雅思写作中三种文体格式解析
英语中有三种主要文体格式：正式英语，非正式英语，流行英语。雅思复习中如何辨别正式英语非正式英语，避免在雅思作文中出现不正式的词汇，或者避免在雅思口语中出现书面类词汇?今天雅思小编给大家区分一下。
正式英语
正式英语主要应用于雅思写作中。这种适应雅思考试的文体格式通常带有学术性的写作口吻，通常见于学术课本，大学论文，商业信函和合同中。
在雅思口语表达方面，正式英语通常只用于描述官方或正式场合。
雅思考试时中正式英语比日常用语使用更多的复杂词汇。例如，正式用语常常比日常对话使用“更庞大”的词汇。如以下几个多音节词compensate，ascend 和interrogate。正式用语还常常使用单个动词(如establish)来代替简单的短语动词(如set up)。此外，在正式用语中还要尽量避免俚语和口语的出现。
当正式用语应用于雅思写作中时，句子通常较长，较为复杂，也应严格遵循语法规则。雅思写作中，通常较为客观，经常使用it这样的非人称代词和动词的被动形式。应该尽量避免缩略语和缩写单词的出现。
非正式英语和流行英语
非正式英语是雅思考生们日常所说的英语。非正式英语广泛应用于电子邮件和朋友书信中。
雅思口语中使用非正式英语对词汇的选择不太在意，如：非正式英语使用很多较短的单词(如fire，climb和ask)，使用许多口语词汇(如stuff， a lot of，thing和sort of)，还很使用一些短语动词(如使用set up ，而不用establish)。非正式英语在语法上没有正式英语要求严格，常使用简单的语法结构和比较松散的句子或短语。
在雅思写作中，不提倡非正式英语的个人化。比如，常用第一，第二人称(例如I，you，we)。缩写单词(如常常使用it’s，而不是it is)也常常见于非正式英语之中。而且，非正式英语比正式的写作句式通常更短。在雅思写作中，常常使用较为正式的标点符号---而避免分号(;)和冒号(：)的出现，非正式英语则可以出现。
流行英语很少应用于雅思写作中，大多是用于雅思口语之中。非正式英语中包括大量的俚语。俚语就是一些非正式的，在礼节性的演讲和正式场合常常被看作不合适的单词或短语表达。俚语常常由固定的社会团体或职业人群使用。
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Description 描写 Description is a mental process, a way of perceiving objects in space and time. As it pertains to composition, description is a way of picturing images verbally in speech or writing and of arranging those images in logical or associational pattern. Generally, description is concerned with people, places, and things. But in academic writing, especially in IELTS, you have to write a simple description of an object, a process or some data. According to this requirement, two writing techniques are mainly concerned in IELTS when writing a description. They are: static description and process description. Static Description (静物描述) Very often we have to describe the appearance or layout of something. We shall refer to this as static description. In IELTS, you may be required to write a description about an aerosol container, a camera or a microwave oven. When describing such things a number of features may be contained: shape, size, color, location of parts and condition. Usually in writing static description the following principles should be observed: (1)Your description should be well organized, eg general to particular, more important to less important, front to back, top to bottom, etc. (2)You should offer the reader a clear picture in his mind of what you are describing (3)The details must be correct (4)You ought to stick to the important parts. A Relay A relay is a switching device for opening and closing one or more electrical circuits on receipt of an electric signal. A simple kind of relay consists of two parts: a switch in high voltage circuit which is operated by a spring loaded armature and a low voltage electro-magnetic circuit The electro-magnet comprises a soft iron core shaped like a horseshoe. Each arm of the core has a coil would around it. The coils are connected to each other and to a battery through an on\off switch. In writing static description, the following words are quite useful: above below over underneath at the front of at the back to the left to the right in the middle near close to apart on top of at the foot of at the base of at the bottom of on the side on the other side within inside circle vertical line hyperbolic curve Process Description (过程描述) A process is a series of actions ,changes ,functions, steps, stages, procedures, or operations that bring about a particular end or result. Like narration, process suggests ongoing movement and continuous action. The rhetorical structure of a process may be conveyed by a simple pattern: Introduction (thesis) Step 1 Step 2 Conclusion ( summary and so forth) Describing How to Do Something In describing how to do something the main thing is to arrange the information so that
2015年6月6日雅思写作（一） 题目类别society 提问方式Discussion 考试题目 Some people prefer to provide help and support directly to those in their local community who need it. Others, however prefer to give money to national and international charitable organizations. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 有人认为给需要救助的人自己的帮助更加可取，有人认为给有需求的国家或国际援助组织提供经济援助更加重要，讨论两种观点，给出你的意见。 Although people in industrialized countries lead a high standard of living, it is undeniable that there are still 1.2 billion people living below the poverty line. In order to solve poverty-related problems, I feel that all kinds of help should be encouraged and respected. Giving a helping hand to those who are in need in the local community seems reasonable. It is because even in the richest countries, there are still a lot of people, such as disabled people and orphanages, suffering from famine and extreme poverty. For this reason, it is easy and convenient for us to help our fellow citizens, such as donating food or clothing to them, so that we can see the result of our actions immediately. By contrast, it is rather difficult to track expenditure of international aids, which might result in corruption in some cases. Those who donate money to domestic and international charities believe that the collection of money has a tremendous effect on the poor countries compared with other forms of help. This is because few people are able to donate a large amount of money to construct schools, hospitals and roads in poor areas. Instead, governments and charities can achieve this. International aids can also purchase vaccines which are available in developed countries by using the money raised worldwide and save millions children’s life. In my view, minor proportion of donated money and other sorts of help should be appreciated equally as long as the money reaches to those who need it desperately. The government could run campaign and encourage door-to door help. At the same time, charitable organizations should make every penny count for donors.(word count：274)
附录二十大话题 教育类（education） https://www.doczj.com/doc/c014245778.html,pulsory education 义务教育 2. vocational education 职业教育 3. academic performance 学业表现 4. non-academic affairs 与学习无关的事情 5. puppy/ calf love 早恋 6. corporal punishment 体罚 7. tuition fee 学费 8. parents’ supervision 父母的监督 9. individual tutorship 个人辅导 10. turning point 转折点 11. the pursuit of knowledge 对知识的追求 12. maintain / disrupt classroom order 维护、扰乱课堂秩序 13. coeducational /single sex establishment 男女共校、单一性别学校 14. generation gap 代沟 15. indulge in 沉迷（表示“溺爱” 后面直接加宾语） 16. play truant 逃学 17. school shootings 校园枪击 18. broaden one’s horizons 开阔视野 19. the hardship and bitterness of life 生活的艰辛和苦难 20. appropriate advice and guidance 恰当的建议和指导 21. cultivate independence 培养独立性 22. a good habit of frugality 节约的好习惯 23. distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非 24. shoulder the responsibility of 肩负…… 的责任 25. be prone to do 容易做某事 26. go astray 误入歧途 27. violate social conventions and laws 违反社会习俗和法律 28. cast a shadow on one’s heart 在心中留下阴影 29. resist the temptation of 抵制……的诱惑 30. interpersonal skills 人际交往的技巧 31. peer pressure 同辈的压力 32. formative years 性格形成期 33. physically and emotionally immature 身心不成熟 34. a sense of superiority 优越感 35.socially adaptable 能适应社会的 36. adjust teaching methods 调整教学方法 37. exert a negative impact on 产生消极影响 38. juvenile crime=juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪juvenile delinquent 青少年犯罪者 39. a sense of belonging 归属感 40. qualified and experienced teachers 称职、有经验的老师 41. first class teaching facilities 一流的教学设施 42. education reform 教育改革 科技类（science and technology） 1.artificial intelligence 人工智能（artificial 人工的、人造的、非天然的） 2.side effects 副作用 3.technological revolution 科技革命
雅思写作经典范文雅思小作文数据描述模板25个 1.the table shows the changes in the number of……over the period from……to…… 该表格描述了在……年之……年间……数量的变化。 2.the bar chart illustrates that…… 该柱状图展示了…… 3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding…… 该图为我们提供了有关……有趣数据。 4.the diagram shows (that)…… 该图向我们展示了…… 5.the pie graph depicts (that)……. 该圆形图揭示了……
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of…… 这个曲线图描述了……的趋势。 7.the figures/statistics show (that)…… 数据(字)表明…… 8.the tree diagram reveals how…… 该树型图向我们揭示了如何…… 9.the data/statistics show (that)…… 该数据(字)可以这样理解…… 10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…… 这些数据资料令我们得出结论……
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table…… 如图所示…… 12.aording to the chart/figures…… 根据这些表(数字)…… 13.as is shown in the table…… 如表格所示…… 14.as can be seen from the diagram, great changes have taken place in…… 从图中可以看出，……发生了巨大变化。 15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure, we can see clearly that……or it is clear/apparent from the chart that…… 从图表我们可以很清楚(明显)看到……
雅思写作-地图 第一段：改写题目 主要句式：图表名称+动词+描述主题+时间 图表名称：The diagram/map/picture 动词：show/illustrate/give information about/indicate 描述主题：1. The development/change of 某地方。2. How +某个地方+changed/developed. 3. The development/the change that has taken place +某个地方。 举例子： 1.The maps show the development of Stokeford village over an 80 years period from 1930 to 2010. 2.The diagrams illustrate some changes to a small island which has been developed for tourism. 3.The two pictures compare the layout of a school as it was in the year 2004 with a proposed/planned/projected/expected site design for the year 202 4. 4. The diagrams show West Park Secondary School at three different stages in its development: 1950, 1980 and 2010. 第二段：总结主要特征。 一般来说选取一两个最重大的变化特征。或者从全局来看，描述最显著的变化。同时还可以从地图功能的变化阐述其主要变化，比如说可以容纳更多学生，转变成居民区了，或者是旅游／娱乐设施完善了。 主要句式： 1. It is clear that +某地方+has changed considerably with the construction of some new facilities. It is clear that the island has changed considerably with the introduction of tourism. 2.数量+new features can be seen in the second diagram. Six new features can be seen in the second diagram. 3. The main developments are that + 句子（描述一个或两个重大变化） The main developments are that the island is accessible and visitors have somewhere to stay. 4. It is clear that the main change for+ 时间
2015-6-6 Task 2 An ask 2 Analysis Some people p ople prefer to provide help and support directly to loca local community who need it. Others prefer to give money to national and international charitable organizations. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.有?人喜欢直接帮助社区中需要帮助的?人。也有些?人喜欢把钱投给国内或国际慈善组织。讨论这两个观点并且表达你?自?己的想法。 1Topic 话题 Charity 2Question type 题型Discuss 3 5W ANALYZE THE QUESTION审题 （WHO+what+when+where+why+how） WHO: people WHAT: do charity How: direct support vs money donation Where: local vs national & international 4identify key words and their synonyms 关键词理解 support directly=direct involvement give money to=donate charitable organizations=charities 5identify all the writing tasks 确定全部写作任务 1. some people prefer direct help 2. others donate to non-pro?t organizations 3. own opinion Brainstorming and organ d organizing ideas 写作思路 Direct support Donation to non-profit 6Necessary: 必要性 组织运作不当，造成损失: charity frauds Bene?ts: 重要性 积极参与：direct involvement 及时?高效: concretely helping ?立竿?见影: make a signi?cant difference Necessary: 必要性 有些问题单纯本地解决不了 not easy to tackle at the local level Bene?ts: 重要性 资本有效运作：Meet more basic needs with fewer dollars 减税福利：tax bene?ts for helping globally
在雅思写作的四大评分标准当中，连贯性与衔接性是其中的一项评分标准，连贯性与衔接性其中一方面就是用连接手段（即连接词）来实现的。连接词本身是非常繁琐的知识，在教授连接词时也会遇到很多困难，那么学连接词首先把连接词词性掌握并掌握各词性的用法，学连接词就简便得多。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，连接词大体可分为四种词性：连词，副词，介词和短语，它们各自的用法又不一样。 连词 如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。 例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词) 段落开始：But how should it be achieved ( 连词放句首) 介词 如before, despite：后接名词或动名词 例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment. 副词 副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号（当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句） 例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句) The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中) 短语 如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样 例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion. The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中) 掌握连接词的四大词性及用法以后，连接词的教学和运用就容易展开。我们可以参看考官范文，看看各类关系的时候考官如何使用连接词，使文章凸显出来。 因果关系 根据词性及用法可归结于: because / since/ as / for, so (连词), because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of (介词) for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly (短语和副词) 例：I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our tendency to use sth once and throw it away. （可代替词汇because of/ due to / owing to）
雅思经典小作文柱状图4篇范文+写作要点分析 C1T3 题目 The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods. Write a report a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The chart shows that high income earners consumed considerably more fast foods than the other income groups, spending more than twice as much on hamburgers (43 pence per person per week) than on fish and chips or pizza (both under 20 pence). Average income earners also favored hamburgers, spending 33 pence per person per week, followed by fish and chips at 24 pence, then pizza at 11 pence. Low income earners appear to spend less than other income groups on fast foods, though fish and chip remains their most popular fast food, followed by
雅思写作流程图解析 朗阁海外考试研究中心刘雅敏 相比较其它小作文题型，雅思写作中的流程图对于很多考生来说都会感觉束手无策，尤其 是拿到题目时无从下手。这主要是由流程图的考察重点决定的。不同于图表题型在表达方 式上的固定，流程图更加能够考察考生“真正的”词汇量。虽然流程图出题频率不算高（去 年48场A类考试中，流程图出现6次），且普遍集中在工业生产过程和自然现象这两类，但题材差距很大，2014年的6场考试以及今年出现的2次流程图的具体题材如下： 由于题材不同，所以每次考试的词汇要求都不同，这无疑增加了考生的备考难度。 另外，一般情况下流程图都是以图片而非数字形式出现，所以有不少刚接触流程图的同学 认为它更接近大作文的语言风格。其实不然，流程图的文章风格偏客观描述，而且与其它 小作文题型一样，流程图还有一个特点——主要扩展顺序为时间顺序，这一点不同于大作 文主要以逻辑顺序为扩展顺序。无论大作文还是小作文，逻辑性是一切文章的灵魂，而要 想使流程图的写作逻辑严密，就要按照时间顺序展开，并加入恰当的时间顺序连接词。 除了小作文的共性外，流程图又有自身在表达方式上的特殊要求。具体而言，要注意两点：动词的使用和三大句型的运用。 一、动词的使用
考生面临的比较普遍的问题就是：图里面的词汇可能认识的只有一半，碰到这种情况，考 生应尽量猜，运用常识和看图猜词意。图里面可能会给出一定数量的动词，也可能没有给出。具体而言，一般会出现三种情况： 1. 图详细＋注解详细 流程图中出现过的词汇可以使用一次，第二次出现的时候尽量换成其同义词甚至可以是近 义词。但即使猜出了大概含义，找出同义替换仍然比较困难。对此，有两种解决方案： 1). “名词动用”，如果原图给出了某个词的名词形式，在你的作文中可以将其转变成该词 的动词形式。同理，形容词可以换成副词（通常在该形容词后加-ly），副词变成形容词。 比如剑桥真题6 Test 3的范文中：原图第二个步骤中的“food”, 作者改成了动词“feed”。 2). 根据“下义词”，找出其“上义词”，比如说“furnace”（熔炉）在“玻璃瓶的回收”之类的 流程图中都会出现，我们称之为“下义词”（即含义较具体），而其“上义词”（即概括性较 强的表达）可以是“a container”。 2. 图详细＋注解简略 这种情况要求考生把图片中出现的、而注解中表述比较简略而省掉的信息运用考生会的表 达方式补充出来，尤其注意动词的使用。比如：“玻璃瓶的回收”这一流程中有个步骤是把 碎玻璃倒进熔炉里面将其融化，图片画得较详细：一个椭圆形的鼎样容器，上面画的温度 计显示融化玻璃的具体温度数值，燃料是用木炭还是煤炭还是天然气……但下面的注解可 能只有三个单词：the melting process。显然，我们不可能只用这三个单词描述这一步骤，原因很简单，即考生都熟悉的一个悲剧——图描述完了，字数没写够！遇到这种情况，建议考生用自己的话把图表信息补充完整。 3. 图简略＋注解更简略 同样还是以“玻璃瓶的回收”流程为例，其中一个步骤是玻璃瓶被重塑成新瓶子、并注入相 应液体产品后，被卡车送到超市，消费者购买并使用。该步骤在原图中只出现了两个名词——“supermarket”和“customers”。实战中有相当数量的考生只用一句话说完了这个步骤（比如：These bottles are transported by trucks to supermarkets, and then they would be bought by consumers.）。这种写法与上面的写法后果是一样的——
雅思小作文必备词汇 图表chart = graph = diagram 直线line 曲线curve 柱bar /column 饼pie 表table = figures = statistics the thin（细线） / thick（粗线） / broken（虚线） / dotted（点线） line 表明，表示，阐明show , give information about，reveal，indicate，demonstrate 直线图类词汇 (上升类动词)Increase------------ decrease (下降类动词) go up-------------- go down rise up-------------- fall down climb-----------------slide ascend --------------decline keep an upward tendency ----keep a downward tendency 波动动词类：fluctuate fluctuate upward / downward（波动向上/向下） 保持平稳类动词： keep / remain / maintain / stay unchanged / constant / stable（形容词，不变的） 修饰动词的副词： slightly 轻微地，slowly 缓慢地，gradually 逐渐地，steadily 稳定地，rapidly 迅速地，significantly 明显地，sharply 明显地，dramatically急剧地， 修饰名词的形容词： slight, slow, gradual, steady, rapid, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic 大约，大概，左右类词汇：almost / approximately / around / roughly / more or less / nearly 时间from … to …/during the period/ between … and … / starting from ….
第一篇 The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph sho ws the trends in consumption of fast foods. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. 柱状图显示的是1970－1990二十年间英国人每周在快餐上花费了多少钱；曲线图展示的是这二十年间快餐消费的趋势。 The bar chart shows how much money was spent on fast foods per week in the UK over a span of 2 0 years from 1970 to 1990 while the graph reveals the trend of fast food consumption over the same period of time. 从柱状图看，各收入阶层在汉堡和鱼煎薯条这两种快餐上的支出相对高于在皮萨上的消费；曲线图反映出汉堡与皮萨的消费呈现上升趋势，鱼煎薯条则呈现出波动趋势。 As we can see from the chart, the weekly expenses of people of different income levels on hamburg ers and fish and chips were relatively higher than that on pizza. The graph indicates that while hamb urger and pizza consumption both revealed a general trend of increase, fish and chips showed a tren d of fluctuation. 首先，高收入阶层和中等收入阶层每周在汉堡上的平均消费分别是每人42便士和33便士，比低收入阶层的14便士搞出了很多。在鱼煎薯条方面，高收入阶层的支出略低，是17便士，但中等及低收入阶层的支出都分别达到了25便士和18便士，相对于在皮萨方面支出
问题回答： 怎样选择雅思考试的考点？ 准备雅思写作考试需要背范文吗？、 写作考试应该先写task 1还是task 2? 作文字数如何掌控？ 作文里句子越长越难就越容易得高分吗？ 写作考试是否需要打草稿？ 作文考试时应该用什么样的格式和字迹 雅思作文中是否可以使用1，we和you 同样的意思是否用字数更多的英语表达才更拿分 开头段中是否必须表明自己的观点 在句首使用But或者So是否犯规 It can be argued that_ One argument put forward is that_ It is advised that… It is commonly accepted that… It is reported that_（注意可以用现在时） It is estimated that. . . It is generally recognized .that… ( recognize: BrE) 学术类写作的特殊要求 练习1 Wealthy parents shouldn’t spoil their children. Otherwise, their children will become too dependent on them. 分析：文体错误，雅思写作中不可以用缩写 练习2 Today , newspapers report lots of crimes in horrible detail. 分析：使用了非正式口语词汇lots of，写作里面如果修饰可数名词可以用numerous, a host of 或者a vast number of; 修饰不可数可以用a great deal of 练习3 The impact of tourism on these traditional neighborhoods must be analysed. 分析：英美拼写混淆。雅思考试明确规定：英式和美式拼写都可以接受，但是不接受把英美拼写在同一篇文章里面混用。 练习4 Serious crimes harm people’s lives. 分析：用词没有特色，每个词都是初中词汇，完全可以按下列方式替换： serious --- severe ( or grave) crime---offense ( or criminal act) harm ---damage ( or destroy/ undermine/ jeopardize) people --- individuals
二.雅思图表作文 1.企业垃圾(线性图) 题目:The graph below shows the amounts of waste produced by three companies over a period of 15 years. 范文:The line graph compares three companies in terms of their waste output between the years 2000 and 2015. It is clear that there were significant changes in the amounts of waste produced by all three companies shown on the graph. While companies A and B saw waste output fall over the 15-year period, the amount of waste produced by company C increased considerably. In 2000, company A produced 12 tonnes of waste, while companies B and C produced around 8 tonnes and 4 tonnes of waste material respectively. Over the following 5 years, the waste output of companies B and C rose by around 2 tonnes, but the figure for company A fell by approximately 1 tonne. From 2005 to 2015, company A cut waste production by roughly 3 tonnes, and company B reduced its waste by around 7 tonnes. By contrast, company C saw an increase
雅思写作地图题深度解析（上） 朗阁海外考试研究中心姜芮 在雅思小作文中，流程图和地图题无疑对于广大考生来说都有不小的威胁，很多考生在遇到此类型的题目时，会变得手足无措，不知道应该从何写起。许多考生抱着侥幸的心里，往往不重视此类小众题目的备考，结果作文分数受到了很大的影响。在本系列文章中，朗阁海外考试研究中心写作组的专家将着重对雅思写作地图题做一个深度解析。 我们用两个经典的地图题真题为例，在近两年出现的数次地图题中，多数都是属于这类“三格地图”。 WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The diagram below shows the development of the village of Kelsby between 1780 and 2000.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. 在审题过程中我们需要特别注意以下几点： 1. 时态：关注时态是小作文能否取得高分的关键，同样对于地图题，我们也应该很好地注意时态，本文的时间是明确的，都是过去的时间，因此全文应当使用一般过去时。 2. 顺序：该图属于动态的地图题，这种类型的地图题一律按照时间顺序来写。在这道题中，也就是按照图的顺序依次来写，不要把元素拆开。如果是静态的地图题（即不涉及时间变化的题型），则按照空间顺序来写。在描述单幅地图时，我们可以采取上北下南的顺序描述，或者从左到右的顺序也可以，但值得注意的是，如果地图上有明显的方向标示，那就要根据这个标示来描述。 下面我们一起来分析文章的写作。 第一段：Introduction 引言段就是把题目进行改写。原文中的diagram，可以替换成figure，原文中的shows，可以改为illustrate, demonstrate, reveal, indicate等词。宾语development，可以替换成transformations，也可以改为宾语从句how the village of Kelsby developed/ changed. 题目中给出的时间比较模糊，可以具体化为in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 【例文】The three maps illustrate how the village of Kelsby changed in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 第二段：描述1780年的地图 1780年的情况只涉及到静态的数据，因此只需要用存在句即可表达，不涉及任何变化的单词。但是，考生非常容易把这些元素全部用there be这个句型来表达，从而导致句式单一。表示存在的句型除了there be之外，还有非常简单的have句型，还有lie/ be located/ be situated这样的结构。另外还有一种倒装句型，比如“桌子上面有一本书”，可以翻译为on the desk is a book. 除此之外，要注意几个元素的顺序问题。这里有四大元素：住宅区homes，树林woods，农场farms，还有一条河流river。理论上只要按照一定的空间顺序（比如顺时针、逆时针，从左到右）都是可以的，但是要考虑家庭数量的变化是导致其它所有变化的根本原因，因此建议先写住宅区homes。 还有就是土地单位的表达，land是不可数名词，因此不能说a land，只能说a piece of land。为了表达更加精确，可以用a plot of land（一小块），a stretch of（一长片），a large expanse of（一大片）。 另外朗阁海外考试研究中心提醒考生们还要注意方位词的表达。地图题中常用的方位词有：in the east/ west/ south/ north of ...; in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of ...; 如果是在角落，可以用in the southwestern corner of ...; 在河流的上/下游：at the lower/ upper reaches of the river; 在河岸：alongside the riverbank; 在河流的南端：at the southern end of the river.