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Examination Items考试题型
上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期
英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级
“语言学”期末试卷
考试时间：60分钟
班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)
II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)
III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)
Questions for Reference参考问答题
1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)
2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.
voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)
3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)
4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)
Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案
Practice 1 Introduction
1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.
2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time and
at various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.
3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of language
over a period of time, and it is a historical study.
4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguistic
communication.
5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.
de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.
6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a language
user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.
7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.
Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;
Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a _________-based framework.
8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually
use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be __________.
9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,
__________, __________, __________.
10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good
proof that human language is __________.
11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: the
descriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function. 12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,
the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.
Practice 2 Introduction
1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.
2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in the
world today can be both spoken and written.
3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;
thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and
performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.
6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.
de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.
7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in
their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c23223740.html,nguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two
approaches are equally favored by modern linguists.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c23223740.html,nguage is entirely arbitrary.
10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the
ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.
1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:
__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.
2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of
great interest to those working in __________ phonetics.
3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas
(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.
4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.
5.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .
6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.
This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in their
study of speech sounds.
8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] share
the feature __________.
9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except
__________.
10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through
intervening positions.
11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally not
used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
12.V oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.
13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no
obstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.
14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].
15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.
16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.
17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.
18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long
vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.
19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinations
of [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.
20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as a
clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.
1.[p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.
2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called
suprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.
3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of
tone languages such as __________.
4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is
actually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.
5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add
“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.
6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused
on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.
7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.
8.Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for they
occur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.
9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.
10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they can
be applied to all languages.
11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.
12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ and
followed by a vowel.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c23223740.html,ually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable and
the corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.
14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with
sentences.
15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays an
important role in distinguishing meaning.
1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words
and the rules by which words are formed.
2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________
morpheme.
3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "lea rned" is known as
a(n)__________ morpheme.
4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.
5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with
other morphemes to form words are called morphemes.
6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largest
part of the vocabulary. They are open classes.
7.Such endings as “-ed”and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because new
grammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.
8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
9. A compound is the combination of only two words.
10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme
“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.
11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of
the meanings of its components.
12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates
that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.
13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.
14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of
the second element, without exception.
15.A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between its
components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.
1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.
In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.
2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.
3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning is
explained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.
4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is the
collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called
__________ synonyms.
6.C omplete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”
and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.
7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,
__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.
8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.
9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, or
subordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.
10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of
different meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.
11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounced
differently. This is called __________.
12.“Can I borrow your bike?”__________ “You have a bike.”
13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing the
meaning of words.
14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.
15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”
is a __________ -place predication.
1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.
2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a
symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.
3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different
situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
4.“Site” and “sight”, “meat”and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship of
homography.
5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.
synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.
6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as
British English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do not
contrast each other only on a single dimension.
8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology
of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.
9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that
presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.
Key to Exercises Practice 1 Introduction
1. language or languages in general
2. Diachronic, synchronic
3. diachronic
4. Speech, writing
5. langue, performance
6. performance
7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin
8. descriptive
9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission
10. arbitrary
11. social
12. interpersonal, textual
Practice 2 Introduction
1. F;
2. F;
3. T;
4. F;
5. T
6. T;
7. T;
8. F;
9. F; 10. F
Practice 3 Phonetics
1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics
2. articulatory
3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity
4. tongue
5. vocal cords
6. aspirated
7. Narrow
8. alveolar
9. []
10. Diphthongs
11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T
16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. F
Practice 4 Phonology
1. allophones
2. stress, tone
3. Chinese
4. assimilation
5. sequential
6. T;
7. T;
8. F;
9. T; 10. F
11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. T
Practice 5 Morphology
1. Morphology
2. free
3. inflectional
4. free or root
5. derivational;
6. F;
7. F;
8. T;
9. F; 10. T
11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. T
Practice 6 Semantics
1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism
2. Plato
3. behaviorism
4. Sense, Reference
5. complete
6. dialectal
7. complementary, relational
8. gradable
9. Hyponymy
10. Polysemy
11. homonymy or homography
12. presupposes
13. Componential analysis
14. sentence
15. no
Practice 7 Semantics
1. T;
2. F;
3. F;
4. F;
5. T
6. F;
7. T;
8. T;
9. T; 10. F
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? — A nice day, isn’t it? — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
《英语语言学》练习题一 一、 I Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: 1. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme. 2. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds. 3. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent. 4. Chinese is an agglutinating language. 5. Not all vowels are voiced. 6. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. 7. A greenbottle is a type of bottle. 8. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. 9. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing. 10. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future. 11. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. 12. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology. 13. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution. 14. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning. 15. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words. II Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. Example: vowel front high [i:] 1.bilabial nasal 2.voiced labiovelar glide 3.literal liquid 4.voiced bilabial stop 5.front high lax III Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence. Pat found a book on Wall Street. IV How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? Column I Column II a. a bluebird a blue bird b. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeper V.Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute).
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/c23223740.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/c23223740.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/c23223740.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/c23223740.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear ［1］and dark [?] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24) 2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32) 3. Consonant sounds can be either?voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16) 4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative?principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87) 5.??Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4) 6.?An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18) 7.?XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46) 9.??While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70) 11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70) 12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70) 13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70) 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15) 16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70) 18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70) 19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.doczj.com/doc/c23223740.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
Middle-Term Test of Linguistics name class student ID I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2. Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3. The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4. "Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with
英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
英语语言学练习题 Supplementary exercises Chapter 1 Introduction Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the st udy of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is calle d morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the lette r given: 21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communi t y while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.