Chapter1 Old and Medieval English Literature
The Outline (大纲要求的重点作家)
?Geoffrey Chaucer 英:The Canterbury Tales
?William Shakespeare英
?John Milton英: Paradise lost; on his blindness
?Lake poets湖畔诗人: William Wordsworth英, Samuel Taylor Coleridge英,
Robert Southey 英
?Jonathan Swift英: Battle of the Books, Gulliver‘s Travels
?George Gordon Byron英
?Charles Dickens英：David Copperfield；Oliver Twist
?Robert Browning英国: My Last Duchess
?James Joyce爱尔兰: Ulysses
? D.H. Lawrence英: The White Peacock ; Sons and Lovers
?T. S. Eliot美: The Waste Land荒原
?Emily Bronte英: Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄
?请识记以上作家的重要作品,不仅限于上面的例子。
British Literature: An Introduction
?Basic Terms
?Poetry and Prose散文
?Rhyme and Rhythm
Examples of Rhythm
Metrical Pattern:韵式
? 1. iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步
?√ ﹨√﹨√ ﹨√﹨√﹨
?That time | of year | thou mayst | in me | behold
? 2. trochaic tetrameter 抑扬格四音步
?\ √ \ √ \ √ \ √
?Tell me | not in | mournful | numbers
? 3.anapestic trimeter 抑扬格三音步
?√ √ \ √√ \ √ √ \
?And the sound | of a voice | that is still
? 4.dactylic hexameter 抑扬格六音步
?\ √ √ \ √ √ \ √ √ \ √ √ \ √
√ \ √
?This is the | forest pri | meval, the | murmuring | pine and the |
hemlocks
Examples of Rhyme
?When I consider how my light is spent A
?Ere half my days in this dark world and wide, B
?And that one talent which is death to hide B
?Lodg'd with me useless, though my soul more bent A
?To serve therewith my Maker, and present A
?My true account, lest he returning chide, B
?"Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?“ B
?I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent A
?That murmur, soon replies: "God doth not need C
?Either man's work or his own gifts: who best D
?Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state E
?Is kingly; thousands at his bidding speed C
?And post o'er land and ocean without rest: D
?They also serve who only stand and wait.“ E Rhyming Scheme(押韵格式): ABBA ABBA CDE CDE
Examples of Rhyme
?the Britons, the early inhabitants居民in the island, a tribe of Celts
(Britain—the land of the Britons)
?Three conquests三个征服
?Influence on the country
Geoffrey Chaucer (熟悉)
?Chaucer’s achievement:
? 1. he presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in
The Canterbury Tales.
? 2. He is regarded as the “father of English poetry”
? 3. He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.
? 4. he greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation名声has been securely牢固的established as
one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity. He
introduced Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗into English poetry.
Heroic Couplet
Heroic Couplet: Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet (rhyme) of iambic
pentameter (rhythm). It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman好女人的传奇, and applied with perfect ease in The Canterbury Tales.
The Canterbury Tales(1387 - 1400 )
?Structure: General prologue一般的开场白+Tales故事
?Characters: 31 (a narrator旁白+ 30 pilgrims朝圣者)
?Contents: General prologue+20completed tales+4uncompleted ones, famous
for the story told by the knight骑士, the nun修女, the Both woman, Squire
侍从, Clerk职员, Physician医师, doctor, shipman水手, and so on.
?Major categories类别: the courtly, bourgeois, religious
Chapter 2 English Literature of the Renaissance (15th C.- 17th C.)
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Characteristics of Renaissance Period
1.The word means “rebirth”重生. It meant the reintroduction引入of
the full cultural heritage遗产of Greece and Rome. The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit, a realization of human potential for development and
creation.
. The Essence内涵: Humanism
Man: the measure of all. To exalt赞扬human nature
Emphasis强调: the dignity男性of men; the importance of the present life.
Advocating提倡: Men are glorious creatures capable of perfecting themselves, and performing wonders. 男人是光荣的生物，能够完善自
己，执行奇迹
To see the human values and arts of splendor辉煌，壮丽and enlightenment启蒙in Greek and Roman civilization.
Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Life story
Stratford-on-Avon(艾汶河畔斯特拉福镇), England
wrote 38 plays
about 154 sonnets, 2 long poems
Plays:
Histories: Henry VI, Richard III, Henry IV,
Comedies: A Mid-Summer Nights’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing无事生非, As You Like It皆大欢喜 Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet Romances: The Tempest暴风雨, The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事
Hamlet
For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause. There's the respect
That makes Calamity of so long life:
For who would bear the Whips and Scorns of time,
The Oppressor's wrong, the proud man's Contumely,
The pangs of disprized Love, the Law’s delay,
The insolence of Office, and the Spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
When he himself might his Quietus make
With a bare Bodkin? Who would Fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
Discussion questions(请回答下列问题):
1. what are his four greatest tragedies ?
Shakespeare's greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.
2. What are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common?
Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely
connected with the fate of the whole nation.
3.Please briefly简略的summarize each hero’s weakness of nature.
Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic
scholar抑郁症患者; Othello' s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force恶势力; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power ; and Macbeth' s lust贪求for power stirs up唤起his ambition and leads him to incessant不断地crimes.
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? a
Thou art more lovely and more temperate; b
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, a
And summer's lease hath all too short a date; b Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; d
And every fair from fair sometime declines, c
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd; d
But thy eternal summer shall not fade, e
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st; f
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, e
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st: f
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, g
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. G
Questions for Discussion
1.How do you understand the two “fairs” in line 5 ?
The first fair is used concretely meaning every beautiful things; the second one is used abstractly referring to beauty.
2.What is the problem discussed in this poem? What is the solution offered by the author to solve it?
The problem the poet tries to solve is to find ways to make his friend immortal长生不老. After analyzing the transience短暂的of beauty and youth, the poet concludes that only the art of poetry can make beauty and youth eternal, as long as “men can breathe; the eyes can see”.
Chapter 4 Eighteenth Century English Literature
CONTENTS
Introduction to Neoclassicism
Background
Features
Representatives众议院
Background
?Time Span: 1660-1798
?Social Turbulence动荡
–Restoration of King Charles II in 1660恢复国王查尔斯二世
–the Great Plague瘟疫of 1665, 70,000 died in London
–the Great London Fire, 2/3 homeless
–the Glorious Revolution光荣革命in 1689
–constant strife in politics政治冲突: the monarch and the parliament君主和议会; the Tories托利党and the Whigs
辉格党- over the control of the parliament议会and
government, between opposing religious sects such as the
Roman Catholicism天主教, the Anglican Church英国国教
and the Dissenters反对者, between the ruling class and the
laboring poor, etc.
–In short, it was age full of conflicts and divergence分歧of values.
Economical Background: the work-shop of the world世界工厂
the fast development of England as a nation
?Abroad, a continuous increase of colonial wealth and trade provided England with a market. And at home in the country, Acts
of Enclosure圈地运动were putting more land into fewer
privileged享有特权的rich landowners地主and forcing
thousands of small farmers and tenants居住者off land to
become wage earners in industrial towns.
Features (熟悉)
1. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment启蒙运动or the Ahteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason理性时代.
2. The movement was a furtherance促进of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
3. Its purpose was to enlighten启发the whole world with the light of modern philosophical哲学的，冷静的and artistic ideas艺术思想.
4. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality理性的, equality and science. They held认为that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.
Genres流派and Representatives （熟悉）
Poetry: the early stage早期
John Dryden约翰. 德莱顿, Alexander Pope蒲柏, Samuel Johnson Novels: the mid-century世纪中叶
Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福
Henry Fielding菲尔丁
John Dryden
Jonathan Swift英国政治小说家(1667-1745)
Life and Works
1. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), a posthumous child遗腹子, was born in Dublin都柏林, Ireland爱尔兰, of an English family.
2. 1689-1699 a prose散文satirist讽刺作家, by being a private secretary 私人秘书of Temple寺庙.
3. learning much first-rate knowledge about the vice多幅, hypocrisy虚伪, intrigues阴谋, deception欺骗and corruption腐败in the political world.
4. For several years, he was a most notable引人注目的figure in London as the editor编辑of the official Tory organ, The Examine检验员，主考人r.
Major Works
?tow powerful satires讽刺诗集on corruption腐败in religion and learning, *A Tale of a Tub无稽之谈(1704) and *The Battle of the Books笔墨官司(written 1679, published 1704)
?*Gulliver's Travels, 1726, a masterpiece
?*A Modest Proposal, 1729
?The Drapier's Letters (1724-1725)
Literary Ideas
?Of great moral integrity气节and social charm魅力,he had a deep hatred深仇大恨for all the rich oppressors压迫者and a
deep sympathy for all the poor and oppressed受压迫的.
?In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently 永久的flawed缺陷，瑕疵(having defects缺点).
?To better human life, enlightenment is needed, but to redress纠正(correct) it is very hard.
?So, in his writings, although he intends not to condemn谴责but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions体
系, there is often an under- or overtone弦外之音of
helplessness无能为力and indignation愤慨.
Style
?Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose散文.
?He is almost unsurpassed非常卓越，未被超越in the writing of simple简单, direct直接, precise精确prose.
?He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." 他将一个好的风格定义为“在合适的地方用合适的词”
?Clear清晰, simple简单, concrete diction具体的用语,
uncomplicated sentence structure简单的句子结构, economy经
济and conciseness of language简单的语言mark all his writings - essays, poems and novels (insinuation含沙射影).
Gulliver's Travels
?Protagonist主角: Samuel Gulliver
?Story: Travels into Several Remote遥远的Nations of the World ?Structure: The book contains four parts, each dealing with one particular voyage旅行记which Gulliver meets with extraordinary 离奇的adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck遇海难or piracy海盗or some other misfortune灾害
Voyages旅行
?Lilliput小人国: inhabitants six inches tall居民六英寸高
?Brobdingnag大人国: people ten times taller and larger, but also superior in wisdom优越的智慧.
?Flying Island飞行岛: the philosophers哲学家and projectors投影仪devote致力于all their time and energy to the study of some absurd荒谬的problems.
?Houyhnhnm land: where horses are endowed被赋予with reason and all good and admirable极好的qualities, and are the
governing class统治阶级. There he is shocked and disgusted厌烦to meet the Yahoos, hairy多毛的, wild, low卑贱的and
despicable(mean) brutes, who resemble像human beings not
only in appearance行为but also in almost every other way.
Theme
As a whole, the book is one of the most effective最有效and devastating毁灭性的criticism and satires讽刺诗of all aspects in the then English and European life – socially社会, politically政治, religiously宗教, philosophically哲学, scientifically科学, and morally 道德
Sarcasm讽刺
?Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole有机统一体, with each
contrived upon an independent structure, and yet complementing
补充the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and life. The first two parts are generally considered the best paired-up work. Here, man is observed from both ends of
a telescope望远镜. The exaggerated smallness过分夸小in part 1
works just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities相似between human beings and the Lilliputians小人
国and the contrast对比between the Brobdingnagians巨人国
and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of
human state.
?Part 3, though seemingly a bit random随意, furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different malpractices弊
端and false illusions虚假的幻想about science, philosophy,
history and even immortality永生，不朽. The last part, where
comparison is made through both similarities and differences,
leads the reader to a fundamental基本的，根本的question: what on earth is a human being?
Chapter 5 English Literature of Early Nineteenth Century Contents
●The Brief Introduction about Romanticism
●The Zeitgeist时代精神of this Period
●Genre流派and Representatives
●The Romantic Poets
●Literary Ideas 文学理念
●Appreciations on the masterpieces 赞赏的杰作
Introduction to Romanticism
●The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period is
generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of
Wordsworth and Coleridg e’s Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集and to
have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage
通过of the first Reform Bill改革法案in the Parliament议会. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.
Social and Political Background
●1. Time Span: 1798-1832 [1785~1830 (Norton Anthology of
English Literature诺顿英国文学选读)]
●2. American and French Revolution大革命
●The American Revolutionary Wa革命战争r (1775–1783), also
known as the American War of Independence broke out with an
outcry 抗议“all men are created equal”.
●The French Revolution (1789~1799): the prison Bastille collapsed
巴士底狱倒塌, the Declaration宣布of the Rights of Man
approved 认可
●Results: ideals of equality, liberty, fraternity有爱, and a vision of
展望a better future among people.
●The government: more conservative保守的and repressive.镇压
的
●3. In Economy:
●The first wave of Industrial Revolution第一波工业革命: trading
and manufacturing制造业flourished蓬勃发展(Manchester,
Edinburgh, Liverpool), 1/4 of humanity, control over the sea, the
sun never set.
●Laissez-faire policy 自由放任政策(let alone): low wages工资,
horrible working conditions, miserable悲惨的women and
children labors.
●4. Labor Warfare劳动战争:
●working class工人阶级worse off with no protection and no
power, but poverty贫困and starvation挨饿—urban proletariat
城市工人阶级,
●Resulting in societies of all kinds appeared.
Zeitgeist时代思潮
●Placing emotion情感and intuition直觉before (or at least on
an equal footing with) reason;
●A belief that there are crucial areas关键领域of experience
neglected忽视by the rational mind理性; and
●A belief in the general importance of the individual, the personal
and the subjective主体.
Features 熟悉
●centrifugal (against 18th century’s centripetal向心的)
●a revolt against 反抗aristocratic social贵族社会and political
norms 政治规范of the Age of Enlightenment启蒙时代, and
●a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature对自然
科学合理化的反映, but with human qualities人的素质or
system of symbols系统的符号;
●interest in the supernatural超自然and strange (the mysterious
and exotic神秘的异国情调的), the Middle Ages
●It was embodied呈现most strongly最强烈的in the visual arts
视觉艺术, music, and literature文学.
Genre and Representatives
1. Literary Genre: Poetry, Prose (essay)
2. Representatives代表
●Poets Prose Writers
●William Wordsworth &
Samuel Taylor Coleridge Charles Lamb
●William Blake & Robert Burns William Hazlitt
●George Gordon Byron ,
Percy Bysshe Shelley, &John Keats Thomas De Quincey
William Wordsworth
Biography
●Born in Cockermouth柯特茅斯, Cumberland坎伯兰郡, the Lake
District in northern England;
●Nature means nurturer and guide to him;
●In Cambridge University, two tours: one to France and the Alps阿
尔卑斯, the other Wales, 1791 B.A. ;
●1791-1792 warm supporter拥护者of French Revolution;
●Become a intimate知己friend with Coleridge;
●In 1843 poet laureate桂冠诗人of England (1843-50).
Major Works
●Books: such as Lyrical Ballads抒情诗集(1798), Poems, in Two
Volumes副标题(1807), Lucy Poems露西组诗(1799), The
Prelude序曲(1798-1839).
●Poems:“Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey行由
几英里以上丁登寺” (1798), “Ode: Intimations of Immortality永生的提示” (1807), “The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女” (1805)
etc.
*Literary Ideas (reflected体现in the preface 前言，引语of Lyrical Ballads)
How do you understand the following definition定义given by Wordsworth: spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion recollected in tranquility?
To Wordsworth, poetry is the profound深刻的feeling rooted in common people’s common life incidents centering on以。。为中心the feelings, emotions, intuition直觉and imagination which is first stimulated刺激in life, esp. rustic life乡村生活, and then recollected回忆到in contemplation深思，冥想or in emptiness空虚. Take “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我是一个孤云” for example. It was composed沉着two years later after the poet saw the scene of daffodils 水仙花by the lake. In that sense the feeling of loneliness寂寞and negative mood which later in the poem changed into happy and ecstasy 狂喜ones were recollected when the poet was in pensive忧郁的mood in 1804. The feelings of the past was refined微妙的and endowed with被赋予insights深刻见解by the poet when it came the time to write the feelings down.
I wandered Lonely as a Cloud
“For oft, when on my couch睡椅I lie
In vacant空虚or in pensive mood哀思,
they flash upon that inward eye”
Discussion Questions:
●1.What does the phrase “inward eye” mean?
the soul
● 2.What is the author’s view of nature according to the poem?
Nature has the healing power to cleanse净化and invigorate human spirit使精力充沛.
Questions for Daffodils水仙花
●How do you understand the relation between the poet and
nature?
I wandered Lonely as a Cloud
●What is the theme of it？
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” is a poem about nature. With his pure 纯粹的and poetic language诗歌语言, Wordsworth brings us into a beautiful world where there are daffodils, trees and breeze微风. We follow the poet at every turn of his feelings. We share his melancholy 愁思when he “wandered lonely as a cloud” and his delight高兴the moment his heart “with pleasure fills ”. We come to realize the great power of nature that may influence our life deeply as revealed透露，显示in the poem.
George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)
Works
●Hours of Idleness闲散地时光
●Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 公子哈罗德的朝圣之旅(fame)
●Don Juan唐璜(masterpiece杰作)
●Byronic拜伦式Hero (熟悉): a proud, mysterious rebel figure of
noble origin一个高傲的，神秘高贵血统的反抗. With immense superiority 巨大优势in his passion and powers, this Byronic
hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the
wrongs in a corrupt腐败的society, and would rise
single-handedly单独的against any kind of tyrannical 残暴的
rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustive不彻底的，不完备的
energies.
●In his verse drama诗歌戏剧, the conflict is usually one of
rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and
conventions.冲突通常是一个叛逆的人反对腐败的社会的约定
●The figure is, to some extent在一定程度上, modeled on the life
and personality of Byron himself.仿造拜伦本人的生活和个性
●Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Oriental
Tales东方故事集, Manfred曼弗雷德, and Don Juan唐璜.
Don Juan (a comic epic漫画史诗)
●Don Juan: based on a traditional Spanish legend传奇of a great
lover and seducer of women.一个伟大的情人和玩弄女性的女
性
●Byron invests in寄希望于Juan the moral positives like courage,
generosity慷慨and frankness率直.
●By making use of Juan’s adventures, Byron presents a panoramic
view全景of different types of society.
●In Don Juan, Byron reveals揭示了the barbarity残忍and
blood-lust血腥of war, the incompetence无能of the generals
将军who conduct it, and rapaciousness强取of the rulers统治
者who urge强烈要求it.
●It has the basic theme of apprearance and reality, i. e. what
things seem to be and what they actually are. Byron here is
attacking not a personal enemy, but the whole hypocritical
society.
Byron’s Style
●Diction措词: though unequal and frequently faulty, has on the
whole a freedom, copiousness丰裕and vigor活力. His
descriptions are simple and fresh, and often bring vivid objects
before the reader.
●He employed the Ottva Rima (octave stanza八度节) from Italian
mockheroic poetry模仿英雄诗.
●Glowing发光的imagination
Robert Browning and his “My Last Duchess”Browning’s major works
●In 1842: My Last Duchess (《我的前公爵夫人》)
●In 1845: Dramatic Lyrics(《戏剧抒情诗》)
Dramatic Romances and Lyrics(《戏剧浪漫诗与抒情诗》)
●In 1846: Bells and Pomegranates(《铃铛与石榴树》)
Browning’s major works
●In 1855: Men and Women男男女女
●in 1868-1869: The Ring and the Book(《指环与书》)
●In 1880: Dramatic Idylls(《戏剧田园诗》)
Dramatic monologue戏剧独白is a piece of spoken verse诗节that offers great insight into the feelings of the speaker.
Soliloquy独白is a device策略，设计often used in drama whereby a character relates his or her thoughts and feelings to him/herself and to the audience without addressing寻址any of the other characters, and is delivered often when they are alone or think they are alone.
summary
soliloquy in a play is that the character speaks to themselves, dramatic monologues suggest an auditor旁听生or auditors.
My Last Duchess
Though his fair daughter's self, as I avowed
当然．如我开头声明的，他美貌的小姐
At starting, is my object. Nay, we'll go
才是我追求的目标。别客气，让咱们
Together down, sir. Notice Neptune, though,
一同下楼吧。但请看这海神尼普顿
Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity,
在驯服海马，这是件珍贵的收藏，
Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!
是克劳斯为我特制的青铜铸像。
Discussion Questions
1.What are the rhyming scheme and metrical pattern of this poem?
Couplet对句; iambic pentameter.
2.What does the statue of Neptune signify?
It signifies the strong sense of control and authority of the Duke as a man of insincerity and cruelty.
Duke:
Cruel;
Hypocritical;
Possessive;
Hierarchical.
Duchess:
Enthusiasm;
Purity;
Equality.
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还
多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方
Beowulf English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England.Beowulf is the national epic of the English people. Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.Its main stories are evidently folk legends of primative Northern tribes.The most striking feature of Beowulf is the use of alliteration（头韵）.In alliterative verse,certain accented word in a line begin with the same consonant sound,there are generally 4 accents in a line,three of which show alliteration.Other features are the use of metaphors and of understatements(掩饰). ―Ring-giver‖ is used for king, ―sea-wood‖for ship.Ironical humour is often regarded as a permanentcharacteristic of English. Chaucer (About 1340-1400.) His literature career can be divided into three periods:French Period (The Romaunt of the Rose) ,Italian Period,England period.Troilus and Criseyde is his longest complete poem(8000 lines) and his greatest artistic achievement.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie,he affi rms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached by the church.As a forerunner of humanism,he praises man’s energy,intellect,quick wit and love of life.Chaucer’s language,called Middle English,is vivid and exact.Contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet(双韵诗体)of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the heroic couplet)to English poetry,instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Marlowe(1564-1593)
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
英国文学选读》课程教学大纲 课程编号： 01120280 学分：2 学时： 34（其中实践学时： 0） 授课学期：第 5 学期 一、课程的性质、地位、作用及与其他课程的联系 该课程的目的在于培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力，掌握文学批评的 基本知识和方法。通过阅读和分析英国文学作品，使学生了解英国的历史、地理、社会、政 治等方面的情况及文化传统， 促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解， 提高学生对文化差异的敏 感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性， 培养学生的跨文化交际能力。 授课的内容包括： （ 1） 文学导论；英语文学常识；（ 2）英国文学史；（ 3）英国文学经典作品导读；（ 4）英国文 学批评。选用《新编英国文学选读》（上、下册），罗经国 编著；北京大学出版社； 2005。 期望达到如下教学要求： 1． 对英国文学的发展概况有清晰的了解； 2． 对重要的文学术语有相当的了解并能在文学批评中加以运用； 3． 能读懂英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品； 4． 熟悉英国主要作家代表作、其写作风格和所属流派； 5． 要求在理解的基础上分析文章的思想观点、篇章结构、语言特点、修辞手法、文体 风格； 6． 要求学生有较强的跨文化交际的能力。 二、课程的教学内容与要求 Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1066) 教学目标】帮助学生了解古英语诗歌的源泉及其韵律特点 教学内容】 1. Historical background 2. Northumbrian School and Wessex Literature 3. Anglo-Saxon Poetry : Beowulf 教学重点与难点】古英语文学的代表人物 King Alfred; Beowulf Chapter Two The Norman Period (1066-1350) 教学目标】帮助学生了解诺曼时期英国骑士文学和法国文学对英国文学的影响。 4． Romance and the influence of French literature 教学重点与难点】骑士文学和宗教文学的特点。 教学内容】 1． Historical background 2． Middle English 3． Religious literature 4．
《英国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲 一、课程说明 1. 课程中文名称：英国文学史及作品选读 2 课程英文名称：History and Selected Readings of English Literature 3. 课程总学时数：32 4. 课程学分数： 2 5. 授课对象：英语专业本科学生 6. 本课程的性质、地位和作用 本课程为面向英语专业高年级（三年级）学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。要求学生以先修英语阅读、综合英语、英美文化和英美概况等课程为基础。通过教学，使学生对英国文学有一个概观了解，同时初步培养学生对英国文学作品的鉴赏能力，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。该课程有助于增强学生的语言基本功，丰富学生的人文知识、充实学生的文化修养，提高学生的精神素质。 二、教学基本要求 1. 本课程的目的、任务 英国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。本课程旨在介绍英国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对英国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。要求学生在阅读和分析英国文学作品的基础上了解英国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养学生对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。 2. 本课程的教学要求 了解英国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言
一．作家作品连线 1.GeoffreyChaucer乔叟——TheCanterburyTales(坎特伯雷故事)，TheBookofTheDuchess（公爵夫人之书）、TheParliamentofFowls（百鸟会议）TheHouseofFame(声誉之堂)、TroilusandCriseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德） 2.WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet,RomeoandJuliet,Sonnet TheMerchantofVenice，HenryIV，TwelfthNight，KingLear，Macbeth Othello,Winter’sTale,TheTempest 3.FrancisBacon培根——OfMarriageandSingleLife（论婚姻和单身）,OfStudies,AdvancementofLearning,NewAtlantis,Essays 4.JohnDonne邓恩(Metaphysicalpoems玄学派诗人)——SongandSonnets（歌与十四行诗）TheGood-Morrow,BreakofDay,HolySonnets（圣十四行诗）,AttheRou ndEarth’sImaginedCorners,Below,Death,BenotProud,Eleg ies,OnHisMistress,ToHisMistressGoingtoBed 5.JohnMilton弥尔顿——ParadiseLost（失乐园）、ParadiseRegained（复乐园）SamsonAgonistes（力士参孙）,Lycidas(利西达斯），Areopagitica, 6.DanielDefoe笛福——TheLifeandstrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记）、CaptainSingleton(辛格顿船长)、MollFlanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）AJournalofthePlagueYear（大疫年日记）、Roxana（罗克萨娜） 7.JonathanSwift斯威夫特——Gulliver’sTravels（格列佛游记）ATaleofaTub（一只桶的故事）,AModestProposal（一个温和的建议）,TheBattleoftheBooks,TheDrapier’sLetter,JournaltoStella
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
The Tiger P50 1.Why does the poet mention the Lamb? Do you think both the Lamb and the Ti ger can illuminate each other? The Tyger is corresponding to The Lamb. Both the poems show the poet ’s exploration, understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation. In this poem, the author implies that the Tiger is created by God as well as the Lamb. S o either the Tiger or the Lamb is essential to God. I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other. Although the Lamb can represent the kind “innocent society”, it will be lack of enough motivation to make progress. While the Tiger will caus e social misery, unrest or even disruption, but it can make people release their creativity. So the poet believes that the Tiger is the symbol of strength and courage. And he also praises its passion, desire and all the lofty beauty. 2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger? What idea does the poet want to express? The symbol of the Tyger is one of the two central mysteries of the poem (the other being the Tyger ’s creator). It is unclear what it exactly symbolizes, but scholars have hypothesized that the Tyger could be inspiration, the divine, artistic creation, history, the sublime (the big, mysterious, powerful and sometimes scary. Read more on this in the "Themes and Quotes" section), or vision itself. Really, the list is almost infinite. The point is, the Tyger is important, and Blake’s poem barely limits the possibilities The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality. The poem is divided into six parts. In the first part, the author imagined that he met a terrible tiger on a dark night and was frightened by its awful eyesight. There are creations and creators. How great the creator is that he could create such an awful creation like tiger! In the second part, the author continues to ask, where comes the eyesight like fire, sea or sky? The following two parts, the author describes the creator as a smith. He creates the tiger. What behind the questions is the frightening and respect of the author to the creator. In the fif th part, the author changes his tone and asks when the stars throw down their spears, why they are not happy? The last part is as same as the first part, the creator is too mysterious to understand. The tiger shows its outstanding energy. It’s the vitality which the author thinks highly of. The key sentence of the poem is "Did he who made the Lamb make thee?" It challenges the one-track religious views of the 18 ’s century. The view only concluded that god create the lame, he is so kind a father. But it didn ’t know god also create the tough tiger. He can also be very serious. The god is someone who can’t be truly understood by human beings. Ode to the West Wind P83西风颂 第一节 哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫， 有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨， 呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你以车驾把有翼的种子催送到 黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱， 直等到春天，你碧空的姊妹吹起她的喇叭，在沉睡的大地上响遍，