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大学英语课程教学设计的性质与模式_教育学论文

大学英语课程教学设计的性质与模式_教育学论文
大学英语课程教学设计的性质与模式_教育学论文

大学英语课程教学设计的性质与模式_教育

学论文

论文导读::教学设计的性质。大学英语教学设计的模式。随时予以补救.形成性量评的目的在性质上相当于段考。论文关键词:教学设计,大学英语,性质

一、教学设计的性质

所谓教学设计(instructional design),是在教学之前对教学历程中的一切,预为筹划,从而安排教学情境,以期达到教学目标的系统性设计。教学设计的目的在于帮助学生更好的学习。教学设计使学生在有效地教学历程中间达成教师为他预设的教学目标。教学设计的完成需要系统完善的方法,在教学历程的系统设计中,包括多个前后彼此连接的步骤,从开始的教学目标分析,到最后对目标是否达成的评量,每个步骤的设计均须符合实证研究的要求。教学实际的基本原理是以人类的发展心理与学习心理为基础的。教学设计者应进一步研究研究人类在学习情境中,经由何种历程获得该能力。因此,教学时所采用的课程材料,教师不仅需要彻底了解,更重要的是如何教的学生喜欢并能把教材中的知识点学以致用。

二、大学英语教学设计的模式

1.确定教学目标

根据教学设计模式进行教学设计时,第一步工作是确定所学课程的教学目标。所谓教学目标(instructional goal),是指在教学之前预期教学活动结束之后,学生从教学活动中学到些什么教育学论文,是知识

与技能,还是态度与观念。教学目标的确定是根据:1. 大学英语课程的需要2. 学生的能力与个别差异 3. 教师的教学经验。

2.进行教学分析

教学设计第二步的教学分析(instructional analysis),是指在教学目标之下,对达成目标的过程当中学生学习所需技能的分析。以学生学习过去完成时为例,教师在教学之前必先了解学生是否具备应用过去时的能力。了解学习者需要哪些先备知识技能有利于达成教学目标。3.检查起点行为

所谓的起点行为(entry behavior),是指学习新经验之前必须具备的基础性经验。面对新的教学情境时,学生们因起点行为的不同,而有个别的差异。英语教师者必先了解这方面个别差异的大概情形,然后才能决定如何教导他们学习。检查起点行为的方法,可采用口头问题的方式,也可采用纸笔测验方式进行。

4.制定作业目标

根据前述之教学分析与起点行为分析,就可进一步制定作业目标。所谓作业目标(performance objective),是指教学设计者或教师,对学生预估其在教学后学的知识技能的具体表现。同时,在制定作业目标时,附带制定出学习成败的标准,即指明达到什么标准才算是及格。5.拟定测试题目

根据前述之作业目标及教学内容进行学后成就测试的命题工作。学习之后的测试题目,必须以作业目标为范围,如此才能从测验结果中真实反映出每个学生学习的情形。

6.提出教学策略

根据前面五个步骤看,教学设计者或教师,即可进一步提出实际教学的教学策略。加涅提出在教学历程中的九件教学事项时顺序排列的:(1)引起学生注意。(2)提示教学目标。(3)唤起旧有经验期刊网。(4)提供教材内容。(5)指导学生学习。(6)展现学习行为。(7)适时给予反馈。(8)评定学习结果。(9)加强记忆与迁移学习。教学策略中包括教材的讲解、教学媒体的使用、问题及解答方式、测试及回馈原则、师生间与同学间互动功能之运用等。例如,在大学英语实际教学中,教师首先根据学生的旧经验引导到新学习,是由教师先把要学的新知识的主题提出来,然后要求学生从长期记忆中所贮存的相关知识检索出来与新知识核对。从旧经验引导新学习的办法相当于正式比赛之前的热身运动。如此做法使得学生在学习之前先形成心理准备状态,以便正式学习时对新知识特别注意。或是学生采用寓求知于生活的教学活动,这样的教学活动使学校的教学活动方式与现实生活相结合,从而使学生们学到的知识更具意义。由此得出,如果教学目标只限于希望学生学到书本知识,教师主导取向的教学策略是较佳的选择。如果教学目标时希望学生学到较广的能力与气质,学生自学取向的教学策略则是较佳的选择。

7.选定教学内容

教学策略之运用,自然是以教学内容为范围。教学内容主要是指学校规定的教材。现成的教材是固定的知识,在实际教学时教师如何灵活运用以及如何使用多媒体加强学习效果等,则须在方法上加以选定。

8.做形成性评量

形成性评量(formative evaluation)是指在学科教学未结束之前,为了了解学生学习与进步情形所做的评量工作。在教学之前的教学设计时教育学论文,预先考虑到形成评量的时机及进行方式,以便将来及时发现学生的学习困难,随时予以补救.形成性量评的目的在性质上相当于段考,对教师而言可以借此获得教学历程中的连续性回馈,随时知道学生们学习的成败情形,据以作为随时修正自己教学策略的参考。同理。形成性评量对学生也产生回馈作用,有评量结果获知自己学习后的表现是完满或是欠缺,从而肯定或修正自己以后的学习方式。根据预定的教学目标,然后核对形成性评量的结果,教师才能针对全班或个别学生的学习成败情形分别给予辅导。形成性评量所采用的方法,可使用有教师自编的文字形式测验,有学生回答后分析结果;也可以由教师平常观察记录或是对学生访谈,以了解学生学习进步的情况。

9.做总结性评量

总结性量评是指在学科教学之后,为了解学生学习结果是否达到预期标准,是否符合教学前制定的教学目标及作业目标而做的评量。通常是以期末测试的方式进行。总结性量评的目的有两个:其一是在教学目标指导下,检查学生一学期以来的学业以及人格成长达到了什么程度,从而判断教学效果的得失。其二是根据总结性评量的结果,评定学生的学业成就。总结性评量时所采用的方法,除使用成绩测验之外,也须要靠老师平时观察记录的结果。

[参考文献][1]冯忠良.结构—定向教学的理论与实践——改革教学体质的探索[M]. 北京师范大学出版社,1992.[2]何克抗.建构主义的教学模式、教学方法与教学设计[J]. 北京师范大学学报,1997,6.

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项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 项目(单元)任务\ 任务 任务 任务 、能力训练项目设计(表)

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