中英文中英文文献翻译-环缝自动焊机
一定义:环缝自动焊机是一种能完成各种圆形、环形焊缝焊接的通用自动焊接设备。可用于碳钢、低合金钢、不锈钢、铝及其合金等材料的优质焊接，并可选择氩弧焊（填丝或不填丝）、熔化极气体保护焊,等离子焊等焊接电源组成一套环缝自动焊接系统。可广泛地应用于液压油缸、汽车方向架、传动轴、贮气筒、化工及医疗容器、液化气罐、消防器材、矿山及生产线用滚筒及储液筒等产品的焊接。
根据工件形状大小不不同，可将环缝自动焊机分为以下几种：⒈a立式环缝自动焊机b卧式环缝自动焊机⒉焊接变位机⒊焊接操作机（又名焊接中心）⒋仿形环缝自动焊机。
下面将种焊机适用于哪种焊件，主要构造特点说明如下
⒈a立式环缝自动焊机的表示方法:HF(L)其意为环缝(立),下面举一焊接环直径为200mm的型号技术参数如下
控制电源：单相220V,50HZ 结构形式：单立柱可倾式
倾斜调节方式：无级，蜗轮蜗杆调节
倾斜角度范围:0-±90度
可焊工件直径（mm):0~200
主轴转速:0~7rmp或0.5~14rmp
环缝焊接范围：0~1080度
焊枪气动行程:100
焊枪手动微调距离：x,y,z向60mm
集电环最大电流300A
立式环缝自动焊机是一种小巧、价廉物美、操作简单方便，能完成各种小型的圆形、环形焊缝焊接的通用自动焊接设备。其最大特点就是适用于一些小型工件的环缝焊接,而且工件不宜过，长如手指长短的工件较适合焊接。
主控制器采用运动控制器可编程控制器为核心控制单元，根据用户要求，可通过修改控制软件的程序及参数来调节设备的功能，实现圆形、半圆形、分段多段圆弧、环形焊缝的焊接，使整个设备具有很强的智能性和柔性，是一个具有较高档次，较高性价比和可靠性的控制器。该控制器具有手动调节和自动焊接控制功能；回转机构由直流伺服电机驱动，无级调节焊接速度，焊接速度由控制面板上的数显显示；采用独立的调速电路，焊缝的搭接量可预先数码设定，焊后焊枪高速复位；该控制器可根据焊接工艺要求采用多种控制输出信号选择和输出接口，具有抗干扰强、可靠性高、调速稳定、操作方便、自动化程度高等特点，可广泛地应用环形焊缝工件的焊接控制
b卧式环缝自动焊机
卧式环缝自动焊机与立式环缝自动焊机相比，其对焊件的长度没有过多的限制.三、四米的长管都可轻松焊接。该设备可广泛地应用于液压油缸、汽车方向架、传动轴、贮气筒、化工及医疗容器、液化气罐、消防器材、矿山及生产线用滚筒及储液筒等产品的焊接。
性能特点:
床身采用卧式结构，由焊接结构件经退火后精加工而成，保证床身导轨不变形；
回转机头采用直流电机或交流变频电机驱动，速度稳定可靠；
主轴端部安装有焊接夹具或三爪卡盘，用于装夹定位工件；
尾座可采用气动或手动顶紧方式，端部可根据工件形式的不同选用不同的焊装夹具或活动顶尖；
尾座可在床身导轨上滑动，可调整机头尾座的距离以适应不同长度的工件；
焊枪机构可根据工件焊接位置的不同，沿导轨方向移动到相应位置。
⒉焊接变位机
1、HB系列焊接变位机是通过倾斜和回转动作将工件置于便于焊接位置的工艺设备，主要用于复杂工件（如机架、机座、法兰、球形容器、封头、三通和顶盖等部件）的TIG、MIG/MAG或PLASMA自动焊接，也可用于PLASMA 切割
2、HB系列焊接变位机主要由工作转盘、翻转机构、减速箱、机架等构成
3、可根据焊接速度需要设定不同的转速进行焊接，对于椭圆形工件可通过分区间进行焊接编程，满足各区段的焊接要求
4、设计精巧，转动精度高、惯性小，制动性和平稳性好，对中精度高
5、HB系列变位机配合TIG、MIG/MAG或PLASMA焊接电源和控制系统组成自动焊接系统，此外还可以与操作机或焊接机器人联动使用，组成较为复杂的自动焊接系统
焊枪手动三维调节机构和旋转机构可满足焊枪精确对准焊接位置时的微动调整需要；
焊枪气动升降机构和尾座气动顶紧机构可满足自动焊接和自动装夹的要求，提高生产效率；
根据工件焊接的要求，可选配气动升降托架，焊缝跟踪装置、焊接摆动器；
采用运动控制器可编程控制器作为主控单元，工业用触摸屏操作界面，自动
化程度高，焊接质量稳定可靠；
可通过修改控制软件的程序及参数来调节设备的功能，实现圆形、半圆形、分段多段圆弧、环形焊缝的焊接
⒊焊接操作架
焊接操作机一般由立柱、横梁、回转机构、台车等部件组成。各部件为积木式结构，一般立柱、横梁为其基本部件，其余部件可据用户使用要求选配。一般适用于压力容器中锅炉汽包，石化容器等圆筒形工件的内外缝的纵缝焊和环缝焊焊接。
独特的横梁和立柱截面设计，导轨为45号钢，焊后去应力处理，经刨、磨成型。重量轻、强度高、稳定性好。横梁内伸缩臂的设计，可有效增加横梁的水平伸缩距离。
横梁升降采用交流电机恒速方式，升降平稳、均匀，安全系数高。带安全防坠装置。
横梁伸缩、立柱电动回转、电动台车均采用交流电机变频无级调速，恒转矩输出，速度平稳（特别是低速下），启动或停止迅捷，速度数字显示并可预置。
立柱回转分为手动、电动两种，回转支承采用国内名牌厂家的产品，自带高精度齿轮，转动灵活，并可气动锁紧，安全可靠。
台车采用标准铁路路轨为行走轨道，分为手动及电动两种。手动适用于轻型及移动范围较小的操作机，电动则适用于重型或移动范围较大的操作机。
载人型操作机设有载人操作平台，随横臂一起移动。
采用手控盒、机头控制箱（焊接控制箱）构成近控与远控方式，操作灵活方便，并在电气箱预留联动接口，可与本公司或国内外其它厂家制造的焊接机、
滚轮架、变位机、圆形回转工作台等实现同步联动。
⒋仿形环缝自动焊机
仿形环缝自动焊机是我公司针对焊接生产过程大量的管管垂直交叉而形成的马鞍形焊缝以及管板倾斜一定角度而成的椭圆形焊缝而开发的新型焊接设备，适用于汽车贮气筒的筒体与螺母、汽车油箱油嘴、热水器的筒体与出水嘴、热水器加热管与固定安装板、液压油缸的油嘴、空调压缩机的螺母等工件的焊接。焊机由加压定位机构、床身、仿形机构、焊枪调节机构、控制系统等组成。可适应不同大小的马鞍型接头或管板接头的焊接。焊接电源可选用熔化极气体保护焊电源或TIG焊电源。
立式床身采用焊接结构，送丝机设置在立柱上，立柱前端设置焊枪回转机头安装板.
主要特点:
焊枪回转机头采用直流减速电机驱动，其回转速度实现无极调速，焊接搭接量通过数码预先设置。
数控机构为单轴或多轴数控，采用步进电机或交流伺服电机驱动，焊枪做环缝焊接时数控机构驱动焊枪做上下做仿形运动。
焊接夹具保证工件的轴向和径向定位，通过调整焊接夹具的定位点和更换定心轴，可以实现不同螺母工件的自动焊接。
机头摆动装置：可实现机头摆动，增加焊缝宽度、摆动频率、摆动幅度无级可调；
焊枪气动提升机构采用气缸推动，保证升降重复精度。
焊枪三维调节机构用于焊枪初始焊接位置的微调对中。
主控制柜采用运动控制器可编程控制控制，主控操作盒为独立部件，所有动作调整和焊接操作均可以在此完成。
翻译成英语
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
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https://www.doczj.com/doc/c015670741.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
中英文对照外文翻译文 电子商务时代企业文化的再造 随着网络时代电子商务大规模发展，电子商务企业文化随之产生，它在一个企业在产生的一种新的价值观，使企业内部资源得到从新整合，在为企业带来降低交易成本，提高效率，缩短生产周期等诸多好处的同时，也对已有的企业文化发起了挑战。电子商务的兴起是一场由技术手段飞速发展而引发的商业运作模式的变革，传统经济活动的生存基础、运作方式和管理机制均发生了彻底改变，传统的企业文化也面临着巨大的冲击。 一、企业文化对企业价值的贡献 文化现象是一个国家和民族文明的主要见证。广义的文化，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体。作为“亚文化”的企业文化，对企业的生存与发展亦起着举足轻重的作用。企业文化是商品经济和市场经济的产物，符合市场经济的客观规律，体现企业的竞争实务、竞争精神和整体形象。所谓企业文化就是企业的经营管理哲学，企业面对所处的社会和商业环境，在长期的生产经营活动中，形成全体员工所接受和认同信守的、为争取事业成功的一套非正式规则。它表明企业奉行何种管理哲学，以及企业通过管理要达到一个什么样的目标。是经济管理的重要内容之一。企业文化意味着一个公司的价值观，而这些价值观成为公司员工活动和行为的规范。 企业文化的本源问题是如何增加企业利润，降低企业的成本和费用。它的要义就是怎么使企业能够有效的整合资源，以达到对外部的适应性，使公司在竞争中生存，进而实现持续发展。企业文化建设为企业开展文化管理指出一个明确的方向。企业文化建设的根本目的是建设能够对外竞争环境具有高度适应性，并能根据环境变换做出迅速反应的行为方式能力，这种能力其实就是企业所拥有的根据外部竞争的环境需要而对内部资源进行整合运用的能力。企业文化建设应促进这一能力系统的形成，并维持好这一能力系统。中国的许多企业例如海尔、联想等企业成功的秘诀之一就是发展了一整套公司理念、经营哲学，形成了自己独特的企业文化。 1、企业文化体现企业的形象和精神。树立良好的企业形象，需要企业文化的支撑。现
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
The development of plastic mould China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy, non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table. Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c015670741.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c015670741.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,