibit the specified drug effect.

LD50 means the dose at which 50% of the animals exhibit death. Theoretically, ED50<=LD50, on pharmacology, therapeutic index(TX) is used to evaluate the drug effe ct: TI=LD50/ED50

2. Please describe the mechanism and significance of determination ED50 ( or LD50) .

ED50 refers to the dose at which 50% of the individuals exhibit the specified drug effect. If ED50 is lower, and LD50 is higher, that means TI is higher, which shows the drug is safer.

Experiment 7

Determination of Half-life for the Drug Plasma Concentration

Methods & Operation Process

1. The plasma half life of sodium salicylate was determined in

this experiment.

2. Mainly reagents in this experiment include:

(1)ferric chloride氯化铁,Concentration 10%

(2)trichloroacetic acid三氯醋酸,Concentration 10%

3. Animal for your experiment was rabbit the dosage of sodium

salicylate was 200mg/kg ,Route of administration was intravenous injection

4. The aim of added 10 % trichloroacetic acid was to precipitate沉淀plasma protein and

make salicylic acid free ,Sampling volume: 3.5ml

5. The aim of added 10 % ferric chloride was colouration ,Sampling

volume: 0.5ml

6. The blood sample were taken from marginal vein of ear ,there were 1ml

three times in total and blood sampling time were before 、0min 、30min periodically.

7. Try to explain Lambert-Beer's law ?

It states that the absorbance of sample is proportional成比例to the absorption,

pathlength and the concentration of sample.

A=εcl

A: absorbance; c: concentration of substance; l: thickness of the container; ε: constant Answer the Following Question:

What was significance for determination of t1/2?

1)to determine the elimination function of drug.

2)to show the relationship between transformation and transportation.

3)to classify the drug according to its half-time.

4) t1/2 will change in some abnormal conditions.

Experiment 8

Effects of Autonomic Nerve System Drugs on Cardiovascular Function in Rabbit Methods & Operation Process

1. 20% urethane乌拉坦was administrated by intravenous injection from marginal vein of ear 。.

2. Neck Operation and Catheterization

The rabbit was fixed on the back when anesthesis was finished. Cut off the neck fur and open the skin along midline, dissected the connective tissue and isolated the trachea. Insert a reverse T shape cannula and fix it tightly.

Isolated a carotid artery in one side and fixed it in distal end to the heart and artery clamp was used in proximal end of the heart. Cut a small opening with eye scissors . Inserted a polyethylene pipe fulled with 0.3-1% concentration of heparin normal saline alone centripetal direction and fixed it tightly. Other end of the polyethylene pipe connected with the transducer to record blood pressure , A alligator clip with thread was put on the chest and other end of thread connected with transducer to record respiration . II lead of ECG was also recorded.

3. Please describe the connecting methods of lead II of ECG: right forelimb: white; right hindlimb: black; left hindlimb: red

5. Administration

It was necessary to stead 10 min for record BP after the artery clamp was free. After the normal values for BP、HR and respiration were recorded,the sequence of administration listed below was injected by marginal vein of ear in turns and each injection needs an interval of 5-10 min.

6. Describe the process of the experiment mark edit with BL-410

Self-built experimental tag items: Special marked area is the "L" in the bottom right corner, open the dialog box, select "Add" button, in the "experimental tag group editor" write "xx Grade xx Class xx Group", then press the Modify button to take effect.

Editor of a special experiment tags: The experiment requires 12 marks, fill the experiment mark in the blank edit box below the "experimental tag list" according to the order of the

experiment: control, Adr, NA, Isop, Phen, NA, Adr, Isop, Prop, Isop, Adr, NA. Then click "OK"

Results

Try to draw the variation tendency of the wave patterns in blood pressure when somne?

drug was administrated according to the sequence of administration listed above.

Anwersing the Following Question:

1. Analysis of the characteristic effects of adrenaline, noradrenalin and isoprenaline on blood pressure based on the your results and pharmacological theroy

Adrenaline: agonist of both of α receptor and β receptor, blood pressure shows elevation followed by depression.

Noradrenalin: agonist of α receptor leading to vasoconstriction, blood pressure shows elevation.

Isoprenaline: agonist of βreceptor leading to vasodilati on, blood pressure shows depression. 2.What was mechanism and action of phentolamine?

Phentolamine is nonselective α receptor blocker.

α1 receptor blocker: vasodilation→total peripheral resistance↓→baroreceptor excitation↓

→cardiac stimulation

α2 receptor blocker: release of NE from presynaptic neuron↑→β receptor→cardiac stimulation

3.Describe the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of propranolol on cardiovascular system?

Propranolol is nonselective βblockers

Heart:

negative chronotropic变时:decrease heart rate

negative inotropic变力: decrease cardiac contractility, cardiac output, myocardial oxygen consumption耗氧量.

negative dromotropic变传导: Slow atrioventricular conduction; increase PR interval. Blood vessel and BP: decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension, no effects on normal men. without prominent postural hypotension体位性低血压

reduction in cardiac output

reduction of renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells近球细胞of the kidney

a central action, reducing sympathetic activity.

Inhibition of p eripheral presynaptic βreceptors to reduce sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity.

Experiment 9 实验设计

Identification Test for Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System

Methods & Operation Process

1. There were 3 tested drugs in your group and animal used was

mice . The number of animal was 6 , mean weight was g.

2. Route of administration was intraperitoneal injection , volume was 0.1 ml/10 g.

3.According to site of action, Central Stimulants are divided into 3 following categories: medulla oblongata respiratory center stimulant, cerebral cortex stimulant, spinal cord stimulant. The common characteristic was the induction of convulsions by large dose.

4. Chlorpromazine has sedative effect, can induce sleep, but characteristic of this sleeper is easily awakened during sleep. Unlike barbiturates, even with the huge dose used in the clinic, chlorpromazine does not induce anesthesia . This drug can cause a minor fall in body temperature accompanied with physical hypothermia体温过低.

5. Compare with other sedative-hypnotics, barbiturates have stronger inhibitory effects on CNS. After administration, animal’s righting reflex is quickly disappeared. If increased doses, anesthesia will be happen.

6. Describe your experimental course.

1)take 6 mice, divided them into three groups randomly, weigh and number them one by one. Observe their general activity. Whether righting reflexes disappear.

2)administer drug

Injecet 0.1ml/10g of drug A to mice 1#,4# intraperitonealy.

Injecet 0.1ml/10g of drug B to mice 2#,5# intraperitonealy.

Injecet 0.1ml/10g of drug C to mice 3#,6# intraperitonealy.

Conclusion and Analysis

Agent A: Normal saline

After injection of drug A, the mice present no changes compared with no injection of drug. Agent B:Nikethamide

After injection of drug B, mice present high respiratory rate, excessive dose administered, convulsion can be seen.

Agent C: chlorpramazine

After injection of drug C, mice present sedation and hypnotics, but can be easily waked up, mice become more and more quite.

Experiment 10

Intoxication and Detoxication of organophosphate

Methods & Operation Process

1.Agents and concentrations in this experiment are 0.5% dipterex敌百虫, 0.5% atropine, 25% PAM-Cl氯解磷定 .

2.In this experiment, atropine and dipterex were injected intravenously, PAM-Cl was injected intramusculary.

3.The intoxication symptoms of rabbit you observed include: miosis瞳孔缩小, salivation 流涎, diarrhea腹泻, involuntary twitching抽搐, paralysis麻痹and scattered零星的fasciculation肌束震颤 .

4.The “M” symptoms were relieved when atropine was injected intravenously and “N2” symptoms were relieved when PAM-Cl was injected intramuscularly.

Answering the Following Questions:

1.what are the symptoms in rabbit and the possible differences between the human and

animal in organophosphate-induced intoxication?

Human:

muscle weakness, fatigue疲劳, muscle clamps fasciculation paralysis, tachycardiac, HTN 高血压and hypoglycemia. Anxiety, headache, convulsion, ataxia共济失调, depression of respiration and circulation, general weakness, potentially coma.

Rabbit:

Respiration: deeper and slower

Pupils瞳孔: smaller

Salivation, muscle weakness

2.what are the mechanisms of intoxication by organophosphate and the detoxication by

antidotes?

Intoxication: irreversible blocking AchE→ increase Ach in synaptic cleft.

Detoxication: atropine: block the M receptor.

PAM: reactivator of AchE

3.what differences are there in therapeutic efficacy between atropine and PAM in your

experiment?

PAM: antagonist of N2 receptor and M receptor via reaction of AchE→ muscle

fasciculatio n↑

Atropine: antagonist of M receptor and N1 receptor→ relieve miosis, diarrhea and

salivation

Experiment 11

Analgesic镇痛Action of the Drugs with Writhing Methods

Methods & Operation Process

1.Pain model could be reproduced by mechanical method、heat method、electric

method and chemical method.

2. In this experiment pain model was induced by acetic acid injected intraperitoneally

Observe index was the number of writhes翻during 20 minutes.

3. “Writhing” response includes: caving in belly腹部下陷,trunk spreading ,hind-leg

spreading ,hip bulging臀部突起 .

4. In this experiment test drugs include: dolantin hydrochloride盐酸、an-tong-ding 、NS .

6. Pain-inducing substance was 0.9% acetic acid ,analgesic substance were 0.4 %

dolantin hydrochloride and an-tong-ding in this experiment.

7. As you known the compositions and proportion of An tong ding injection were:

amidopyrine 0.1g氨基比林, antipyrine 0.04g安替比林and barbital 0.018g .

8. Animal execute method was cervical dislocation when the experiment finished. Answering the Following Questions:

1. What are the mechanisms of pain?

Damage→stimuli→arachidomic acid花生四烯酸→inflammatory mediators→intracellular kinase激酶

2.Please describe the classification of analgesics and their difference in analgesic mechanism.

Opioid: block voltage-gated Ca2+ channel on presynaptic nerve endings and therapy reduces transmitter release. Hyperpolarization and inhibition of postsynaptic neurons via opening K+ channels.

NSAID: reduce production of PG

3. Is this result was consistent with theor y you’ve learn? If not, please analysis the probable

cause.

1)because of individual variation, each mouse shows different reaction to same dosag e of

same drug.

2)environmental factors are also important in affecting the reaction to analgesics.

3)administration way might also influence the reaction to same drug.

Experiment 12

Anti-inflammatory Action of Drugs in Mice

Methods

1. Anti-inflammatory drug used in the experiment was dexamethasone地塞米松,

concentration of the drug was 0.5 %, dosage was 1.25mg/10g , route of

administration was intraperitoneal , the time of taking specimens was 60min after administration.

2. The inflammation was induced by applied 0.03 ml of xylol二甲苯to both sides of left

auricula surface in the experiment and the inflammatory index was swelling degree .

4. Specimens from ears were taken by puncher穿孔机, In the specimens taken from

ears, you may observe the difference in thickness which represented the

inflammatory edema.

5. Pharmacological action of adrenocortical hormone include antiinflammatory

action 、immunosuppressive effect免疫抑制、antitoxin action 、antishock

action 、effects on the formed elements of blood .

7. Describe the process in brief:

Divide 6 mice into 2 groups randomly,

Inject cortisone可的松to one group intraperitonelly, inject same volume of N.S. to another group

After 30min, establish inflammation model by application of xylol to left ear.

After 30min, kill mice. Take and weigh ear piece.

Calculate swelling degree. Observe the difference between two groups

Anwersing the Following Question:

1. What is the mechanism of anti-inflammation for glucocorticoids ?

1)inhibit generation and release of inflammatory mediators.

2)regulation generation of cytokines: cytokines play an important role in immunology, infection treatment, autoimmune or neoplastic disorders.

2. Do you know other methods for induction of inflammatory models?

Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats角叉菜

Chronic granuloma inflammation 肉芽肿

Experiment 13 Learning and memory drugs

Experiment animal: white mouse

Drugs and reagent: Galantamine加兰他敏, scopolamine东莨菪碱, NS

Observing index: the times of electric shock the mouse received in the memory latency潜伏and given time period will be recorded.

Principle: the scopolamine is the M receptor antagonist, who can block the cholinergic pathway of CNS and cause memory acquiring obstacle. The scopolamine caused memory acquiring obstacle performed to be shortened latency and increase error times of animal. The galantamine is the depressant of cholinesterase, which has high selectivity to cholinesterase of the nerve cells, that can antagonize effect of scopolamine. This experiment is aimed to observe the improve effect of galantamnie on memory acquiring obstacle caused by scopolamine.

Methods:

Drug group: galantamine + scopolamine

Model control group: NS + scopolamine

Blank control group: NS + NS

Experiment 14 effects of dexamethasone on the anti-inflammatory swelling of rat toes Experiment animal: rat

Drugs and reagent: 0.5% dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution, NS, fresh egg white or 1% carrageenan角叉菜

Observing index: swelling observedrats

Principle: glucocorticoid receptors in the cytoplasm with its combination of interference with a number of proinflammatory gene transcription factor, thereby enabling some of the relevant factors such as inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators produce less, and ultimately produce anti-inflammatory effect. Dexamethasone, a strong

anti-inflammatory effects, and the role of long duration, as long-acting glucocorticoids. Experiment 14 The distribution of sulfonamides in vivo体内

Experiment animal: rat

Drugs and reagent: Sodium sulfapyrimidine (SD-Na)磺胺嘧啶,5% trichloroacetic acid三氯乙酸,0.5% thymol麝香草分,0.5% sodium pentobarbital戊巴比妥钠

Method:

1.Rats were weighed with an electronic balance

2.i.g. 5%SD-Na 2ml →1h

3.Anesthesia:i.p. 1.5% sodium pentobarbital, 0.4ml

4.Obtain blood sample 1ml from tail vein of rat, shake centrifuge tube离心管

5.Open abdominal cavity, take liver sample (dish 1)

6.Craniotomy, take brain sample (dish 2)

7.Tube 1:Draw采取blood sample 0.2ml from centrifuge tube

8.Tube 2: take 0.5g liver tissue from dish1

9.Tube 3: Take 0.5g brain tissue from dish 2

10.Add 9.8 ml 5% trichloroacetic acid

11.Performing liver / brain homogenization均质化

12.Full shake. Three test tubes were filtered with filter paper. T ake filtrate 6ml

13.Add sodium nitrite亚硝酸钠0.5ml

14.Add thymol 0.1ml

15.Measure OD value (520nm)

基础化学实验思考题答案

基础化学实验思考题答案 实验二酸碱标准液的配制和浓度比较一.注意事项: 1.配完溶液应立即贴上标签注明试剂名称,配置日期,配制者姓名并留一空位以备填入此溶液的准确浓度。 2. 体积读数要读至小数点后两位。 3.滴定速度:不要成流水线。 4.近终点时,半滴操作和洗瓶冲洗。 5.固体氢氧化钠的称量,不能使用称量纸。因为它在空气中会快速吸收水分,导致称量不准确。再有氢氧化钠有强烈的腐蚀性,吸水后溶液渗过滤纸会腐蚀天平。 二、思考题 1.滴定管、移液管在装入标准液前为何需要用滴定剂和要移取的溶液润洗几次滴定中使用的锥形瓶或烧杯是否需要干燥是否也要用标准液润洗为什么? 答:为了让滴定管内的溶液的浓度与原来配制的溶液的浓度相同,以防加入的标准液被稀释。不需要。不要用标准液润洗,因为倾入烧杯或锥形瓶中的基准物的物质的量是固定的,润洗则会增加基准物的量,影响到实验结果。 2. HCl和NaOH溶液能直接配制准确浓度吗为什么? 答:不能,因为氢氧化钠易吸收空气中的CO2 和水分,而浓盐酸易挥发,应此不能直接配制其准确浓度。只能先配制近似浓度的溶液,然后用基准物质标定其准确浓度。 3.为什么用HCl滴定NaOH时采用甲基橙用为指标剂,而用NaOH滴定HCl溶液时使用酚酞(或其它适当的指标剂)? 答:首先因为甲基橙跟酚酞的变色范围都在该反应的突跃范围内。其次,因为人的眼睛观察浅色变到深色比较容易。用HCl滴定NaOH时采用甲基橙用为指标剂可以观察到溶液由黄色变橙色,用NaOH滴定HCl溶液时使用酚酞可以观察到

溶液由无色变红色。 其他: 4.配制HCl溶液及NaOH溶液所用水的体积是否需要准确量取为什么? 答:不需要,因为HCL易挥发,NaOH容易吸收空气中的水分和CO2,不能直接配制准确浓度的HCL和NaOH标准溶液,只能先配制近似浓度的溶液,然后用基准物标定,所以没有必要准确量取配制时水的体积。 5.用HCL标准溶液滴定NaOH标准溶液时是否可用酚酞作指示剂? 答:可以,因为酚酞指示剂的变色范围在,部分处在HCl与NaOH溶液的滴定突跃()之内。 6.再每次滴定完成后,为什么要将标准溶液加至滴定管零点或近零点,然后进行第二次滴定? 答:因为滴定管的误差是分段校正的,每一段的校正误差不同,故每一次都从零点或近零点开始滴定可以保证每一次都有相同的校正误差。 7.在HCL溶液与NaOH溶液浓度比较的滴定中,以甲基橙和酚酞作指示剂,所得溶液体积比是否一致,为什么? 答:不一致。因为甲基橙跟酚酞的变色范围不同,所以滴定终点时的PH不同,所以溶液的体积比不会一致。甲基橙的变色范围在酸性区间而酚酞的变色范围在碱性区间故以酚酞为指示剂的一组VNaOH/VHCL相对较大。 8. 配制NaOH溶液时,应选用何种天平称取试剂为什么? 答:托盘天平,因为只须配制近似浓度的溶液,所以不需准确称量。 9. 滴定至临近终点时加入半滴的操作是怎样进行的? 答:加入半滴的操作是:将酸式滴定管的旋塞稍稍转动或碱式滴定管的乳胶管稍微松动,使半滴溶液悬于管口,将锥形瓶内壁与管口接触,使液滴流出,并用洗瓶以纯水冲下。

药理实验指导

药理学实验指导

实验一药物的作用方式 【实验目的】理解药物的局部作用和全身作用,并了解兴奋作用、抑制作用及拮抗作用。 【实验原理】普鲁卡因为局部麻醉药,抑制中枢神经元,首先抑制对药物敏感的中枢抑制性神经,引起脱抑制而出现兴奋现象,表现为不安、震颤,甚至惊厥。而戊巴比妥钠为镇静催眠、抗惊厥药,随着药物剂量的增加,对中枢的抑制作用逐渐增强,分别产生镇静、催眠、麻醉和抗惊厥的作用。 【实验对象】小白鼠(体重20g左右) 【实验材料】 1.器材:1ml注射器、钟罩、镊子 2.药品:3%普鲁卡因溶液、0.5%戊巴比妥钠溶液 【实验步骤】 1.取小白鼠1只,称重标记,并观察一般活动情况及痛觉反应。 2.在小白鼠一后肢股骨粗隆下端坐骨神经周围,注射3%普鲁卡因溶液0.1ml/10g,随即观察小白鼠左右后肢的活动情况及全身情况。 3.待小白鼠抽搐明显时,立即腹腔注射0.5%戊巴比妥钠溶液0.1ml/10g并继续观察小白鼠全身情况。 4.填表 小白鼠用普鲁卡因后表现用戊巴比妥钠后表现 左后肢全身左后肢全身 【注意事项】 1.要求注射部位要正确。 2.注意抢救时间。 【思考题】 1.小白鼠的那些表现各属于局部、全身、兴奋、抑制和拮抗作用? 2.本次试验队临床用药有何指导意义?

实验二药物剂量对药物作用的影响 【实验目的】掌握药物剂量与药物作用的关系 【实验原理】戊巴比妥钠为镇静催眠、抗惊厥药,随着药物剂量的增加,药物作用越明显,对中枢的抑制作用逐渐增强,分别产生镇静、催眠、麻醉和抗惊厥的作用。 【实验对象】小白鼠(体重20g左右) 【实验材料】 1.器材:1ml注射器、钟罩、镊子 2.药品:0.1%,1%,2%戊巴比妥钠溶液 【实验步骤】 1.取性别相同,体重相近小白鼠3只,分别称重、记号(1、2、3号),观察精神状态、痛觉反射及翻正反射。 2.给1号小白鼠腹腔注射0.1%戊巴比妥钠溶液0.1ml/ 10g 给2号小白鼠腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥钠溶液0.1ml/10g 给3号小白鼠腹腔注射2%戊巴比妥钠溶液0.1ml/10g 3.用大烧杯罩住小白鼠,并随时观察用药后各小鼠的精神状态、痛觉反射、翻正反射。 4.填表 小白鼠号用药用药后的表现(3′6′9′12′15′) 精神状态痛觉反射翻正反射1号 2号 3号 【注意事项】 1.更换药物要冲洗注射器。 2.小白鼠体重相差应小于两克。 【思考题】 1.药物剂量和药物作用的关系? 2.讨论3只小白鼠用药以后表现为何不同?

有机化学实验思考题答案

1、蒸馏有何应用?恒沸混合物能否用蒸馏法分离? 2、在蒸馏装置中,把温度计水银球插至液面上或温度计水银球上端在蒸馏头侧管下限的水平线以上或以下,是否正确?为什么? 3、蒸馏前加入沸石有何作用?如果蒸馏前忘记加沸石,能否立即将沸石加至将近沸腾的液体中?当重新进行蒸馏时,用过的沸石能否继续使用? 1、答:蒸馏过程主要应用如下: (1)分离沸点有显著区别(相差30℃以上)的液体混合物。 (2)常量法测定沸点及判断液体的纯度。 (3)除去液体中所夹杂的不挥发性的物质。 (4)回收溶剂或因浓缩溶液的需要而蒸出部分的溶剂。 恒沸混合物不能用蒸馏法分离。 2、答:都不正确。温度计水银球上端应与蒸馏头侧管的下限在同一水平线上,以保证在蒸馏时水银球完全被蒸气所包围,处于气液共存状态,才能准确测得沸点。 3、答:蒸馏前加入沸石的作用是引入气化中心,防止液体过热暴沸,使沸腾保持平稳。如果蒸馏前忘记加沸石,决不能立即将沸石加至将近沸腾的液体中,因为这样往往会引起剧烈的暴沸泛液,也容易发生着火等事故。应该待液体冷却至其沸点以下,再加入沸石为妥。当重新进行蒸馏时,用过的沸石因排出部分气体,冷却后孔隙吸附了液体,因而可能失效,不能继续使用,应加入新的沸石。 1、测定熔点时,若遇下列情况将产生什么结果? (1)熔点管壁太厚。

(2)熔点管不洁净。 (3)样品未完全干燥或含有杂质。 (4)样品研得不细或装得不紧密。 (5)加热太快。 2、为什么要求熔点的数据要有两个以上的重复?要达到此要求,操作上须注意些什么? 3、两个样品,分别测定它们的熔点和将它们按任何比例混合后测定的熔点都是一样的,这说明什么? 1、答:结果分别如下: (1)熔点管壁太厚,将导致所测熔点偏高。 (2)熔点管不洁净,将导致所测熔点偏低,熔程变宽。 (3)样品未完全干燥或含有杂质,将导致所测熔点偏低,熔程变宽。 (4)样品研得不细或装得不紧密,将导致所测熔点偏高,熔程变宽。 (5)加热太快,将导致熔点偏高。 2、答:为了减少误差。要达到此要求,不可将已测样品冷却固化后再作第二次测定。每次应更换新的样品管,重新测定。 3、答:这说明两个样品是同一化合物。 1、重结晶一般包括哪几个步骤?各步骤的主要目的是什么?

中药药理实验方法学06试题答案

二、简答题 1.小鼠正规的LD50实验对给药途径、给药容量和观察内容有何要求? 答:与临床给药途径一致、口服每次不超过40ml/kg,皮下、腹腔、静注不超过0.5ml/只。 观察动物各方面的反应,包括动物体重变化、饮食、外观、行为、分泌物、排泄物、死亡情况及中毒反应等。对濒死及死亡动物应及时进行大体解剖,其他动物在观察期结束后进行大体解剖,必要时,对病变的器官应进行组织病理学检查。观察期限一般为14天,如果毒性反应出现较慢,应适当延长观察时间。 2.对中药新药进行药效实验时,对受试药有何要求? 答:所用的中药材要经过生药学鉴定,确定中药品种、产地及药用部位。加工炮制品种,炮制方法应合理。受试药物的提取工艺应基本稳定,处方固定,质量稳定、工艺、质控指标恒定后的中试产品。 3.有15只小鼠,请根据下例随机数列将其随机分成3组。 58,71 ,96,30,24,18,46,23 ,34,27, 85,13,99,24,44,48,18,09,79,49 答:A: 1, 7, 9, 11, 12 B: 2, 8, 15, C: 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14 48/7=6 18/6=0 调整后: A: 1, 7, 9, 11, 12 B: 2, 8, 15, 13, 14 C: 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 3.请列举两种过氧化损伤涉及的疾病,三种检测过氧化损伤的指标(不必说明具体测试方法)? 答:动脉粥样硬化;缺血再灌注损伤。指标:组织脂褐质。超氧化物歧化酶SOD活性; 谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSHPx)活性。 5.理想的动物“证”的模型应具备哪些要素?应用现有“证”的动物模型应注意哪些问题? 答:1.症状、病理变化与临床证型相似。2.病因相似。3.代表方药治疗后可纠正上述病理生理变化。4. 有客观指标指标的敏感性、重现性、定量或半定量。用两种以上模型,互补欠缺,下结论避免片面。 三、计算问答题 1.下例两组资料是否可用“t”检验分析组间差异?如不行请说明理由,如行,请说明差异是否显著。(10分) 资料1: A: 126,135,182,145,137,178,156,153 151.5±20.1 B: 130, 132, 142,141,120, 148,129,146 136.0±9.7 不能,方差不齐 资料2: A:18.50, 10.85, 19.50, 11.21, 9.15, 11.63, 11.30, 10.70, 11.05, 10.25, 6.62 11.89±3.79 B: 7.58, 6.67, 7.85, 14.42, 6.92, 15.51, 7.87, 6.89, 7.52, 5.85, 6.35 8.49±3.27 不能,偏态 5.某中药提取物剂量按80mg/kg给重180-220g/只大鼠口服有降血压作用,现要用重12kg 左右犬进行相同的药效实验,请计算其等效剂量。(8分) 答:80mg/kg/5=16mg/只大鼠 16mg/只×17.8=284.8mg/犬 (284.8mg/犬)/(12kg/犬)=23.7mg/kg

(完整版)分析化学实验思考题答案

分析化学实验思考题答案

实验二滴定分析基本操作练习 1.HCl和NaOH标准溶液能否用直接配制法配制?为什么? 由于NaOH固体易吸收空气中的CO2和水分,浓HCl的浓度不确定,固配制HCl和NaOH 标准溶液时不能用直接法。 2.配制酸碱标准溶液时,为什么用量筒量取HCl,用台秤称取NaOH(S)、而不用吸量管和分析天平? 因吸量管用于标准量取需不同体积的量器,分析天平是用于准确称取一定量的精密衡量仪器。而HCl的浓度不定, NaOH易吸收CO2和水分,所以只需要用量筒量取,用台秤称取NaOH即可。 3.标准溶液装入滴定管之前,为什么要用该溶液润洗滴定管2~3次?而锥形瓶是否也需用该溶液润洗或烘干,为什么? 为了避免装入后的标准溶液被稀释,所以应用该标准溶液润洗滴管2~3次。而锥形瓶中有水也不会影响被测物质量的变化,所以锥形瓶不需先用标准溶液润洗或烘干。 4.滴定至临近终点时加入半滴的操作是怎样进行的? 加入半滴的操作是:将酸式滴定管的旋塞稍稍转动或碱式滴定管的乳胶管稍微松动,使半滴溶液悬于管口,将锥形瓶内壁与管口接触,使液滴流出,并用洗瓶以纯水冲下。 实验三 NaOH和HCl标准溶液的标定 1.如何计算称取基准物邻苯二甲酸氢钾或Na2CO3的质量范围?称得太多或太少对标定有何影响? 在滴定分析中,为了减少滴定管的读数误差,一般消耗标准溶液的体积应在20—25ml 之间,称取基准物的大约质量应由下式求得: 如果基准物质称得太多,所配制的标准溶液较浓,则由一滴或半滴过量所造成的误差就较大。称取基准物质的量也不能太少,因为每一份基准物质都要经过二次称量,如果每次有±0.1mg的误差,则每份就可能有±0.2mg的误差。因此,称取基准物质的量不应少于0.2000g,这样才能使称量的相对误差大于1‰。 2.溶解基准物质时加入20~30ml水,是用量筒量取,还是用移液管移取?为什么?因为这时所加的水只是溶解基准物质,而不会影响基准物质的量。因此加入的水不需要非常准确。所以可以用量筒量取。 3.如果基准物未烘干,将使标准溶液浓度的标定结果偏高还是偏低? 如果基准物质未烘干,将使标准溶液浓度的标定结果偏高。 4.用NaOH标准溶液标定HCl溶液浓度时,以酚酞作指示剂,用NaOH滴定HCl,若NaOH 溶液因贮存不当吸收了CO2,问对测定结果有何影响? 用NaOH标准溶液标定HCl溶液浓度时,以酚酞作为指示剂,用NaOH滴定HCl,若NaOH 溶液因贮存不当吸收了CO2,而形成Na2CO3,使NaOH溶液浓度降低,在滴定过程中虽然其中的Na2CO3按一定量的关系与HCl定量反应,但终点酚酞变色时还有一部分NaHCO3末反应,所以使测定结果偏高。 实验四铵盐中氮含量的测定(甲醛法)

药理学实验方案

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大学物理实验思考题答案

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大学物理化学实验思考题答案总结

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实验思考题答案

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