English for Geography
地理专业英语
Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude ...........................经度和纬度P1 (1)
Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转和公转P6 (2)
Lesson 3. Map projections and map scale ...............地图投影与地图比例尺P10 (5)
Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)
Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)
Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 (8)
Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)
Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)
Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)
Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)
Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)
Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)
Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因和影响P168 (12)
Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)
Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
经度和纬度
1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengths of arc are measured along meridians and parallels；
测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的
2、that desired point 欲量算的点
3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between that place and the prime meridian 经度的定义
4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between that place and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数
5、almost universally 几乎一致
6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes through the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich
人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线
7、be referred to as 被称为
8、Long. 115。18′02′′～ 116。56′15′′E；Lat. 23。25′10′′～ 24。46′30′′W 梅州市
9、If only 只要要是、、、、就好，但愿
e.g. If only it clear up, we’ll go. 只要天一放晴，我们就走
e.g. If only you had worked with great care. 你要是更细心一点该多好啊。
e.g. If only he arrives in time. 但愿他及时赶到
10、If only the longitude of a point is stated 如果只有，如果只
11、the same arc of measure 相同的量算弧度applies to an entire meridian.
12、apply to + 名词或动名词适用于、请求帮忙
e.g. For particulars, ～ the information desk 请求帮忙
13、the expression 词语
14、“a meridian of longitude”经度子午线
15、The actual length, in kilometers or miles, of a degree of longitude
经度一度的实际长度（以公里或英里计）
16、It is also useful to know that the length of 1°of longitude is reduced to about one-half as much along the 60°parallels, or about 55.5km(34.5mi) 到了60度纬线，经度一度的弧的长度减少到原来长度的二分之一左右，即55.5公里。知道这一点也是有用的。
17、The latitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a meridian between that place and the equator. 纬度的定义
18、The latitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a meridian between that place and the equator. 某地的纬度系该地与赤道之间子午线的弧的度数
19、when both the latitude and longitude of a place are given, it is accurately any precisely located with respect to the geographic grid.
确定了一个地方的经纬度，就可以在地里网格上精确地定出它的位置
geographic grid 地理格网
with respect to关于、对于
e.g. In respect to the content this essay is good, but it is unsatisfactory in other respects.
关于（至于）这文章的内容是好的，但其他方面不理想
20、constant value 常值
21、for ordinary purposes 通常情况下
22、by no means 决不
23、large – scale map 大比例尺地图
24、small– scale map 小比例尺地图
25、A circle, fitted to the curvature of the ellipse at the pole, is larger in radius than a circle fitted to the ellipse at the equator 与极地椭圆相吻合的圆，其半径要比与赤道椭圆相吻合的圆的半径大
26、at 15 intervals 每隔15度
27、The fixed star(sun)----planet ----nebula---comet----meteor恒星----行星----星云----彗星---流星
28、Sun Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune Pluto(×)
29、The Pluto is dwarf planet（矮行星）
Lesson 2. ROTATION AND REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
地球的自转和公转 P6
Rotation [r?u′tei??n] 自转Revolution [r?v?′lu:??n] 公转Polar[p?ul?]; 地极的
axis[?ksis] 轴
Solar day 太阳日
Solar hour 太阳时
centrifugal [sen′trifjug?l] 离心的
sidereal year 恒星年
tropical year 回归年
Vernal [′v?:n?l] 春天的
equinox [′i:kwin?ks] n. 二分点
Vernal equinox 春分（点）
calendar year 历年
leap year 闰年
Text
1、polar axis 极轴
2、period of rotation 自转周期
3、mean 平均的、中间的、鄙陋的
mean solar day 平均太阳日
mean solar hour 平均太阳时
mean temperature （ velocity ）平均气温
mean motive 鄙陋的动机
mean opinion 自卑感
Take a mean course 采取折衷方法
4、This day is the average time required for the earth to make one complete turn in respect to the sun. 平均太阳日系地球对太阳而言完成一次自转所需的平均时间
in respect to / with respect to 关于
5、applying one of the following rules 采用下列法则之一
6、Globe 地球仪
Equator 赤道
North Pole 北极
Parallel 纬线
Meridian 经线
The Prime Meridian 本初子午线north pole of the Earth 地球北极counter 反的、逆的counterclockwise 逆时针Counteract 反作用Countermeasure 对策
7、the apparent motion of the sun 视太阳运动
apparent 明显的，表观的，外显的，视
～ angle 视角;
～solar time 视太阳时
body 天体
8、The velocity of earth rotation, defined as rate of travel of a point on the earth’s surface in a circular path due to rotation alone, may easily be computed by dividing the length of parallel at the latitude of the point in question by 24, the approximate period of rotation.
地球自转速度的定义是地面上某一点仅由于自转而沿圆形轨道运动的速率，用该点所在纬度的纬线长度除以24（自转的近似周期），就可以很容易算出地球的速度。
in question 正被讨论的
the point in question 该点
the job in question 该项工作
the book in question 该书
9、at constant rate 以恒定的速率
10、two important physical phenomena result from the decrease in rotational velocity with increase in latitude.
自转速度随纬度增加而减小，这导致了两个重要的自然现象
physical phenomena 自然现象
result from 起因于
11、there is a centrifugal force generated by the earth’s turning which gives surface objects a faint tendency to fly off into space
地球自转产生了离心力，它使地面上的物体略有脱离地球飞向太空的趋势
centrifugal force 离心力
12、this effect is most marked；be marked；be obvious；be outstanding 显著的
13、For example, an object which would weigh 289 pounds at the equator if the earth were not turning actually weighs l pound less.
例如，一个在赤道上的物体在地球不转动的情况下重289磅，它称起来实际上要轻1磅
14、Another effect of the decreasing rotational velocity with increasing latitude is to cause objects in motion to be deflected slightly to the right or left of their paths.
自转速度随纬度增高而减小的另一个影响，是使运动物体或左或右地稍许偏离轨道
15、the Ecliptic plane 黄道面
16、For example, the time required for the earth to return to a given point in its orbit with reference to the fixed stars is called the sidereal year.
例如，以某些恒星为参照物，地球转回轨道上特定的某一点所需要的时间为恒星年。
the fixed stars 恒星
with reference to 以…..为参照
sidereal year 恒星年
17、For earth-sun relationships we use the tropical year, which is the period of time from one vernal equinox to the next, and has a length of approximately 3651/4 days.
我们用回归年来表示地球与太阳之间的关系，回归年是从一个春分点到下一个春分点的时间
周期，长约365.25天。
18、The vernal Equinox 春分日 Arctic Circle 北极圈
The summer solstice 夏至日 Antarctic Circle 南极圈
The autumnal Equinox 秋分日 polar day 极昼
The winter solstice 冬至日 polar night 极夜
19、tropic （天）回归线
the tropic of Cancer （巨蟹座）北回归线
the tropic of Capricorn（摩羯座）南回归线
20、tropical 热带的
the tropical zone 热带
the temperate zone 温带
the frigid one; 寒带
the tropical storm 热带风暴;
21、hurricane 飓风
Severe ocean storms that develop over the Indian Ocean are called cyclones.
Storms that form over the northwestern Pacific Ocean are typhoons.
And storms that form over the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean are hurricanes
22、Every four years the extra one-fourth day difference （between the tropical years and the calendar year of 365 days ）accumulates to nearly one whole day .
23、By inserting a 29th day in February every leap year we are able to correct the calendar with respect to the tropical year.
每逢闰年，在二月份加上第29天，我们就能根据回归年来校正年历。
24、Further minor corrections are necessary to perfect this system.
为了完善这个系统，有必要再作一些小的修正
25、In its orbit the earth moves in such a direction that if we imagine ourselves in space, looking down upon the earth and sun so as to see the north pole of the earth, the earth
is traveling counterclockwise around the sun. This is the same direction of turning as the earth rotation.
Lesson 3. MAP PROJECTIONS AND MAP SCALE
地图投影与地图比例尺 P10
Mercator projection 墨卡托投影distortion n. 畸形；变形navigation n. 航行；导航converge v. 会聚；集中exaggerate v. 夸大；夸张comparison n. 比较；对照continent n. 大陆；陆地
simultaneously ad. 同时地
linear a. 线的；直线的
graphic a. 图的；图解的
representative fraction 分数比例尺
magnitude n. 大小
disproportionately ad. 不匀称地；不相称
地
TEXT
1、introduce 引起
2、a certain amount of distortion 一定程度的变形
3、curved surface 弯曲表面
4、the amount of distortion 变形的程度
5、be disregarded 忽略不计
6、A classic instance of this is the well-know Mercator projection. 典型实例
7、Mercator projection 墨卡托投影
Equal-area projection 等积投影
cylindrical projection 圆柱投影
8、exaggerates the east-west dimension of areas near the poles
夸张了极地附近的东西幅度
9、In addition it exaggerates the north –south dimension, since the parallels are not spaced evenly between the equator and the poles, as they are on the globe, but gradually draw farther and farther apart with increasing distance from the equator.
In addition 另外
In addition to 除- - -之外
Since 因为
on the globe
on the earth
10、On a Mercator map the mathematical location (latitude and longitude)of every place is accurate, but areas near the poles are stretched out of shape and are greatly distorted in size, with the familiar result that Greenland appears bigger than South America, though in reality it is only one-eighth as large
mathematical location 数学位置
with the familiar result that 造成了总所周知的结果
as large= as large as the area of ………….
for visal comparison 用作直观上的大小比较
11、Almost endless ways have been devised to project the curved surface of the globe onto
a plane.
为了将地球弯曲的表面投影到一个平面上，人们几乎想出了无数的方法
12、One must take care not to use a particular projection for some purpose for which it was not designed.
大家务必注意，不要把为了某种用途而设计的投影用于其它目的
13、It must be remembered that no flat map can simultaneously（同时）represent true direction, true distance, true shape, and true area for a particular segment of earth space.（地球空间某一个别部分的真实面积）
必须记住：平面图不能同时表示真实的方向、距离、形状和地球空间某一个别部分的真实面积。
14、For this = ～ reason
15、globe is required 我们需要球面图
16、Students should keep in mind the importance of map scale.
17、The scale of a map is the actual distance on the earth that is represented by a given linear unit on the map. （定义）
地图比例尺是在地图上用一定的直线单位表示地球上的实际距离
18、This relationship may be shown on a graphic scale, or it may be stated in words, for instance, one inch [on the map] equals one mile [on the ground], or it may be expressed as a representative fraction, for example 1/62,500, wherein one unit on the map is equivalent to 62,500 of the same units on the ground,
a graphic scale 图解式比例尺/ 线段比例尺
scale stated in words 说明式比例尺/文字比例尺
representative fraction分数比例尺/数字比例尺
large-scale map 大比例尺地图 1∶5000至1∶10万的地形图
middle-scale map 中比例尺地图 1∶25万和1∶50万地形图
small-scale map 小比例尺地图 1∶100万地形图
19、whereas small-scale maps permit fewer details and require an increasing degree of generalization as the scale of the map grows less
但小比例尺地图所能表示的详细程度较差，而且地图比例尺愈小，它的概括度就愈高。
degree of generalization 概括度
20、To convey relative magnitudes effectively, symbols on a small-scale map (for instance, symbols denoting cities of different sizes) often occupy disproportionately large portions of the map sheet.
为了有效地表示相对大小，符号（如表示大小不同的城市的符号）在小比例尺地图上常常不相称地占据大部分图幅
Lesson 4. THE MAJOR CLASSES OF LANDFORMS
主要地形类型 P13
1、four very general types 4种非常笼统的类型
2、general 一般的、总的、全面的、大体的、笼统的
a ～ outline 大纲
He speaks in ～ terms. 他笼统地说了说
3、plain
4、be susceptible to + n = can be done 可被- - -的
e.g. The problem is ～ to solution= The problem can be solved.
5、However, it is the horizontal (dimension) rather than the vertical dimension which predominates in plains country
但是，在平原地区占优势的是水平维而不是垂直维
horizontal dimension and vertical dimension ; 水平维和垂直维
plains country 平原地区
hilly ～丘陵地区
6、To a degree 一定程度上
7、To qualify as plateaus in the strictest sense5, such areas should be terminated on at least one side by a steep edge, or escarpment, marking an abrupt transition from the plateau surface to areas at a lower elevation.
严格地说，要达到高原的标准，这种地区至少应有一侧是陡峭的边缘（即陡崖），表现为从高原表面到低海拔地区呈现突然的过渡。
To qualify as 为了达到-----标准
Marking 表现为
8、However, the word “plateau” is often used loosely in referring to relatively level areas lying at considerable heights, whether terminated by a definite escarpment or not 但是，高原这个词常常不严格地用来指高度相当大、相对平坦的地区，而不管其尽头有无陡崖。 considerably high 相当高
Comparatively high 比较高
9、well-defined plateaus界限明确的高原
10、be spoken of as 被叫做
11、tableland 高地
12、To complicate matter, many plateaus in areas with considerable rainfall have been cut into predominantly hilly or even mountainous country by their many streams, yet are still commonly referred to as plateaus.
predominantly 以----为主
referred to as 被称为
使问题复杂化的是，多雨地区的许多高原已被许多河流切割成以丘陵甚至以山地为主的地区，但通常仍被称为高原
13、Yungui plateau 云贵高原
Neimenggu plateau 内蒙古高原
the Tibetan plateau；the Qinghai plateau 青藏高原
the loess plateau 黄土高原
the inner Mongolial plateau 内蒙古高原
the Yungui plateau 云贵高原
The Brazil plateau 巴西高原
14、hill land 丘陵
15、Mountains 山地
16、In general, mountains are higher and more rugged than hill lands, are more of a barrier to movement, and generally offer fewer possibilities for human settlement and use.
be of a barrier = be blocked 阻碍
一般而言，山地比丘陵高，而且更加崎岖，更有碍于人们活动，一般供人类居住和利用的可能性也小
17、Whereas many areas of hill land support moderate to dense populations, most mountain areas are sparsely populate.
大多数山地人口稀少，而许多丘陵地区却供养着密度中等乃至稠密的人口。
18、over the earth = around the earth 世界各地
19、 plains country 平原地区
20、areas of a few hundred feet elevation which stand out conspicuously above their surroundings may be called “mountains” by the local inhabitants
conspicuously = obviously 明显地
stand out conspicuously above their surroundings 兀立于四周
在平原地区，兀立于四周、高出几百英尺的地区，当地居民可能称之为“山地”
21、However, the term is most commonly used in reference to comparatively rugged areas lying at least 2,000 to3,000 feet above sea level.
in reference to = refer to 指示
但是，人们最常用这个词来指海拔至少在2000-3000英尺以上的比较崎岖的地区。
22、Basin 盆地
the Tarim basin; 塔里木盆地
The Taklimakan Desert
the Tarim River(longest continental river)
Junggar basin 准噶尔盆地
The Qaidam basin 柴达木盆地
the Sichuan basin 四川盆地
the Turpan basin 吐鲁番盆地
23、Plain 平原
The northeast plain 东北平原
The north China plain 华北平原
The middle and lower reaches of Yellow River 黄河中下游
The plain of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River 长江中下游平原
The Amazon plain 亚马孙平原
24、Himalayan Mountain range/ Himalayan range/ Mountains 喜马拉雅山脉
The Mount Qonmolangma 珠穆朗玛峰
The Everest Mount；The Everest Tower 埃菲尔铁塔
the Andes range 安第斯山脉
The Rocky Mountains 落基山脉
The three gorges of Yangtze River 长江三峡
Lesson 5 DELTA PLAINS
三角洲平原P16
上课时老师讲了很多内容，但是拷回来的课件里面没有这个内容
Lesson 6. LIMESTONE CAVERNS AND KARST LANDSCAPES
石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21
老师上课就讲了第一段的内容
Lesson 7. Layers of the Earth
地球圈层 P31
1、The core 地核
The inner core 内核
The Outer core 外核
2、Mantle 地幔
Upper mantle 上地幔
3、Crust 地壳
4、Lithosphere 岩石圈
5、Oblate spheroid 扁的椭球体
6、seismic evidence 地震的证据
Seismic waves 地震波
7、basalt rich oceanic crust 富含玄武岩的洋壳
8、granitic rich continental crust 富含花岗岩的陆壳
9、continental crust 陆壳
10、oceanic crust 洋壳
11、is theorized to be 被认为是
12、per cubic centimeter 每立方厘米 cm3
13、The mantle comprises 83% of the Earth’s volume
地幔占地球体积的83%
14、the base of the crust 地壳基部
15、ultramatic rock 超基性岩
16、the top layer of the upper mantle 上地幔顶部
17、Asthenosphere 软流圈
18、The lithosphere is a layer that includes the crust and the upper most portion of the asthenosphere.(英译中)…………
19、plastic flow 塑性流动
20、geologic time 地质时期
21、Sedimentary deposits 陆相沉积层
22、Plastic asthenosphere 软流层
Lesson 8. The rock cycle
岩石循环 P43
1、A rock can be defined as a solid substance that occurs naturally because of the effects of there basic geological process geological process 地质过程岩石可定义（认为）是一种固体物质，这固体物质因为3种基本地质过程的作用而自然形成。
岩石可定义（认为）是一种因为3种基本地质过程的作用而自然形成的固体物质。
2、magma 岩浆→ magma solidification 岩浆固结
3、sedimentation of weathered rock debris 风化岩屑的沉积
4、Metamorphism 变质作用
5、Three main types of rock 3种主要岩石类型
igneous rock 火成岩
sedimentary rock 沉积岩
metamorphic rock 变质岩
6、continental plate 大陆板块
7、oceanic plate 海洋板块
8、igneous rock 火成岩
9、molten magma 溶解的岩浆
10、Magma that solidifies at the Earth’s surface conceives extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks
Conceives 孕育、构成、形成
地球表面固结的岩浆形成喷出岩或火山岩
11、calcium carbonate 碳酸钙
12、Basalt 玄武岩
13、When the magma cools and solidifies beneath the surface of the Earth intrusive or
plutonic igneous rocks are formed
14、intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks 侵入岩或深成岩
15、granite 花岗岩
16、sedimentary rock 沉积岩
17、burial, compression, and chemical modification of deposited weathered rock debris or sediments
chemical modification 化学固结
deposited weathered rock debris 沉积风化岩屑
18、Colorado Plateau 科罗拉多高原
19、metamorphic rock 变质岩
20、High temperature and pressure 高温高压
21、existing rock
22、be chemically or physically modified by产生物理与化学变化（改变）
23、Most rocks are composed of minerals. Minerals are defined by geologists as naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a crystalline structure and s distinct chemical composition.
大多数岩石由矿物组成。据地质学家们定义，矿物是一种自然形成的具有一定晶体结构与化学性质的无机固体。
24、elements and compounds 元素与化合物
25、课本43页和44页的图
Lesson 9. Soil pedogenesis
成土作用 p48
1、Faters of Soil pedogenesis 成土因素
2、Late in the 19th century, scientists Hilgard in the United States and the Russian Dokuchaev both suggested independently that pedogenesis was principally controlled by climate and vegetation
在19世纪晚期，美国科学家和俄罗斯学者都提出这样的观点：土壤成土作用主要受气候和植物的控制。
3、This idea was based on the observation that comparable soils developed in spatially separate areas when their climate and vegetation were similar.
In spatially separate area不同地域
这种观点是建立在当气候和植被相似，不同地域的土壤具有可比性这一观察的基础上的。
4、In the 1940s, Hans Jenny extend these idea based on the observe of many subsequent studies examining the processes involved in the formation of soils.
extend these idea 深化了这些观点
On the observe of many subsequent studies 进一步的观察研究
在20世纪40年代，HansJenny 通过进一步观察研究有关土壤的形成过程，深化了这些观点。
5、Jenny believed that the kinds of soils that developed in a particular area are largely determined by five interrelated factor: climate, living organisms, parent material, topography, and time.
Jenny认为某特定地点的土壤类型由五种相互关联的因素决定：气候、微生物、母质、地形和时间
6、课本48页的图
7、subtropical 亚热带
8、Monsoon 季风
9、high temperature and heavy precipitation 高温多雨
10、The weathering of rock 岩石风化
11、red soil / red earth 红壤
12、yellow soil / yellow earth 黄壤
13、brown soil / brown earth 棕壤
14、Parent material
15、metamorphism
16、sedimentary rock
17、metamorphic rock
18、Topography
19、Living organisms
20、Parent material 母质
Lesson 10. Global scale circulation of the atmosphere
全球大气环流 P62
1、insolate → insolation（n）曝晒
2、Shortwave radiation 短波辐射
3、gain an understanding of 设想
4、global circulation 全球（大气）环流
5、simplified graphical models of processes
大气环流过程的简化图示模式
6、课本64页的图
Lesson 11. The Hydrologic Cycle
水循环 P74
1、conceptual model 概念模式、概念系统
2、Biosphere 生物圈
3、Lithosphere 岩石圈
4、Hydrosphere 水圈
5、reservoir 水库储藏
6、Evaporation 蒸发
7、Condensation 浓缩
8、课本74页的图
Lesson 12. Three Model of Urban Land Use
三种城市土地利用模式 P97
1、urban land use 城市土地利用
2、Draw from 从…..出发
3、generalize about 总结
4、urban landscape 城市景观，城市形式
5、general model 普通模式
6、the way in which land is devoted to different uses within the city
7、※ the way of city land use
The Concentric zone Mode 同心圆模式
The secter zone Model 扇形模式
The multiple nuclei Model 多核心模式
Lesson 13. Air pollution cause and effects
空气污染原因和影响 P168
1、air pollutant 空气污染物
2、- xide 氧化物
monoxide 一氧化物
carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
Dioxide 二氧化物
carbon monoxide 二氧化碳
nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物
sulfur oxide 硫氧化物
Hydrocarbon 碳氢化物
3、massive injection of 大量排入
4、sulfur oxide and suspended particulate 硫氧化物和悬浮颗粒物
5、volcanic eruption 火山喷发
6、CFCS 氟氧化物
7、smog 烟雾
8、fog 雾
9、photochemical smog 光化学烟雾
10、acid rain 酸雨
11、greenhouse effect 温室效应
12、greenhouse gas 温室气体
13、carbon monoxide 二氧化碳
Lesson 14. Hurricane
飓风 P182
1、Hurricane 飓风
2、tropical cyclone 热带气旋
3、the general term 总称
4、Circulating weather system 旋转在天气系统
5、Tropical Depression 热带低压
6、Tropical Storm 热带风暴
7、Hurricane 飓风
Severe ocean storms that develop over the Indian Ocean are called cyclones. Storms that form over the northwestern Pacific Ocean are typhoons.
And storms that form over the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean are hurricanes.