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大学物理复习题(双语)

大学物理复习题(双语)
大学物理复习题(双语)

1. A particle moves along the x axis. Its position as a function of time is given by x=6.0t+8.5t 2, where t is in seconds and x is in meters. What is the acceleration as a function of time? Solution:

We find the velocity and acceleration by differentiating x = (6.0 m/s)t + (8.5 m/s 2)t 2:

v = d x /d t = (6.0 m/s) + (17 m/s 2)t ;

a = d v /d t = 17 m/s 2.

2. What is the centripetal acceleration of a child

3.6m from the center of a merry-go-round?The child ’s speed is 0.85m/s.

Solution: The centripetal acceleration i s

a R = v 2/r = (0.85 m/s)2/(3.6 m) = 0.20 m/s 2 ,direction: toward the center.

3. Huck Finn walks at a speed of 1.0m/s across his raft(that is,he walks perpendicular to the raft ’s motion relative to the shore).The raft is traveling down the Mississipppi River at a speed of 2.5m/s relative to the river bank.What is the velocity(speed and direction)of Hack relative to the river bank? Solution:

If v HR is the velocity of Huck with respect to the raft, v HB the velocity of Huck with respect to the bank, and v RB the velocity of the raft with respect to the bank, then v HB = v HR + v RB , as shown in the diagram.

From the diagram we get v HB = (v HR 2 + v RB 2)1/2 = [(1.0 m/s)2 + (2.5 m/s)2]1/2 = 2.7 m/s .

We find the angle from

tan θ = v HR /v RB = (1.0 m/s)/(2.5 m/s) = 0.40, which gives θ = 22° from the river bank .

4. A 75-m-long train accelerates uniformly from rest.If the front of the train passes a railway

worker 140m down the track at a speed of 25m/s,what will be the speed of the last car as it passes the worker?

Solution: We use a coordinate system with the origin at the

initial position of the front of the train. We can find the acceleration of the train from the motion up to the point where the front of the train passes the worker: v 12 = v 02 + 2a (D – 0);

(25 m/s)2 = 0 + 2a (140 m – 0),

which gives a = 2.23 m/s 2.

Now we consider the motion of the last car, which starts at – L , to the point where it passes the worker: v 22 = v 02 + 2a [D – (– L )]

= 0 + 2(2.23 m/s 2)(140 m + 75 m), which gives v 2 = 31 m/s .

5.what is the maximum speed with which a 1200-kg car can round a turn of radius 80.0m on a flat road if the coefficient of friction between tires and road is 0.55?Is this result independent of the

RB

H R

a

v = 0

mass of the car?

Solution: If the car does not skid, the friction is static, with F fr ≤ μs F N .

This friction force provides the centripetal acceleration. We take a coordinate system with the x -axis in the direction of the centripetal acceleration.

We write ∑F = m a from the force diagram for the auto: x -component: F fr = ma R = mv 2/R ;

y -component: F N – mg = 0.

The speed is maximum when F fr = F fr,max = μs F N .

When we combine the equations, the mass cancels, and we get μs g = v max

2/R ;

(0.55)(9.80 m/s 2) = v max 2/(80.0 m), which gives v max = 21 m/s .

The mass canceled, so the result is independent of the mass .

6. A thin rod of length l carries a total charge Q distributed uniformly along its length.Determine the electric field along the axis of the rod starting at one end-that is,find E(x) for 0x ≥.

Solution: We choose a differential element of the rod d x ' a distance x ' from the origin of the coordinate system, as shown in the diagram. the limits for x ' are

0 to l . The charge of the element is d q = (Q /l ) d x '. We find the electric field by integrating along the rod:

''2'2'0000000

01

111()4()4()4()44()|l l

l dq Q dx Q Q Q

E i i i i i x x l x x l x x l x l x x x l πεπεπεπεπε--====-=+++++??

7. The resistance of a packing material to a sharp object penetrating it is a force proportional to the fourth power of the penetration depth,x:F=kx 4i.Calculate the work done to force the sharp object a distanced.

Solution: The resisting force opposes the penetration. If we assume no acceleration, the applied force

must be equal to this in the direction of the penetration. For a variable force, we find the work by integration:

W =F ·d

s =

kx 4d x 0

d =kx

55

d =

kd 5

5

. 8. A ball of mass 0.540kg moving east (+x direction) with a speed of 3.9m/s collides head-on with a

0.320-kg ball at rest.If the collision is perfectly elastic,what be the speed and direction of each ball after the collision? Solution:

For the elastic collision of the two balls, we use momentum conservation for this one-dimensional

motion: m 1v 1 + m 2v 2 = m 1v 1' + m 2v 2';

(0.540 kg)(3.90 m/s) + (0.320 kg)(0) = (0.540 kg)v 1' + (0.320 kg)v 2'.

Because the collision is elastic, the relative speed does not change:

y

v 1 – v 2 = – (v 1' – v 2'), or 3.90 m/s – 0 = v 2' – v 1'. Combining these two equations, we get

v 1' = 0.998 m/s , and v 2' = 4.89 m/s .

9. Derive the formula for the moment of inertia of a uniform thin rod of length l about an axis through

its center,perpendicular to the rod. Solution:

We select a differential element of the rod of length d x a distance x from the center of the rod. The element is equivalent to a point mass with a mass of d m = (M /l) d x . We integrate from x = – l/2 to x = l/2 to find the moment of inertia of the rod:

/2

2

2

2

3/23/2/2

2|()33212l l l l M

M M l Ml I x dm x dx x l

l l --==

===?? 10. what is the magnitude of the electric force of attraction between an iron nucleus(q=+26e) and its

innermost electron if the distance between them is 12

1.510

m -??

Solution:

The magnitude of the Coulomb force is

F = kQ 1Q 2/r 2

=(9

2

2

9.010/N m C ??)(26)( 19

1.610

C -?)( 191.610C -?)/(1.5 ? 10–12m)2= 2.7 ? 10–3 N .

11. The total electric flux from a cubical box 28.0 cm on a side is 3

2

1.4510/N m C ??.What charge is enclosed by the box?

Solution: The total flux is depends only on the enclosed charge:

Q

εΦ=

or 12223280(8.8510/)(1.4510/) 1.281012.8Q C N m N m C C nC ε--=Φ=????=?= 12. A boat can travel 2.20m/s in still water.(a)If the boat point its prow directly across a stream whose current is 1.2m/s,what is the velocity(magnitude and direction) of the boat relative to the shore?(b)What will be the position of the boat,relative to its point of origin,after 3.00s? Solution:

(a ) If v BS is the velocity of the boat with respect to the shore,

v BW the velocity of the boat with respect to the water, and v WS the velocity of the water with respect to the shore, then v BS = v BW + v WS , as shown in the diagram.

From the diagram we get

v BS = (v BW 2 + v WS 2)1/2 = [(2.20 m/s)2 + (1.20 m/s)2]1/2 = 2.51 m/s. We find the angle from

tan θ = v BW /v WS = (2.20 m/s)/(1.20 m/s) = 1.83, which gives

W S

v BW

θ = 61.4° from the shore.

(b ) Because the boat will move with constant velocity, the displacement will be

d = v BS t = (2.51 m/s)(3.00 s) = 7.52 m at 61.4° to th

e shore.

13. A charge Q creates an electric potential of +125V at a distance of 15cm.What is Q?

Solution:

We find the charge from V = Q /4π?0r ;

125 V = (9.0 ? 109 N · m 2/C 2)Q /(15 ? 10–2 m), which gives Q = 2.1 ? 10–9 C = 2.1 nC.

14. (a)What is the force per meter of length on a straight wire carring a 7.40A - current when perpendicular to a 0.90T -uniform magnetic field?(b)What if the angle between the wire and field is 45.0?

Solution: a ) The maximum force will be produced when the wire and the magnetic field are

perpendicular, so we have F max = ILB , or F max /L = IB = (7.40 A)(0.90 T) = 6.7 N/m . (b ) We find the force per unit length from

F /L = IB sin 45.0° = (F max /L ) sin 45.0° = (6.7 N/m) sin 45.0° = 4.7 N/m .

15. An electron experiences the greatest force as it travels 6

2.910/m s ? in a magnetic field when it is moving northward.The force is upward and of magnitude 13

7.210N -?.What is the

magnitude and direction of the magnetic field? Solution:

The greatest force will be produced when the velocity and the magnetic field are perpendicular. We point our thumb down (a negative charge!), and our fingers north. We must curl our fingers to the east, which will be the direction of the magnetic field. We find the magnitude from F = qvB ;

7.2 ? 10–13 N = (1.60 ? 10–19 C)(2.9 ? 106 m/s)B , which gives B = 1.6 T east .

16. Two different dielectrics each fill half the space between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor.Determine a formula for the capacitance in terms of 1K ,2K ,the area A of the plates,and the separation d. Solution:

The potential difference must be the same on each half of the capacitor, so we can treat the system as two capacitors in parallel: C = C 1 + C 2 = [K 1?0(1/2A )/d ] + [K 2?0(1/2A )/d ] = (?01/2A /d )(K 1 + K 2) = 1/2(K 1 + K 2)(?0A /d )

= ?0A (K 1 + K 2)/2d

.

17. Let two long parallel wires,a distance d apart,carry equal currents I in the same direction.One wire

is at x=0,the other at x=d.Determine B between the wires as a function of x.

Solution:

Because the currents are in the same direction, between the wires the fields will be in opposite directions. For the net field we have B = B 1 – B 2 = [(μ0/4π)2I 1/x ]j – [(μ0/4π)2I 2/(d – x )]j = (μ0/4π)2I {[(d – x ) – x ]/x (d – x )}j

= [(μ0/4π)2I (d – 2x )/x (d – x )]j .

18. A 32-cm-long solenoid,1.8cm in diameter,is to produce a 0.30T - magnetic field at its center.If the maximum current is 5.7A ,how many turns must the solenoid have? Solution: We find the number of turns in the solenoid from B = μ0nI = μ0NI /L ;

0.30 T = (4π ? 10–7 T · m/A)[N /(0.32 m)](5.7 A), which gives N =1.3 ? 104 turns .

19. A spherical cavity of radius 4.50 cm is at the center of a metal sphere of radius 18.0 cm.A point charge 5.50Q C μ= rests at the very center of the cavity,whereas the metal conductor carries no net charge.Determine the electric field at a point(a)3.0 cm from the center of the cavity and (b)6.0 cm from the center of the cavity.

Solution: From the symmetry of the charge distribution, we know that

the electric field must be radial, with a magnitude independent of the direction.

(a ) For a spherical Gaussian surface within the spherical

cavity, we have

2

04enclosed

Q Q

E dA E r πεε?=?=

=?,so we have

692

2

2

0(5.5010)(9.010/)4(0.030)Q

C N m C E r m πε-???==

75.510/N C =?(away from the center)

(b ) The point 6.0 cm from the center is inside the conductor,

thus the electric field is 0.

Note that there must be a negative charge of – 5.50 μC on the surface of the cavity and a positive

charge of + 5.50 μC on the outer surface of the sphere.

20. How strong is the electricfield between the plates of a 0.80F μair-gap capacitor if they are

2.0mm apart and each has a charge of 72 C μ? Solution: We find the potential difference across the plates from

x

Q = CV ;

72 μC = (0.80 μF)V , which gives V = 90 V . We find the uniform electric field between the plates from

E = V /d = (90 V)/(2.0 ? 10–3 m) = 4.5 ? 104 V/m .

21. Try to find out I of a uniform thin rod of mass m , length L about C (central )?

dx dm λ=, dm x dI 2= dx x λ2=

?-=22

2L L c dx x I λ 3121L λ=

212

1

mL =

22. Protons move in a circle of radius 5.10cm in a 0.725-T magnetic field.What value of electric field

could make their paths straight?In what direction must the electric field point? Solution: For the circular motion, the magnetic force provides the radial acceleration: qvB = mv 2/r , or v = qBr /m .

To make the path straight, the forces from the electric field and the magnetic field balance:

qE = qvB = q (qBr /m )B , or E = qB 2r /m = (1.60 ? 10–19 C)(0.725 T)2(0.0510 m)/(1.67 ? 10–27 kg)

= 2.57 ? 106 V/m perpendicular to B .

23.infinte line wire (E and B)

大学物理学期末考试复习题精华版

运动学 1.选择题 某质点作直线运动的运动学方程为x =3t -5t 3 + 6 (SI),则该质点作 ( ) (A) 匀加速直线运动,加速度沿x 轴正方向. (B) 匀加速直线运动,加速度沿x 轴负方向. (C) 变加速直线运动,加速度沿x 轴正方向. (D) 变加速直线运动,加速度沿x 轴负方向. 答:(D ) .以下五种运动形式中,a 保持不变的运动是 ( ) (A) 单摆的运动. (B) 匀速率圆周运动. (C) 行星的椭圆轨道运动. (D) 抛体运动. 答:(D ) 对于沿曲线运动的物体,以下几种说法中哪一种是正确的: ( ) (A) 切向加速度必不为零. (B) 法向加速度必不为零(拐点处除外). (C) 由于速度沿切线方向,法向分速度必为零,因此法向加速度必为零. (D) 若物体作匀速率运动,其总加速度必为零. 答:(B ) 质点作半径为R 的变速圆周运动时的加速度大小为(v 表示任一时刻质点的速率) ( ) (A) t d d v . (B) R 2v . (C) R t 2 d d v v . (D) 2 /1242d d R t v v . 答:(D ) 质点沿半径为R 的圆周作匀速率运动,每T 秒转一圈.在2T 时间间隔中,其平均速度大小与平均速率大小分别为 ( ) (A) 2 R /T , 2 R/T . (B) 0 , 2 R /T (C) 0 , 0. (D) 2 R /T , 0. 答:(B ) 一质点作直线运动,某时刻的瞬时速度 v 2 m/s ,瞬时加速度2 /2s m a ,则一秒钟后质点的速度 ( ) (A) 等于零. (B) 等于 2 m/s . (C) 等于2 m/s . (D) 不能确定. 答:(D )

大学物理双语2012-2013-1月A答案及评分标准

标准答案及评分标准 一.Choice(20分,每题4分) 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. a 二.Blanks (20分) 6. 0.5 (1分) 3 (1分) 1/2 (1分) π/6(2分) 3π or 9.42 (3pts) 7. 1.26 (3分) 8. 2.26°(3分) 9. 3.56×10-28 (3分) 10. 1.14eV (3分) 三.Questions(10分) 11. (5pts) The relativity principle: The laws of physics must be the same in all inertial reference frames. 一切物理规律在惯性系中相同。(2分) The constancy of the speed of light: The speed of light in vacuum has the same value c in all inertial frames, regardless of the velocity of the observer or the velocity of the source emitting the light. 真空中的光速在任何惯性系中都是c ,与光源或观察者的运动无关。(3分) 12. (5pts) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is independent of light intensity. (2分) No electrons are emitted if the incident light frequency falls below some cutoff frequency fc , whose value is characteristic of the material being illuminated, regardless of the light intensity.(3分) 四. Problems (50分) 13(10pts) (1) The average transitional kinetic energy 21101.623-?== kT K t J ………………… 3pts (2) the rms speed s m M RT v rms /4803≈= ………………… 3pts (3) the internal energy RT i E 2 = ………………… 1pts For O 2, i = 5, ………………… 1pts the internal energy 60912≈= RT i E J ………………… 2pts 14(10pts) (1) 1→2: Isothermal expansion )/ln( 12V V nRT Q H H = ………………… 2pts 3→4: Isothermal compression )/ln( 34V V nRT Q L L = ………………… 2pts (2) 2→3: Adiabatic expansion 1312 --=γγV T V T L H ………………… 1pts

大学物理 1 期末考试复习原题 (含参考答案)

大学物理1期末考试复习原题 力学 8. A 质量为m的小球,用轻绳AB、BC连接,如图,其中AB水平.剪断绳AB 前后的瞬间,绳BC中的张力比T : T′=____________________. 9. 一圆锥摆摆长为l、摆锤质量为m,在水平面上作匀速圆周运动,摆线与铅直线夹角θ,则 (1) 摆线的张力T=_____________________; (2) 摆锤的速率v=_____________________. 12. 一光滑的内表面半径为10 cm的半球形碗,以匀角速度ω绕其对称OC 旋转.已知放在碗内表面上的一个小球P相对于碗静止,其位置高于碗底4 cm,则由此可推知碗旋转的角速度约为

(C) 17 rad/s (D) 18 rad/s.[] 13. 质量为m的小球,放在光滑的木板和光滑的墙壁之间,并保持平衡,如图所示.设木板和墙壁之间的夹角为α,当α逐渐增大时,小球对木板的压力将 (A) 增加(B) 减少.(C) 不变. (D) 先是增加,后又减小.压力增减的分界角为α=45°.[ ] 15. m m 一圆盘正绕垂直于盘面的水平光滑固定轴O转动,如图射来两个质量相同,速度大小相同,方向相反并在一条直线上的子弹,子弹射入圆盘并且留在盘内,则子弹射入后的瞬间,圆盘的角速度ω (A) 增大.(B) 不变.(C) 减小.(D) 不能确定定.()

16. 如图所示,A、B为两个相同的绕着轻绳的定滑轮.A滑轮挂一质量为M的物体,B滑轮受拉力F,而且F=Mg.设A、B两滑轮的角加速度分别为βA和βB,不计滑轮轴的摩擦,则有 (A) βA=βB.(B) βA>βB. (C) βA<βB.(D) 开始时βA=βB,以后βA<βB. 18. 有两个半径相同,质量相等的细圆环A和B.A环的质量分布均匀,B环的质量分布不均匀.它们对通过环心并与环面垂直的轴的转动惯量分别为J A和J B,则 (A) J A>J B(B) J A<J B. (C) J A =J B.(D) 不能确定J A、J B哪个大. 22. 一人坐在转椅上,双手各持一哑铃,哑铃与转轴的距离各为0.6 m.先让人体以5 rad/s的角速度随转椅旋转.此后,人将哑铃拉回使与转轴距离为0.2 m.人体和转椅对轴的转动惯量为5 kg·m2,并视为不变.每一哑铃的质量为5 kg可视为质点.哑铃被拉回后,人体的角速度ω = __________________________.

大学物理双语2012-2013-1月A

一、Choice (4pts*5) 1. Free expansion . A adiabatic container has two parts connected by a valve (阀门). The volume of the two parts is the same ( Fig.1 ). The left part is filled with ideal gas (diatomic molecule 双原子分子) with temperature T . When the valve is opened, the gas will expand freely to fill both parts. After the system reach thermal equilibrium, the temperature of the gas is () (a) T (b) 2/T (c) 3/22/T (d) T 2 2 A red star and a blue star, which has higher surface temperature? (a) The red star (b) The blue star (c) They have the same surface temperature (d) Unable to determine 3. A particle’s location is measured and specified as being exactly at x = 0, with zero uncertainty in the x direction. How does that location affect the uncertainty of its momentun component in the y direction? (a) It does not affect it. (b) It makes it infinite. (c) It makes it zero. 4. Unpolarized light passes through two polarizers whose optical axes are in the same direction. The intensity of the emerging light is I 0. If a third polarizer is placed between the polarizers so that its axis is at an angle θ with the other two, the intensity of the emerging light is (a) zero (b) I 0 (c) I 0 cos 2θ (d) I 0 cos 4θ 5. The following functions may represent the wave motion f (x ,t ) in a one-dimensional elastic medium in terms of position x , time t , and positive constants A , a , and b . Which function represents a traveling wave moving in the negative x-direction? (a) ()()bt ax A t x f +=sin , (b) ()()bt ax A t x f -=sin , (c) ()bt ax A t x f cos cos ,= (d) ()bt ax A t x f sin sin ,= Fig.1

大学物理考试复习题

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