论友谊 美国人几乎没有哪一个一辈子不挪动地方。我们由小镇搬到城市，又搬到郊区，从中学到另一个州 的大学，由一个地区的某个工作岗位换到别的地方的更好的职位，从把孩子养大的家，搬到打算退休以后 安度晚年的家。每一次搬家，我们都不断地结交新朋友，他们成为我们新生活的一部分。 对许多人来说，夏季是建立新友谊的特殊时间。当今，上百万的美国人到国外渡假。实际上没有人指望一 次旅行的结果会产生一个密友。但是一次旅行使友谊开始总是有可能的吧！每个国家的人都很重视友谊 吧！ 他们确实都重视友谊。来自不同国度，又从未见过面的两个人相遇之后，困难不在于他们不珍视友谊，而 在于他们对于友谊所包含的内容以及友谊如何产生有不同的看法。在美国人最有可能去旅游的那几个欧洲 国家，友谊与其他更为随便的人际关系有很大的区别，在这几个国家里，友谊介入家庭生活的程度也各不 相同。对于法国人、德国人或是英国人来说，友谊一般包含更为特殊的内容，承担更多的义务。 我们把朋友这个词用于广泛的人际关系——包括在一个新的地方刚刚认识几个星期的人，关系密切的同 事，孩提时期的玩耍伙伴，男人或女人，直至心腹至交。这些关系对美国人来说实际上还是有差别的，友 情既可以是肤浅的、一般的、随情况而变的，也可以是深厚而持久的。但对于只看到我们表面举止的欧洲 人来说，这种区别就不明显。 在他们眼里，那些一时认识的人和即兴结识的人，从美国人的家里进进出出，不讲什么礼节，往往也不承 担什么个人义务。这些人可以是孩子朋友的父母，邻居家暂住在自己家里的客人，某个委员会的成员，从 另外一个城市甚至外国来的商业伙伴。到美国人家里做客的欧洲人，看不到有什么明显的既成规矩，气氛 轻松、无论老少，多数人都是互相直呼其名。 那么，什么样的人才是朋友呢？“朋友”一词甚至从一种语言简单地翻译成另一种都是难的。“你知道，”一位 法国人解释说，“在法国，我要是对你说?这是我的好朋友?，他其实没有我只介绍?这是我的朋友?的人更亲密。 越是要把关系说得亲密的人，关系却越是疏远一些。” 象许多欧洲国家一样，法国人也认为朋友一般指同性，而且友谊主要指男人间的人际关系。对于“女人之间 不可能成为朋友”的观点，法国妇女嗤之以鼻，不过她们有时也承认，“女人间的友谊是另外一回事”。许多 法国人对男人与女人之间是否会有友谊感到怀疑。还有一种群体内的人际关系——包括男女在内的一些人 在一起工作多年，可能关系不错、彼此信任、感情融洽。他们彼此称为法语里的 copains，这个词译成英 语就是“朋友”，不过更具“哥们”或“姐妹”的感情色彩。在法国人的眼里，这不是友谊，当然这个群体里的某 两个人之间完全可以成为朋友。 对法国人来说，友谊是一种一对一的人际关系，要求双方了解彼此的智力、性格以及特殊的兴趣。朋友是 能把你最优秀的品质发挥出来的人。和他在一起，你才气横溢，无论你们的友谊源于哪方面，你在这方面 会变得更加充实。你对政治的见解会深化，你对戏剧的鉴赏力会更加敏锐，你对美食和美酒的品尝会更尽 兴，你对某项运动的爱好会加强。 法国式的友谊有具体的分工。一个人可能与一位朋友下了三十年的棋而不知道他的政治观点，也可能与他 谈论了三十年的政治，而不了解他的私人生活。不同的朋友在每个人的生活中有不同的作用。他们不介入 家庭生活。而必尽的义务主要由家属承担。几个男性朋友会聚在咖啡馆里；有学识的朋友会发起更大的聚 会谈上数个晚上；工人们会聚在远离家庭的小酒吧里，喝酒、闲侃。这种友谊不受婚姻的影响，而且建立 友谊时不必考虑妻子的情况。 在从前的法国，这种友谊只接纳知识妇女，很少接纳其他妇女。因为大多数妇女的生活是以家庭为中心， 她们与其他女性的亲密关系通常是从少女时代就建立起来的。友谊这种特殊的关系的基础是法国人最为珍 视的东西——是思想，是观点的一致，是对生活中某一方面的鲜明的意识。
与法国截然不同，在德国，友谊更明确地说是个感情问题。少男少女之间建立起深厚的感情，他们一起散 步，一起聊天。这一切不是为了提高自己的智慧，而是相互分享彼此的愿望、忧患和梦想，共同对付学校 和家庭组成的世界，发现彼此的内心世界。家庭之内，一个人一生最亲密的关系是兄弟姐妹之间的关系。 家庭之外，同性挚友之间像姐妹一样亲密，像兄弟一样真诚。大致说来，在德国，朋友经常被带到家里。 孩子们称呼父母的朋友为叔叔和阿姨。观点相投而成为朋友的法国人之间，鲜明的分歧和激烈的争论是这 种关系所不可少的。但是德国人的友谊是建立在相互感情的基础之上的。对他们来说，如果在双方都认为 重要的问题上亲生了尖锐的分歧，那就是极大的不幸。朋友关系与亲缘关系一样具有绝对的约束力。来到 美国的年轻的德国人，很难与美国人建立起这样的友谊关系。我们不把友谊看得那样一成不变，友谊的深 浅随着人们的搬迁、调换工作、婚嫁，或兴趣的改变而变化。 英国式的友谊模式又不尽相同。这些友谊的基础是共同的活动。人生不同阶段的活动是不同的——在学校 发现共同的兴趣，同在部队服役，参加同一个外交使团，在某场危机中共同暂住在一个农舍。在活动中（不 管是什么活动），人们开始步调一致（有时是两个男人，有时是两个女人，有时是两对夫妇，有时是三个 人），他们发现，无论是走路、做游戏、讲故事或是在同一居委会任职，他们都觉得能很自然地估计出每 个人平时如何行事，在紧急情况下如何反应。与英国人交过朋友的美国人评论说，即使是多年以后，“你的 友谊也可以在哪里中断就在哪里重新开始。”长期没有往来又重新见面的朋友，就好像一对伴侣，在乐队停 止演奏时暂时分开，一旦乐曲一响，就又开始翩翩起舞。英国式的友谊建立在家庭之外，但是不像德国那 样对朋友的家庭承担义务，也不像法国那样把友谊与家庭截然分开。英式友情的破裂不一定是因为观点产 生了分歧或是感情发生了变化，相反是因为判断错误所致，一方严重错误地判断对方的思想、感情或行为， 分歧就由此而产生。 那么，到底什么是友谊呢？既然友谊的模式——包括我们自己的——各不相同，且每种模式完全与一定的 生活方式相关，那么还有共同之处吗？不同模式的友谊的共同点，是都承认友谊与亲缘关系的不同之处是 能够自由选择，朋友能够选择，也能被别人选择。与此相关的是，朋友之间彼此使对方感到与众不同，无 论这种感觉的依据是什么。此外，朋友之间必要要有来有往、互谅互让。有了这些相同之处，不同的社会 之间才能相互沟通；美国人的特点是不拒绝其它模式的人际关系，因此，他们在国外就有可能与那些在一 起感到自在的人交上朋友。 我第一次见到他，我留下了深刻的印象，他的眼神中遥远的。他们是这样的悲伤的眼神，眼睛，让你想起 痛苦，多年的梦想，古老神秘的生活。他们是灵魂的窗户。我们很快就熟悉了，我注意到友好的口语有快 速响应，对任何小的关注表示了浓厚的兴趣。我们纯粹相识发展较早成一个温馨的友谊，我们有无数一起 散步。他以往任何时候都沉默的友谊，只用他的方式，你知道他在享受美丽和自由的国家的道路，郁郁葱 葱的草地，我们相遇的清凉的小溪。我曾经享受看他的享受，陪伴他的感觉，他的感觉是在友好的公司
Give-and-take takes place all the time in the whole course of our lives. Five-year-old children exc hange lollipops of different flavor.“Mine has grape flavor. What about yours?”“ Strawberry. I do like to have a taste of a grape-flavored lollipop.” “Ok, let＇s exchange./That good.I trade with you.” Five year-old child has five year-old naive.Has exchanged the candy cane, the exchange is not merely the grape, strawberry's different taste, the exchange is when the child that pure friendship.When 25 years old, the exchange is in the lover hand the same design ring.“You are willing to marry her for yours legitimate wife, regardless of disease, poor, the disaster all does not abandon does not leave?”“I want.” “You are willing to marry him for yours legitimate husband, regardless of disease, poor, the disaster all does not abandon does not leave?”“I want.” 25 year-old person had 25 year-old responsibility.Has exchanged the ring, the exchange is not merely a sincere faithful sentiment, the exchange is defends accompanying, spends together the life the faith and the responsibility
Unit 8 Section A Animals or children?—A scientist's choice 动物还是孩子？——一位科学家的选择 1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury — circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research. 1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。这些谣言刺痛了我，因为我从来没想到自己是一个邪恶的人。我成为一位儿科医生，因为我爱孩子，也因为我的最大愿望是让他们保持健康。在医学院学习和住院医生实习时，我看到了许多儿童死于癌症和受伤流血——虽然对此医学正取得很大进步，但远非完善。更重要的是，我还看到孩子们能保持健康得益于医学的进步，如婴儿呼吸支持器，功效强大的新药物和外科手术技术及整个器官移植领域的发展。我希望孩子们健康快乐，这促使我从事医学研究。 2 My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil. They claim that I have no moral compass, that I torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance to medicine. Meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists. 2 控诉我的人把真相歪曲成一则神话，并把我描写成恶魔。他们声称我没有道德界限，我折磨那些无辜动物的唯一目的就是为了自己的职业升迁，而我的实验根本与医药毫不相关。与此同时，无动于衷的公众几乎不闻不问，相信这个议题毫无意义，而具有宣传意识的参议员和政治家们却对动物权利活动家的游说不断作出让步。 3We,in medical research,have also been unbelievably uncaring.We have allowed the most extr eme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of"animal fraud"and hatred. We have persisted in our belief that a knowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal research for public health.Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emoti onal tone of the argument.Perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds. 3我们这些从事医学研究的人也显得令人难以置信的冷漠。我们允许最极端的动物权利活动家渐渐侵入，任凭他们把此类研究诬陷为“动物欺诈”和对动物的仇恨。我们一直坚信，有知识的公众会赞同动物研究对公众健康的重要性。也许我们的错误是没有对这场争论的感性基调作出反应。也许我们早应该挥动着儿童死于癌症或外伤的同样令人伤心的海报，来回应那些关于动物受害的伤感标语及海报。 4In the animal rights forum,much is made of the volume of pain these animals experience in the name of medical science.Activists deny that we are trying to help and say it is evidence of our ev il and cruel nature.A more reasonable argument,however,can be advanced in our defense.Life i
全新版第二版第一册u n i t8课文翻译
A fable for tomorrow (Rachel Carson) There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the fall mornings. 从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的生意盎然的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在田野上；秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。小山上狐狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。 Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler's eye through much of the year. Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and fall people traveled from great distances to observe them. Others came to fish the streams, which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay. So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells, and built their barns. 在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。 Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. Some evil spell had settled on the community: mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death. The farmers spoke of much illness among their families. In the town the doctors had become more and more puzzled by new kinds of sickness appearing among their patients. There had been several sudden and unexplained deaths, not only among adults but even among children, who would be stricken suddenly while at play and die within a few hours. 后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切都开始变了。某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷病死，到处都有一层死亡的阴影。农夫们谈论
u n i t88b知识点
精品文档 1.apology n..道歉。 apologize v.道歉。 apologize to sb.向某人道歉。 apologize for sth.为某事道歉。 make an apology to sb.向某人道歉。 Learn to make to others。 I don’t believe their 。 You should to your mother. 2.excuse n.借口；理由 Mike always makes excuses for himself. 3.present n.目前，现在 present vt.赠送，呈现；提出，提交 present adj.出席的；现在的 present n.礼物 at present。现在，目前present somebody with something=present something to somebody.赠予某人某物 They him with a bunch of flowers. 4.wide adj.广泛的，广阔的 widely adv.(=to many places,by a lot of people)广泛地 Our playground is enough for us to play football. It has a window in the front. The young men travel . 5.recently adv.=not long age. 最近 recent adj. Our teacher has changed a lot in years. I haven’t seen you . 6.satisfy v.使满意。 satisfy adj.=pleased满意的 be satisfied with sb./sth.对某人/某事。。。。满意。 收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除
Uｎiｔ8 课文翻译 课文A Refleｃtｉonｓof ａChｉnｅse ｍother iｎｔhe West 一位西方华裔母亲得思考 1.很多人想了解中国父母就是如何培养出如此成功得孩子得。她们想知道,为什么这些中国父母能养育出那么多天分极佳得孩子,她们就是否也能培养出这样得孩子呢? 2.事实就是,中国父母得做法,对固执己见得西方人来说,令人愤慨,难以想象,甚至就是违法得、中国母亲可以不客气地对正在狼吞虎咽得肥胖孩子说:“喂,小胖子,您要减肥了。”与此相反,西方父母必须体谅地、小心翼翼而拐弯抹角地谈及“健康”,而且永远都不会提及“胖"字、结果,孩子还就是因为饮食紊乱与消极得自我评价得去求医问药。长期以来我一直苦思冥想,中国父母这样做就是如何能够全身而退得,我认为中西方得父母之间存在三种意识形态上得差异。 3.首先,我注意到西方父母呵护子女得自尊,使她们免受一切批评。她们担心孩子失败后得感受,于就是不断尽其所能解除子女得忧虑,而不管其表现如何糟糕。西方父母认为孩子就是娇弱得,不够坚强,因此她们得行为也就与中国父母大相径庭了。 4.举个例子,如果一个孩子考试得了个Aˉ回家,西方父母很可能会表扬孩子。而对中国母亲来说, Aˉ根本不算什么好成绩;她还会不快地叹气,问到底出了什么问题。如果孩子得了Ｂ回家,一些西方父母尽管十分不情愿,仍然会表扬孩子。其她西方父母会表达出不满,但不会质疑孩子得智力,或贸然说孩子“笨蛋”、“一文不值”或“太可恶了”、而私下里,西方父母可能会感到担心,但绝不会让孩子们知道、 5.如果中国孩子得了B,不管什么科目,首先面临得就就是一声尖叫与恼怒得爆发、中国母亲会更加不遗余力地找来几十也许几百套得测验题,不惜采取手头任何办法来让自己孩子得成绩提高到Ａ。 6.中国父母要求完美得成绩,因为她们理所当然地认为孩子完全可以做到,而且分数就是比“自尊”更为重要得衡量成功得标准、如果孩子没拿到全A,中国父母就认为这就是因为孩子不够努力。这就就是为什么对表现欠佳得孩子,父母总就是会施以惩罚与辱骂。中国家长相信孩子足够坚强,能够承受羞辱,并会由此进步。 7.其次,中国父母认为孩子欠她们一切。这种瞧法得原因尚不清楚,也许就是儒家“忠”得信条,再加上父母为子女牺牲诸多这一事实。因此,中国孩子必须听从父母教导,使她们自豪,终其一生回报她们。 8.中西方理念碰撞得另一领域就是,西方人大多认为子女无须永远感激父母。我丈夫就是个西方人,实际上就持有这种相反观点。“孩子又不能选择自己得父母,”她曾对我说过、“她们
A fable for tomorrow (Rachel Carson) There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the fall mornings. 从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的生意盎然的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在田野上；秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。小山上狐狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。 Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler's eye through much of the year. Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and fall people traveled from great distances to observe them. Others came to fish the streams, which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay. So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells, and built their barns. 在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。 Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. Some evil spell had settled on the community: mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death. The farmers spoke of much illness among their families. In the town the doctors had become more and more puzzled by new kinds of sickness appearing among their patients. There had been several sudden and unexplained deaths, not only among adults but even among children, who would be stricken suddenly while at play and die within a few hours. 后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切都开始变了。某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷病死，到处都有一层死亡的阴影。农夫们谈论着家中的许多疾病；镇上的医生也越来越因病人中出现的新的病症而感到迷惑。在成人和孩子中发生了好几起突发的不明其由的死亡，那些孩子在玩耍中突然病倒，几小时后就死去了。 There was a strange stillness. The birds, for example - where had they gone? Many people spoke of them, puzzled and disturbed. The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted. The few birds seen anywhere were moribund; they trembled violently and could not fly. It was a spring without voices. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens, and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh 这里是一派奇怪的寂静。就说鸟儿们吧---它们都去哪儿了？许多人说起鸟儿的时候都充满了迷惑与不安。他们后院的饲养站已经没有鸟儿光顾了。随处能见到的几只鸟都奄奄一息。他们猛烈地颤抖，却飞不起来。这是一个无声的春天。曾经是震动着画眉鸟、猫鸟、鸽子、樫鸟、欧鹪和许多鸟儿的黎明合唱声的清晨如今却寂然无声。田野间、树林中和沼泽地里也是一片寂静。 On the farms the hens brooded, but no chicks hatched. The farmers complained that they were unable to raise any pigs - the litters were small and the young survived only a few days. The apple trees were coming into bloom but no bees droned among the blossoms, so there was no pollination and there would be no fruit. 在农庄，母鸡下蛋却孵不出小鸡。农夫们抱怨无法养猪，因为刚生下的猪崽太小了，小猪也只能活几天的功夫。苹果树开花了，可是没有蜜蜂在花丛中嗡嗡地采蜜，没有蜜蜂的授粉，也就没有任何果子。 The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetation as though swept by fire. These, too, were silent, deserted by all living things. Even the streams were now lifeless. Anglers no longer visited them,
第八单元 Grinding is a manufacturing process that involves the removal of metal by employing a rotating abrasive wheel. The latter simulates a milling cutter with an extremely large number of miniature cutting edges. 磨削是通过采用旋转磨轮去除金属的制造工艺。磨轮用非常大量的微型切削刃模仿铣刀进行切削。Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines. 一般而言，磨削被认为是一种通常用于获得高尺寸精度和较好表面光洁度的精加工作业。磨削通过采用被称为磨床的特殊机床能在平面、圆柱面甚至内表面上进行。 Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground, e.g., cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines. 显然，磨床根据结构和功能的不同有所区别，使用何种形式的磨床主要取决于被磨削表面的几何形状和物理性质。例如，圆柱面在外圆磨床上磨削。 ?Type of Grinding Operations 磨削作业的类型 1. Surface grinding. As the name surface grinding suggests, this operation involves grinding of flat or plane surfaces. Fig.8.1 indicates the two possible variations, either a horizontal or vertical machine spindle. 1.表面磨削：就像其名称暗示的那样，表面磨削和平面磨削直接有关。图8.1表示了两种可能的变化：卧式磨床主轴或立式磨床主轴。 In the first case (horizontal spindle), the machine usually has a planer-type reciprocating table on which the workpiece is held. However, grinding machines with vertical spindles can have either a planer type table like that of the horizontal-spindle machine or a rotating worktable. 在第一种情况(卧式主轴)，卧式磨床通常具有安装工件的刨床式往复工作台。而立式主轴磨床既可以像卧式主轴磨床那样具有刨床式工作台也可以具有旋转工作台。 Also, the grinding action in this case is achieved by the end face of the grinding wheel (Fig.8.1b), contrary to the case of horizontal-spindle machines, where the workpieces ground by the periphery of the grinding wheel. 而且在这种情况下，磨削动作是通过砂轮端面完成的(图8.1b)，这与通过砂轮周边磨削工件的卧式主轴磨床正好相反。 Fig.8.1a and b also indicate the equations to be used for estimating the different parameters of the grinding operation, such as the machining time and the rate of metal removal. 图8.1a和b同时简述了用于估计诸如加工时间和金属去除率之类的磨削作业不同参数的方程式。 During the surface-grinding operations, heavy workpieces are either held in fixtures or clamped on the machine table by strap clamps and the like, whereas smaller workpieces are usually held by magnetic chucks. 在平面磨削时，重的工件用夹具固定或用压板等夹紧在磨床工作台上，而小的工件则通常是用电磁卡盘固定的。2. Cylindrical grinding. In cylindrical grinding, the workpiece is held between centers during the grinding operation, and the wheel rotation is the source and cause for the rotary cutting motion, as shown in Fig.8.2. In fact, cylindrical grinding can be carried out by employing any of the following methods: 2. 圆柱面磨削：在圆柱面磨削中，作业时工件支撑在两顶尖之间，砂轮转动是导致回转切削运动的动力源，如图8.2所示。实际上，圆柱面磨削能通过采用下列任意方法来实现： (1) The transverse method, in which both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate and longitudinal linear feed is applied to enable grinding of the whole length. The depth of cut is adjusted by the cross feed of the grinding wheel into the workpiece. (1) 横向方法：这种方法中砂轮与工件均旋转且采用线性纵向进给以保证能磨削整个长度。切削深度通过改变砂轮
Unit8 期末复习 一、单项选择 ( ) 1. Make a note of the questions you want to ask when you revise your lessons. , you will surely forget some of them. A. Moreover B. Anyway C. However D. Otherwise ( ) 2. -We must act now because time is _______. -Yes. Let's start. A. coming out B. giving out C. cutting out D. running out ( ) 3. The car needs checking. It may cause accidents if it _______ soon. A won’t check B won’t be checked C doesn’t check D isn’t chec ked ( ) 4. —He’s never prevented from smoking, ? —.His wife often warns him not to. A．is he, No B．has he, No C．has he, Yes D．is he, Yes ( )5. The things will be if they are watered. A. living; living B. alive; living C. alive; alive D. living; alive ( )6. —I think there will be _____ air pollution whenever there are _____ people driving. —That’s true. I hope the air will be fresher soon. A. less; less B. less; fewer C. fewer; less D. fewer; fewer ( )7. The young man ________ to break into a bank by a policeman the other day. A. saw B. sees C. was seen D. is seen ( )8. We should turn off lights when we leave a room _______ save power. A. so that B. in order to D. for D. so… that ( ) 9. She remembered _______her handbag home, but in fact it _______in her workplace. A. to bring; left B. to bring; was left C. bringing; left D. bringing; was left ( ) 10. It's difficult to keep the house __________with three children. A. is cleaned B. to clean C. be cleaned D. clean ( ) 11.A new bike ________me by my father the other day. A.is buying B. was bought to C.is bought to D. was bought for ( ) 12.WWF________ protect the animals and environment. A.works for B. works to C. used to D. is used for ( ) 13. —Look at what you wrote here, you made a ________ mistake again. —Oh, yes. “wisely” should be “wise” here. A. word usage B. spelling C. grammatical D. missing word ( ) 14. Mary as well as her classmates_______ English every morning. A. read B. is reading C. reads D. to read ( )15. —We have booked a room for today and tomorrow. —__________,sir. A. I'm sure B. My pleasure C. It's all right D. I'll check 二、完形填空 I used to live in a separate room. I loved living alone. But one day it all changed when my brother Mike asked to_1___my room. At first, my parents said “no” to him, but at last my mother agreed. I cried and begged my parents not to do this,___2_it didn’t work. As soon as Mike entered my room, my room began to become___3___. To my anger, he often left his unwashed clothes everywhere! One evening, I was doing my homework on my computer while Mike was listening to music. Later, I left my seat to get some water. A shock was waiting for me when I returned. He had used my computer to play games. I had__4___to save the homework. Sadly, he closed the program without saving it---all my effort（努力）had disappeared! I shouted at him at the top of my___5__. He cried a lot as my mother_6__him. My mother also asked him to leave my room at once. Then I did my homework once again. At 11:00 pm, I finished it. I was about to turn off my computer_7__ I saw the photo of my brother that he had put on my table. I looked at his lovely face and remembered how he was crying when my mom punished him. I really felt__8_for him. I went to him. He was sleeping in my parents’ bed. I kissed his forehead. He woke up,__9__and said, “I’m sorry. I won’t bring you__10_again.” I was so moved and I hugged him, saying, “From now on, my room is not only mine. It is ours!”( ) 1.A.clean B.paint C.visit D.share ( ) 2.A.or B.if C.but D.so ( ) 3.A.dirty B.empty C.beautiful D.dark ( ) 4.A.decided B.forgotten C.wanted D.tried ( ) 5.A.chair B.desk C.voice Dputer ( )6.A.loved B.praised C.admired D.punished ( ) 7.A.until B.as C.when D.while ( ) 8.A.good B.sorry C.lucky D.happy ( ) 9.A.showed up B.gave up C.put up D.got up ( ) 10.A.water B.trouble C.homework D.music 三、阅读理解(A) Waste can be seen everywhere in the school. Some students ask for more food than they can eat and others often forget to turn off the lights when they leave the classroom. They say they can afford these things. But I don’t agree with them. Waste can bring a lot of problems. Although China is rich in some resources(资源), we are short of(缺乏) others, for example, fresh water(淡水). It is reported that we will have no coal(煤) or oil to use in 100 years. So if we go on wasting our resources, what can we use in the future and where can we move? Think about it. I think we should say no to the students who waste things every day. Everybody should stop wasting as soon as possible. In our everyday life, we can do many things to prevent waste from happening, for example, turn off the water taps(水龙头) when we finish washing, turn off the lights when we leave the classroom, try not to order more food than we need, and so on. Little by little, everything will be changed. Waste can be stopped one day, if we do our best. ( )1. From the passage we know that some students often _______ in the school. A. eat too much B. don’t work hard C. waste things D. throw rubbish everywhere ( )2. Which is not mentioned in this passage? A. Fresh water. B. Forest. C. Oil. D. Coal. ( )3. What may happen in 100 years? A. We may still have enough oil. B. We may still have enough coal. C. We may have a little oil. D. We may have no coal or oil to use. ( )4. Which of the following is right? A. Waste brings problems. B. Waste can bring no problem. C. China is rich in fresh water. D. Students never waste things. ( )5. Which is the best title of this passage? A. Stop Wasting B. School life C. Waste in the School D. Rich Resources in China (B) Except for a few times, Americans are not big present-givers. There's no exchange of presents among business people, and if one American tries to give another a present, it may look like that he wants to bribe (贿赂) him. Americans have learned that in some other countries people like to give presents to others, but among ourselves we don't see the need for presents. Even friends may never exchange presents. When I go to foreign countries, I try to bring back little things for close friends, but nobody would feel unhappy if I didn't. I don't often remember a friend's birthday, and few people outside of my family remember mine. If someone gave me presents too often, I'd get unpleasant. But a present from a foreigner - that kind from his or her homeland — won't go wrong, except to government employees (政府职员) who can't be given presents. You usually open a present at once and in front of the person who gives it except Christmas and birthday presents. You should only say, "It's so nice. Thanks…" when you get Christmas or birthday presents. You may want to bring a bottle of wine (葡萄酒) or flowers to a dinner party, but you're never asked to. Nobody will mind if you bring wine, but your friend may not use it that evening. At Christmas we often give presents to our family and sometimes our friends. We also give presents to people who have been helpful during the year- doormen, babysitters, housecleaners, newspaper senders—anyone who has often helped us. ( )6. What does "close friends" mean in the passage? A. The friends who are very kind. B. The friends who live close to each other. C. The friends who were once classmates. D. The friends who you like most. ( )7. What kind of presents don't Americans usually open in front of the givers? A. The small presents. B. Christmas or birthday presents. C. The expensive presents. D. The presents for dinner party. ( )8. Why do Americans also give presents to house cleaners at Christmas? A. To pay them. B. To help them. C. To thank them. D. To make them work harder. ( )9. Which of the following do you think is right?