英语语法总结全集
名词和主谓一致
一、名词的分类
英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1．可数名词
可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词a/an；复数时，前面可加数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。
可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词，只要在单数名词之后加?s?，?es?或去?y?加?ies?就行，如：an umbrella, twelve umbrellas；a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：a mouse, ten mice；a policeman, six policemen。
有少数可数名词，如sheep，works（工厂），Chinese等，它们的单复数同形：a sheep, four sheep；a chemical works, five chemical works。
此外，还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，如clothes，trousers，cattle，police，people(人，人民)等。
英语名词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部分变成复数形式：grown-ups，boy students，grandchildren。2）前面的部分变成复数形式：passers-by，lookers-on，sons-in-law。3）前、后都变成复数形式：men doctors，women drivers。2．不可数名词
不可数名词没有单复数的变化，前面也不能加a/an，或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量，单复数表现在量词上，如：a piece of paper；two pieces of paper。
在有些情况下，不可数名词也可用a/an，表?一种?、?某种?的意思，如have a wonderful time，receive a good education，be made into a fine paper。
有时为了表示量大，不可数名词的后面也可加?s?，如sands，ashes，waters等。
但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用a/an，后面也不可加?s?，如weather，information，等。
3．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不可数名词
英语中有相当一部分的名词，既可以是可数，也可以是不可数，它们的意义有时略有不同，有时则完全不同。如：difficulty, success, time, work，paper，glass，等。
4．用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量?多??少?的常用词和词组
跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few, many。
跟不可数名词连用的如：little, a little, much。
可数与不可数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of。
二、主谓一致
1．通常被看作单数的主语部分
1）不定式、动名词和主语从句。
eg.. To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
What he said was different from what he did.
2）表示?时间??距离??金钱数量?的名词。
eg. Twenty years is quite a long time.
10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira.
300 dollars is too much for this old coin.
3）数学式子。
eg. Two plus five is seven.
4）书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。
eg. The Times is published daily.
The United States is a big country.
5）前面用a kind of, a sort of或this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词。
eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather.
6）代词either, neither作主语。
eg. Either of the plans is good.
Neither of them was carrying a weapon.
7）many a/ more than one 加单数名词，或one out of加复数名词作主语。
eg. Many a young man has tried and failed.
More than one employee has been dismissed.
One out of ten thousand computers was infected with the virus.
2．通常被看作复数的主语部分
1）一些只有复数的名词如clothes, trousers, police等。
eg. These trousers are dirty.
但要注意比较：A new pair of trousers is what you need。
2）代词both作主语。
eg. Both of them have received high education.
3．需要进行分析才能确定的主语部分
1）代词all, some,作主语。
所代的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不可数名词，就看作单数。
eg. All is ready. (= Everything is ready.)
All are present. (= All the people/students... are present.)
2）a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half of...等词组作主语。
所修饰的名词是可数名词，就看作复数；是不可数名词，就看作单数。
eg. 70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
90% of the graduates from the high school go to university.
3）关系代词who, which, that作主语。
由先行词决定单、复数。
eg. The student who is talking with the principal is Tom.
The students who have chosen physics will have a test tomorrow.
但要注意one of ...与only one of...所修饰的先行词。
eg. He is one of the students in our class who have been to Beijing.
He is the only one of the students who has been to London.
4）一些表示集体意义的名词如family, team, class等。
当这些名词强调的是一个整体时，看作单数；当它们强调的是这个集体中的成员时，看作复数。
eg. Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
My family are all early risers.
4．出现在句首，用连词或介词连接的两个名词或词组
1）用both...and...连接的两个名词看作复数。
Both Kate and Jean are football players.
2）用or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also...连接的两个名词，由靠近动词的
名词决定单复数。
Either you or I am to go.
Not only the students but also the teacher has to observe the rules.
3）用as well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, except等连接的两个名词，由第一个名词决定单复数。
eg. His eyebrows as well as his hair are now white.
No one but these two peasants has been there.
实际上这些都是介词短语提前，不是并列的主语。
4）用and连接的两个名词有几种情况：
a)看作复数。
eg. Tom and Mary are primary pupils.
b) 在有every ... and every ..., each ... and each ... 的时候；或用and连接的两个名词表示的是一件东西或一个人时，看作单数。
eg. Every boy and every girl in our country has the right to go to school.
Bread and butter is what he eats for breakfast every day.
高考真题试析：
01年23题
As a result of destroying the forests, a large ____ of desert ____ covered the land.
A. number; has
B. quantity; has
C. number; have
D. quantity; have
选B。因为第一格后的名词desert是不可数名词，所以A、C两项排除；又desert做主语，谓语要用单数形式。
02年（春）26题
He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is
B. are
C. have been
D. has been
选D。因为定语从句的先行词是由only one of修饰，所以应看成单数；另外后面有时间状语for three years，所以用现在完成时态。
03年28题
The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ____ pictures of them.
A. many of
B. masses of
C. the number of
D. a large amount of
选B。空格后面的名词是复数，所以不可以选D，而many后不跟of用，所以A项排除；the number of的确是放在可数名词复数的前面，但意思是?......的数量‖，不符合题意。
03年（春）28题
Where and when to go for the on-salary holiday ____ yet.
A. are not decided
B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided
D. has not been decided
选D。此句是不定式做主语，看成单数。而C项的时态不对，所以只有D。
04年（春）30.题
No one in the department but Tom and I ____ that the director is going to resign.
A. knows
B. know
C. have known
D. am to know
选A。谓语动词应该跟no one一致，所以选A。
05年（春）28题
We have only a sofa, a table and a bed in our new apartment. We need to buy ____ more furniture.
A. any
B. many
C. little
D. some
选D。后面的名词是furniture，不可数。而且整句的意思是?要买些家具?,是肯定意义，所以选D。
05年（春）42题
Telephone messages for the manager ____ on her desk but she didn’t notice them.
A. were left
B. was left
C. was leaving
D. were leaving
选A。句子的主语是messages，是复数，另外它与动词?留（在桌上）?的关系是被动。
05年31题
Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.
A. work
B. working
C. is working
D. are working
选C。谓语的单复数跟Professor Smith一致，应该是单数。
动词的时态与语态
一、动词的时态
英语的动词可以有十六种变化，但现在常用的是十二种，其中有九种是高中学生必须
1．一般现在时态
A)意义：现阶段经常反复发生的动作或现在的状态。
eg. He gets up at six every morning.
There is a big tree in the back yard.
B)常用的时间状语：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, once a week,等。
C)表示一种真理、自然规律等，在间接引语中也仍然用一般现在时态。
eg. The scientist explained that the earth goes round the sun, but no one believed him then.
D)在时间、条件等状语从句中，代替将来时。
eg. If he is not busy, he will come to the party tomorrow.
E)注意第三人称单数时，动词后面要加?s?。
2．一般过去时态
A)意义：过去的动作或状态。注意，即使是刚刚发生的事情，时间非常短，也要用过去时态。如：Why! It’s you—Mary! I didn’t know you were here!
B)常用的时间状语：yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, just now, 等。
C)动词过去式的规则变化（加ed）和不规则变化。
3．一般将来时态
A)意义：将来要发生的动作或状态。
B)常用的时间状语：tomorrow, next moth, in two weeks, 等。
C)除了用shall/will之外的将来表达法：
a) is/am/are going to do，意为?打算、准备、马上就要?。
eg. It’s going to rain.
b) is/am/are to do，意为?（计划好/安排好）要......?
eg. The new underground railway is to be opened to traffic next year.
c)is/am/are about to do，意为?马上就要?。
eg. Hurry up! The plane is about to take off.
d) 某些动词（主要是一些表示位臵移动的动词）可用一般现在时态或现在进行时态表示将来的动作。
eg. The train leaves for Beijing at 8:30 this evening.
He is going to London next week.
4．现在进行时态
A)意义：表示在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的动作。
B)常用的时间状语：now, these days, at present, at the moment, 等。
C)有时可以和always, constantly, forever等时间状语连用，表示说话人的某中特殊的感情。
eg. He is always thinking of others.
Mrs Smith is constantly quarrelling with her neighbours.
D)有些瞬间动词可以用进行时态表示?马上就要......?
eg. The old man is dying.
E)英语中有些表示状态、感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时态，如know, understand, believe, like, love, see, hear, seem, 等等。
5．过去进行时态
A)意义：表示过去某个时刻正在做的动作。
B)常用的时间状语：this time yesterday, at 9:00 last night, 等。
C)有些动词（主要是一些表示位臵移动等的动词和瞬间动词）的过去进行时态可以表示过去将来的意义。
eg. I was told that she was leaving for Australia the next morning.
*6．将来进行时态
A)意义：表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。
B)常用的时间状语：this time tomorrow, at 9:00 next Sunday morning, 等。
eg. What will you be doing at 9:00 on June 7next year?
7．现在完成时态
A)意义：a. 表示过去某个时刻开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。（只有部分延续性动词，如live, work, study, 等可以表示这一意义）
eg. I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.
He has been married for half a year.
b. 表示过去做过的某一个动作对现在的影响。
eg. I have seen this film. It’s fantastic!
Jack is playing video games, because he has done his homework.
B)常用的时间状语：a. since 1990, for 9 years,等。
b. already, yet, just, now, this week, never, ever, so far, up till now, lately, in the past/last few years,等。
C)b组所表示的现在完成时态与过去时态的区别：虽然现在完成时态b组表示的动作也是发生在过去，但它强调的是与现在的关系，而过去时态只表示过去发生的动作，叙述一个事实。试比较：
eg. 1) He went to Beijing two days ago.
He has gone to Beijing.
2) Henry lost his mobile phone yesterday, but found it later.
Henry has lost his mobile phone again.
D)瞬间动词要表示?一直到现在?，不能直接用?完成时态加for?的方式，必须用其他句型。
eg. 他离开上海已经三天了。
He has left Shanghai. He left three days ago.
He has been away from Shanghai for three days.
It is three days since he left Shanghai.
8．过去完成时态
A)意义：表示过去某个时刻之前所做的动作，即?过去的过去?。所以一般要用过去完成时态的话，句子中或上下文一定有一个过去时态的动作或时间状语做比较，才能用。
eg. He had learned English before he went to Canada.
B)常用的时间状语：by the end of last year等。
C)在用间接引语时，主句的动词是过去时态，用来替换直接引语中的过去时态或现在完成时态。
eg. He asked the girl, ―Where have you been?‖
→He asked the girl where she had been.
He said, ―I cleaned the classroom yesterday.‖
→He said that he had cleaned the room the day before.
D)有些动词（如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等）的过去完成时态可表示过去事实上没有实现的希望、计划等。
eg. I had hoped to attend the party, but I was too busy.
*9．将来完成时态
A)意义：表示在将来某个时刻之前将会完成的动作。
B)常用的时间状语：by the end of next year等。
eg. You will have studied English for 10 years by the time you finish high school. 10．现在完成进行时态
A)意义：表示一个动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在。（同现在完成时态的第一种意义）
B)常用时间状语：since ..., for ..., so far, up till now 等。
C)现在完成进行时态与现在完成时态的比较：
只有现在完成时态的第一种意义的那些动词，它们的现在完成与现在完成进行两种时态表示的意义相同，可以互换使用。
eg. I have studied here for 3 years. = I have been studying here for 3 years.
而其他的一些动词，使用两种时态，意义就各不相同了。
试比较：The little boy has read the text.（小男孩已经读过课文了。）
The little boy has been reading the text.（小男孩一直在读课文。）试翻译：1）从上午九点开始我就一直在做功课。
I have been doing my homework since 9 in the morning.
2）今天的功课我已经做好了。
I have done today’s homework.
*11．过去完成进行时态
意义：表示从过去某一时间开始的动作一直持续了一段时间再结束。（结束的时间点也在过去）
eg. He had been searching for the watch for a half hour when we came back.
12．过去将来时态
意义：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态，一般多用在间接引语中。
eg. He told me that he would read the book a second time.
二、动词的语态
英语中的动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词，以及系动词。及物动词有主动语态和被动语态；不及物动词或动词词组（如happen, belong to, take place等）和系动词（如become, seem, sound, look, taste,等）没有被动语态。
2．注意在动词词组变被动的时候，原来词组中的介词或副词不要漏掉。
eg. The villagers took good care of the wounded soldier.
→The soldier was taken good care of by the villagers.
3．有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词，这些动词比较少用被动语态。
eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every morning. → ? Our class is begun ... ?
Our class begins at 8:00 every morning.
4．有少数动词或动词词组可用主动形式，表示（从中文里我们所感觉的）被动意义。
eg. The book sells poorly.
His translation reads better than yours.
Who is to blame for the accident?
高考真题试析：
02年23题
He will have learned English for eight years by the time he ____ from the university next year.
A. will graduate
B. will have graduated
C. graduates B. is to graduate
选C。虽然句子的时间状语是next year，但是?他从大学毕业?是以by the time引出的状语从句，在状语从句中，用现在时态代替将来时态。
02年24题
I feel it is your husband who ____ for the spoiled child.
A. is to blame
B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed
D. should blame
选A。因为词组be to blame for这一词组用主动形式来表示中文中?该为某事受到责备?的被动意义。
02年29题
―Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?‖ ―It ____.‖
A. all depend
B. all depends
C. is all depended
D. is all depending
选B。It all depends.是习惯说法，意思为?要看情况而定了?，不用将来时态，也不用被动语态。
03年32.题
I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ____ it.
A. doesn’t mention
B. hadn’t mentioned
C. didn’t mention
D. hasn’t mentioned
选C。从前面一句I though可以看出是过去时态，用but连接的两个并列句中的动作是发生在同一时间，所以后面的动词也应该是过去时态。
04年29题
The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ____ increased enormously ever since.
A. is
B. was
C. has been
D. had been
选C。因为句子的时间状语是ever since，意即?自从那时起?（?那时?指前面讲到的1945年），所以是现在完成时态。
04年30题
The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ____ to eat more fruit and vegetables.
A. persuade
B. will persuade
C. be persuaded
D. are persuaded
选D。因为?人们?和?说服?是动宾关系，所以用被动语态。
05年30题
More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent
B. were sent C had sent D. had been sent
选B。因为学生是被送到国外学医的，所以要用被动语态，而句末时间状语表明要用过去时态。
06年27题
Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ____ home.
A. wrote
B. will write
C. have written
D. write
选D。这是祈使句中的状语从句的动词，所以用一般现在时态代替将来时态。
06年32题
When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike ____ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.
A. expected
B. was expecting
C. was expected
D. would be expected
选C。根据整个句子的意思，可以判断，是他的教练和父母期盼马克成为世界冠军，所以用被动语态，时间在他7岁的时候，显然是过去时态。
07年28.题
―Did you tidy your room?‖
―No, I was going to tidy my room but I ____ visitors.‖
A. had
B. have
C. have had
D. will have
选A。根据前面的疑问句，可判断谈论的是过去的事情，而且回答的前半句也说明了时态：?我正要打扫屋子，但我有客人来访了?是过去时态。
07年30题
With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ____ in the past years.
A. discovered
B. have discovered
C. had been discovered
D. have been discovered
选D。全句的时间状语是in the past years，是典型的现在完成时态的时间状语，而且?发现?与?新的物质材料?是动宾关系。
情态动词
一、can, may, must
根据意思与习惯用法，我们可以把can, may, must分成以下两组用法，方便学习与掌握。
a) can的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg. Computers can do a lot of things for us.
Money cannot buy everything.
Can you speak French?
I could run very fast when I was young.
b) can与be able to
can与be able to的意思相近，经常可以互换使用，但是be able to除了有一般现在与过去时态之外，还有将来、完成等时态，所以要表示将来能够或已经能够做什么事，就要用be able to。
eg. You will be able to communicate with foreigners fluently if you finish the course.
The baby has been able to one or two simple sentences.
在用过去式的时候，could与was able to的意思不同，could表示的是?当时能够做某事?的意思，而was/were able to表示的是?当时能够，并且成功地做到了?的意思。
试比较：
Einstein was able to flee Germany when Hitler came into power.
I could pass the examination, but I was too careless.
c) could在疑问句时用意表示请求，意义同can，是一种比较客气的表达方式。
eg. Could you give me a hand?
B) may
a) may的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg. You may choose anyone here you like.
—May I leave now? —Y es, of course/Sure. Go ahead.
—No, you mustn’t. （注：口语中也能用cannot。）
I was told that the boss might come to the office before 9
b)mustn’t与may not.
mustn’t一般是说话人表示?不可以?或?禁止?，而may not一般是指按规定?不允许?的意思。试比较：
You mustn’t leave the bike here.
The sign on t he wall reads, ―Visitors may not feed the animals in the zoo.‖
c) may可放在句首，表示?祝愿?。
eg. May our friendship last forever.
d) might有时用在疑问句中，只是一种比may更客气一点，而非过去式。
eg. Might I have a few words with you, sir?
C) must
a) must的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句：
eg. Everyone must obey the rules.
—Must I finish the work today? —Yes, you must.
—No, you needn’t/don’t have to.
He told me he must/had to see a doctor tomorrow morning.
b) must与have to
用must更强调主观上?必须?，而have to 更强调客观上的?不得不?。
在间接引语中，主句动词是过去式时，用had to多，但must也可以用。
have to有现在、过去和将来三种时态。
c) must有时可以表示?偏偏??非...不可?的意思。
eg. Why must you make such a mess when the visitors are coming?
a) can, may, must的第二种用法，是用来表示说话人的一种推测。其中may与must的区别其实是说话人对可能性大小所做判断的区别，觉得可能性大，就用must，可能性小，就用may。而can与may, must是肯定、否定、疑问分工的不同。
现在时举例：
—Can Tom be in the classroom?
—Yes, he must be there.
或—Yes, he may be there, but I’m not quite sure.
或—No, he can’t be there, because he hasn’t come to school today.
过去时举例：
I must have been asleep. I didn’t hear your footsteps.
David became angry at the meeting. He may have misunderstood what I meant.
James can’t have forgotten the examination yesterday. There must have been something wrong with him, I believe.
b)表示可能性的否定句中有时也可用may，但意思与cannot有所不同。may not一般解释为?可能不?，而cannot解释为?不可能?
c)表示可能性，也可以用might和could，但并非may和can的过去式，而是表示说话人觉得可能性实在是比较小了，有虚拟的意味。跟may与can一样，might用在肯定句，could用在否定句和疑问句。might do的过去式是might have done，could的过去式是could have done。
eg. —Could it be Susan at the door?—Yes, it might be her.（现在口语中也可用could be回答）
*d) could have done也可以用在肯定句里，表示过去有这种可能，但事实上没有发生（虚拟语气的用法）。
eg. It was dangerous to do so. You could have killed yourself!
二、shall, will, would
1．用在一般疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见。第一、第三人称用shall，第二人称用will 或would。
eg. Shall turn on the TV?
Shall my brother go with us?
Will/Would you do me a favour?
2．shall与第二、第三人称连用，用在肯定、否定句中，表示?命令、允诺、警告、威胁，及说话人的意愿和决心?。
eg. You shall do it at once!
He shall have the money when he finish his work on time.
You shall fail if you don’t work hard.
If Shylock breaks the law, everything he has shall be taken away from him.
3．will在陈述句中可用于任何人称，表示?意愿、意志、决心?等。有时也可用在条件句中。
eg. I will help you at any time if necessary.
The captain will land you safe in Liverpool, if you will be man.
4．will和would可以表示习惯性反复发生的动作，或在某一条件下，一定回发生的动作。这时，will一般指?现在?，would一般指?过去?。
eg. Oil will float on water, because it is lighter.
He would take a walk after supper when he lived here.
上面例句中的would可以用used to来替换。used to也表示?过去常常?，但used to 还隐含了?现在不再这样了?的意思。而would则没有这种意思。
eg. He used to smoke, but he has given it up now.
三、should/ought to
1．可以表示一种必要性、义务，解为?应当、应该?。可以与任何人称连用，并用在肯定、否定、疑问句中。但疑问句时用should更多一些。
eg. You should/ought to pay more attention to your spelling.
2．可以表示一种推测，解为?应该是?。用于任何人称的肯定、否定、疑问句。它还有进行和完成两种形式：should/ought to be doing（对现在正在进行的动作的推测）和should/ought to have done（表示与过去的事实相反，?本来应该?的意思）。
eg. They should be here by now.
The students should be doing the experiment in the lab.
You should have come here ten minutes earlier.
3．should有时可以表示说话人惊讶的感觉，解为?竟然?。
eg. I have never imagined that he should say so at the meeting.
四、need和dare
need和dare两词，都既可作为情态动词，又可作为实意动词，所以复习的重点是分清在句子中它们分别是哪种动词。
1．need解为?需要、必须?。
A) 作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句。
eg. —Need I do it again? —No, you needn’t.
注意：与Must I do it again?的意思相近，但用need问，问的人一般希望得到的是否定的回答；而用must问，问话的人一般希望得到的是肯定回答。
B) 作为实意动词，可用于各种句型，是及物动词，可以跟名词做宾语。
eg. We need another five workers to do the work.
C) needn’t have done与didn’t need to do的区别
needn’t have done和didn’t need to do分别是情态动词用法与实意动词用法的过去形式，但是所表示的意义不同。needn’t have done意思是?本来不必?，言下之意是?做了不必要做的事了?；而didn’t need to do意思是?当时不必要?，言下之意是?当时不必要，因此可能就没有做?。
试比较：She was too nervous to reply, but fortunately she didn’t need to say anything.
她紧张得无法答复，但幸运的是，她那时什么也不必说。
You needn’t have mentioned it to him, because he had been told everything before.
你本来不必跟他提这件事的，之前已经有人把一切都讲给他听了。2．dare解为?敢?。
A) 作为情态动词时，多用于疑问句和否定句。
eg. Dare you say that to your boss?
The little boy dare not face his teacher.
但是dare的固定词组?I dare say...?，用在肯定句中。
eg. He’ll come again, I dare say.
注意：dare作为情态动词时，它的过去式是dared。
eg. They dared not laugh in front of their manager.
B)作为实意动词，dare可以用在各种句型里。
但是注意在否定句里，有时后面的不定式的to可以省略。
eg. They didn’t dare (to) laugh in front of their manager.
高考真题试析：
01年34题
You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ____ be so rude to a lady.
A. might
B. need
C. should
D. would
选C。这里的should作?竟然?解，表示说话人的惊讶。
01年（春）27题
Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?
A. can
B. should
C. may
D. must
选A。因为在本句里的can用在疑问句中，意思是?可能?。全句的意思是?布什先生每件事都是准时的，他怎么可能在开幕式时迟到呢？
02年（春）28题
Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ____ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat
B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten
D. mustn’t eat
选C。根据上下文，这里表示的是?本不应该吃这么多的炸鸡?。所以shouldn’t have eaten 是正确选项。
03年（春）24题
My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who ____ have taken it?
A. should
B. must
C. could
D. would
选C。这是对过去事实的一种推测，must只能用在肯定句里，could是用在疑问和否定句里，所以选could。
04年28题
Children under 12 years of age in that country ____ be under adult supervision when in a public library.
A. must
B. may
C. can
D. need
选A。根据整个句子的意思，这里用must（必须）最恰当。
04年（春）29题
You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ____ not like the design of the furniture.
A. must
B. shall
C. may
D. need
选C。在此句中，may not解释为?可能不?。全句的意思是?你最好告诉生产商，男性顾客可能不惜换这种家具的设计。?
05年27题
There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school.
A. mustn’t
B. shan’t
C. shouldn’t
D. needn’t
选C。因为整句的意思是：?既然你在驾驶学校练得很多，那么通过路考应该不会有什么困难了。?这里的should是一种推测。而must表示推测时（解为?一定?），一般只用于肯定句，否定时要用can’t。
05年（春）29题
According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s licence ____ take an eye test.
A. can
B. must
C. would
D. may
选B。这里must的意思是?必须?，正和题意。
06年26题
Black holes ____ not be seen directly, so determining the number of them is a tough task.
A. can
B. should
C. must
D. need
选A。本句的意思是?黑洞不可能直接看得到，所以要确定黑洞的数量是一件棘手的事情。?要表示可能性的时候，must只能用于肯定，can才是用于否定。
06年（春）26题
You know he is not going to let us leave early if we ____ get the work done.
A. can’t
B. may not
C. shouldn’t
D. mustn’t
选A。此句用can’t，意思是?不能够?。
07年29题
—―Guess what! I have got A for my term paper.‖
—―Great! You ____ read widely and put a lot of work into it.‖
A. must
B. should
C. must have
D. should have
选C。这是对过去事实的推测，must have done的意思就是?过去一定......?。
07年（春）27题
The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we ____ go to work tomorrow.
A. can’t
B. mustn’t
C. needn’t
D. shouldn’t
选C。needn’t意思是?不必?正和题意。
代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1．人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格
作主语时用主格，做宾语和表语时用宾格，作定语时用所有格。
形容词性的所有格和名词性的所有格：如my和mine，your和yours等。
eg. Your school is so different from ours (= our school).
2．英语中第一、第二、第三人称代词在句子中的排列次序：单数时为you, he and I；复数时为we, you and they。
3．it用于指人的情况：
A) —Who is it/that speaking? —It’s Mary speaking.
B) —What’s wrong with the baby?—It’s crying loudly.
4．双重所有格的用法
在英语中经常会碰到双重所有格的情况，如a friend of mine，the invention of his等，这种表达法的意思与my friend, his invention基本相同，只有细微的差别。
另外，名词也有双重所有格的表达法，如 a friend of my father’s, t he invention of Professor Brown’s等。
5．在表示宾语的身体部位的名词前，一般用定冠词the代替所有格。
试比较：The policeman caught the thief by the arm.
The young lady carried a small baby in her arm.
6．We students与Our students的区别
We students中文为?我们学生?，?学生?是?我们?的同位语，用这一词语的时候，说话人是学生。而Our students其实是?我们的学生?，说话人不是学生。当然，用We students 的时候，We students必须是主语，如果是宾语，则用us students。
eg. We students should learn more than book knowledge at school.
Good teachers always bear us students in mind.
7．反身代词的用法
A)作宾语
eg. We must learn to adjust ourselves to the new situation.
注意反身代词与代词宾格作宾语的区别：
eg. Jane’s mother stared at her in the mirror. （Jane的母亲望着镜子中的Jane。）Jane’s mother stared at herself in the mirror. （Jane的母亲望着镜子中的自己。）试译：请好好保重。
Please take good care of yourself.
在幼儿园里，老师会很好地照顾你的。
Teachers will take good care of you in the kindergarten.
B)用作同位语，强调主语或宾语
eg. I myself would never do such a thing. (= I would never do such a thing myself.) We talked with the mayor himself.
C)反身代词的一些词组
by oneself 单独，独自eg. He finished the task by himself.
for oneself 为了自己eg. She cooked a meal for herself.
between ourselves 就我们之间eg. This is a secret between ourselves.
teach oneself sth. 自学... eg. Lenin taught himself English when he was in Siberia.
seat oneself = be seated eg. He seated himself at the back of the room.
devote oneself to = be devoted to 献身于
二、指示代词
1．this, these经常指下面要讲的东西，而that, those经常指前面讲过的东西。
eg. He always begins his story like this: ―Once upon a time, there was a ...‖He was ill. That’s why he didn’t come.
2．that与those可以指代前面提到的名词，经常在比较级的句子中出现。
eg. The boy told me his story and also that of his sister’s.
Weather in Shanghai is warmer than that in Beijing.
The products produced this year are different from those produced last year. 3．this与that可用作副词，放在形容词或副词前，意思相当于so。
eg. I didn’t expect the exam would be this easy.
I can only go that far, to the riverside.
三、不定代词
1．one
one只能指代可数名词的单数形式，它与it的不同之处是it代替前面所提到的名词，是特指的，也就是前面提到的同一件东西，而one代替前面所提到的名词，但它是一种泛指，即是这一类东西中的任何一个。试比较：
I have lost my cell phone and I have to buy one (= a cell phone).
I have bought a new cell phone. I bought it in Hong Kong.
2．any, some, anyone, someone, anybody, somebody, anything, something
A)any一般用在否定句，疑问句与条件状语从句中。
eg. —Have you any questions? —No, I haven’t any.
Please buy some apples if there are any.
any也可以用在肯定句中，表示?任何一个?的意思。
eg. This is common knowledge. Any pupil knows it.
B)some一般用在肯定句中，但可以用在一种表示邀请的疑问句中。
eg. Would you like to have some drinks? (= Have some drinks, please.)
试比较：Have you bought any drinks?
some有时还可以解释为?某个?的意思，相当于certain。
eg. I have read it in some magazine. (= in a certain magazine.)
C)anyone, someone, anybody, somebody都是指人，anything, something都是指物。无论是指人还是指物，都是单数性质。
3．
eg. I don’t like the colour of the shirt. Will you please show me another (one/ shirt)?
There were only two shirts left in the shop. I didn’t like the blue one. So I took the other.
We have been told that only three of us have passed the exam, and the others have to do it again next week.
There are many children in the park. Some are singing, others are dancing. 4．each与every
each相当于形容词或名词，而every相当与形容词。
each指两个或两个以上的?每一个?，every指三个或三个以上的?每一个?。
用each的时候，常可强调?各不相同?，而用every时，常强调?全部都?。
eg. Each of the hats cost 30 dollars. (= The hats cost 30 dollars each.)
There are shops on each side of the street.
At the meeting, each student expressed his or her own idea.
Every one of the students agreed with me.
5．everyone与every one
everyone只指人，同everybody。
every one既可指物，也可指人，指人时只用在of短语之前。
eg. No one is absent today. Everyone is here.
All the pictures are beautiful. I like every one of them.
6．all与both；any与either；none与neither
这三对代词的区别是一样的，在与指代数量上的不同。all, any, none都是指代三个或三个以上，both, either, neither都是指代两者。
eg. All the students like my idea.
Both his parents are ordinary workers.
There are many books in our library. You can borrow any of them.
I have two dictionaries. You may take either one.
None of my classmates will go there with me.
Neither of his two brothers could help him during that time.
7．no one, nobody, nothing和none。
no one = nobody，都是指人；nothing指物；none既可指人，也可指物。
no one, nobody, nothing都是单数性质，none作主语，如指代不可数名词，看作单数，如果指代可数名词，既可看作单数，也可看作复数。
在作否定回答时，用none回答有针对性的人或东西，用no one, nobody, nothing回答无针对性的人或东西。
eg. —Who did you see in the office? —No one/ Nobody.
—Is there anything in the room? —Nothing..
—Is there any water in your bottle? —None.
—How many students have been chosen in your class this time? —None.
8．not与all, both, every连用
not与all, both, every连用时都是部分否定，意思是?不全是?。
eg. All that glitters is not gold.
Not every student can solve the problem.
Both of his parents are not at home, today.
试析：
Don’t spit ____ (anywhere/ everywhere).
高考真题试析：
01年22题
Both teams were in hard training; ____ was willing to lose the game.
A. either
B. neither
C. another
D. the other
选B。因为在句首有both一词，表明只有两支队伍，所以后面要选neither。说明两支队伍都不想输。
01年33题
In fact ____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this
B. that
C. there
D. it
选D。这里用it作形式主语，真实主语是后面的不定式。
01年（春）24题
Some of the wheat is from Canada. What about ____?
A. another
B. the other
C. others
D. the rest
选D。因为空格中要指代的是前面说到的小麦，是不可数名词，another，the other与others 就都不能用。而the rest既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词，意思也是?剩下的?。
03年（春）26题
Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ grea tly from ____.
A. those of the past
B. the past
C. which of the past
D. these past
选A。因为只有those可以指代前文中的复数名词libraries。
04年26题
I had to buy ____ these books because I didn’t know which one was the best.
A. both
B. none
C. neither
D. all
选D。从句子的最后一个单词best可以知道，书起码有三本。另外根据全句的意思，是要买书，所以选all。
04年（春）25题
Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are ____.
A. him and her
B. his and hers
C. his and her
D. him and hers
选B。因为此处要用的是一个所有格，且后面没有跟名词，所以B是正确选项。
05年26题
No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of ____.
A. others
B. the other
C. either
D. another
选B。从句子中的neither可以看出，谈判是在双方间进行。那么各方都不能接受对方的条件，没有第三方了。所以用the other。
05年（春）26题
My daughter often makes a schedule to get ____ reminded of what she is to do in the day.
A. herself
B. her
C. she
D. hers
选A。因为根据句子的意思，?我的女儿?做个日程表是要提醒她自己，所以要用反身代词。
06年29题
I made so many changes in my composition that only I could read it. To ____ else, it was hard to make out.
A. none
B. everyone
C. someone
D. anyone
选D。To anyone else的意思是?对于其他任何人来说?。其余的选项都说不通。
06年（春）27题
Both sides have accused ____ of breaking the contract.
A. another
B. the other
C. neither
D. each
选B。这道题同01年的22题和05年的26题，前面有了both，说明只有双方，大家都指责对方撕毁合同。
07年26题
The mayor has offered a reward of $ 5000 to ____ who can capture the tiger alive or dead.
A. both
B. others
C. anyone
D. another
选C。此处的anyone的意思是任何一个人，放在句中正和题意。
07年（春）26题
Treat ____ to a glass of wine to help you relax at the end of the day.
A. one
B. oneself
C. you
D. yourself
选D。此句是祈使句，所以事实主语是?you?，主语和宾语是同一人，所以要用反身代词。
形容词和副词
一、形容词、副词的比较级与最高级
1．形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化
形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化分规则和不规则两种情况。
规则的变化，短的词（单音节及部分双音节的词）一般是在词尾加?er?或?est?（其中重读闭音节要双写最后的辅音字母；e结尾只要加?r?或?st?；?y?加辅音结尾的去?y?加?ier?或?iest?）如：big, bigger, biggest；late, later, latest；early, earlier, earliest等，较长的词（部分双音节及多音节的词）在前面加上more或most，如：careful, more careful, most careful；clearly, more clearly, most clearly等。
2．常用的比较级、最高级句型
A) 用原级形容词、副词的句型：
a) as... as...?和......一样......?
eg. Try to make as few mistakes as you can.
He speaks English as fluently as you.
b) not as/so... as... ?不如.......那样......?
eg. People’s brains cannot work as fast as computers.
c)在以上两个句型中，我们还可以加上?倍数??分数??百分数?等词。
eg. Tibet is twice as large as Texas. (= Tibet is twice the size of Texas).
My handwriting is not half so good as yours.
B) 用比较级形容词、副词的句型：
a) ...er than... / more ... than... ?比......更......?
eg. It’s cheaper to eat at home than in the restaurant.
注意：用比较级句型的时候，比较的对象必须是同类事物。在汉语中，我们常看到?上海的天气比北京热?，这样的句子，但在做翻译的时候就要注意，必须是同类作比较：The weather in Shanghai is warmer than that in Beijing.
在比较级形容词和副词前，还可以用一些副词或短语修饰，如：much, far, even, still, a lot, a little, a bit, rather, slightly, *many等。
eg. Your argument is far more persuasive than his.
这些修饰语中的many只用在more +可数名词之前，表?多得多?之意，如many more students。而要表示?多得多?的不可数的东西，则要用much more。
还可以用?倍数（如three times）?，?数词+量词（如two degrees或five hours等）?来修饰。除此之外，还有by far也能修饰比较级的句型，但by far多用在比较级之后，个别情况下，可用在比较级之前。
eg. He arrived here only 5 minutes earlier than you.
The new method is more complicated by far than the old one.
b) less ... than... ?不如......那样......?
eg. In my opinion, the writer’s second book is less interesting than his first one.
c) ...er and ...er/ more and more ?越来越......?
eg. With the final examination drawing nearer and nearer, Tim was getting more and more nervous.
d) the ...er, the ...er / the more ..., the more... ?越......，就越......?
eg. The faster you solve the problem, the best result you will get.
e)带有than的句型，但不是比较的意思。
more than = not only eg. Students have learned more than book knowledge at school.
other than = 1)except eg. There’s nothing in his room other than books.
2)anything but eg. I couldn’t feel other than surprised.
3)different from eg. His tastes are quite other than mine.
rather than = instead of eg. The color seems green rather than blue.
I would sleep rather than see a film tonight.
f)在表示?两者之中比较......的那一个?时，比较级形容词前要用定冠词the。
eg. Bill is the taller of the twin brothers.
C)用最高级形容词、副词的句型：
a) the ...est/ most ... of/ in...
eg. China is one of the largest countries in the world.
b)可以用比较级的句型来表示最高级的意思：
eg. Tom is taller than anyone else/ any other one/ any of the others/ all the others in our class.
No one is taller than Tom in our class.
I have never seen a better film than this one.
请注意在上面第一个例子中的other, else等的用法。试比较：
China is bigger than any other country in Asia.
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
初一英语语法及主要知 识点归纳总结 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】
初一英语知识点归纳总结 分类：英语学习 Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from 一．短语： 1 ．be from = come from 来自于---- 2． live in 居住在--- 3． on weekends 在周末 4 ．write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信；写信给某人 5 ．in the world 在世界上 in China 在中国 6．pen pal 笔友 14 years old 14岁 favorite subject 最喜欢的科目 7．the United States 美国 the United Kingdom 英国 New York 纽约 8．speak English 讲英语 like and dislike 爱憎 9．go to the movies 去看电影 play sports 做运动 二．重点句式： 1 Where’s your pen pal from = Where does your pen pal from/ 2 Where does he live 3 What language(s) does he speak 4 I want a pen pal in China. 5 I can speak English and a little French. 6 Please write and tell me about yourself. 7 Can you write to me soon 8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports. 三．本单元的国家，人民、语言对应。 1 Canada---- Canadian---- English / French 2 France------ French------French 3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese 4 Australia----Australian----- English 5 the United States------ American---- English 6 the United Kingdom---British----- Enghish Unit 2 Where’s the post office 一． Asking ways: (问路) 1．Where is (the nearest) …… （最近的）……在哪里 2．Can you tell me the way to …… 你能告诉我去……的路吗 3．How can I get to …… 我怎样到达……呢 4．Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood 附近有……吗 5．Which is the way to …… 哪条是去……的路 二．Showing the ways: （指路） 1. Go straight down / along this street. 沿着这条街一直走。 2. Turn left at the second turning. 在第二个路口向左转。 3. You will find it on your right. 你会在你右手边发现它。 4. It is about one hundred metres from here. 离这里大约一百米远。 5. You’d better take a bus. 你最好坐公交车去。（You’d better+动词原形）
初二期末英语必考的十二大语法点 一. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 （1）单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est。 ①单音节单词 small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest ②少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词 clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest （2）以不发音e结尾的单音节单词，比较级在原形后加-r，最高级在 原级后加-st。 large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest （3）以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）单词中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest （4）以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest （5）其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily （6）有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
英语时态讲解 【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 H e usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. 他每天7点上班。 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class.
我们正在上英语课。 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。 They have lived in Beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4．一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; He used to smoke a lot. 他过去抽烟比较厉害。 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008. 在2008年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用( before, after, by, up till ) They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们提前完成了（工作）。 7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我明天就要离开北京。 8、将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 到下个月底，他步行将达到1000英里。 英语共有十六个时态、四个体。（注：四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。） 英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式，如：直陈式，命令式等。
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第０１章名词性从句 第0２章“Iｔ”用法及其句型与固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中得省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第０8章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第１1章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用得句子叫名词性从句(Ｎｏun Cｌaｕsｅs)。名词性从句得功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同得语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句、一. 主语从句 主语从句就是在复合句中充当主语得从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语与ｉt引导强调句得比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要就是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句得连接词没有变化、而i ｔ引导得强调句则就是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调得就是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/ｗｈｏｍ、例如: ａ) It isａpitｙｔhaｔyoｕｄidn’t go ｔo seｅｔhｅｆilm.您不去瞧那场电影真可惜。 b) It doeｓn’tｉntereｓt me whethｅrｙou sｕｃceed or not、我对您成功与否不感兴趣、 c) Ｉｔisｉn thｅｍoｒnｉng thaｔｔｈe ｍurder took place. 谋杀案就是在早上发生得、(强调句型) d) Ｉt is Joｈn tｈat broke ｔｈeｗｉｎdow。就是Joｈn打碎得窗户。(强调句型) 2、用ｉt 作形式主语得结构 (1)It is + 名词＋从句 It is ａfaｃt tｈat…事实就是… Ｉt ｉs an honor ｔhat …非常荣幸 It ｉｓｃommon knowlｅdge ｔhat …就是常识 (2)Ｉt is + 形容词+从句 It is naturａl thａt…很自然… It ｉｓstrａｎｇe that…奇怪得就是…(3) It ｉｓ＋不及物动词+ 从句 Ｉｔｓｅems thａｔ…似乎… Ｉt ｈappeneｄthat…碰巧… Iｔappeaｒs that…似乎…
代词用法 一、代词分类 人称代词物主代词反身代词指示代词不定代词疑问代词连接代词关系代词 I me my mine self this some who 名词从句定语从句 二、人称代词：谁主格宾格 并列人称代词的排列顺序：单数人称第二人称—第三人称—第一人称you,he and I 复数人称第一人称—第二人称—第三人称we,you and they 三、物主代词：表示所有关系谁的形容词性名词性my mine 形容词性物主代词与own连用表示强调I saw it with my own eyes. 用定冠词the代替形容词性物主代词表示身体的某个部位 Touch sb on the head hit sb on the nose strike sb in the face take/catch/pull sb by the arm/head on 表面的，很硬by 顺手牵羊in 内部的，软的部位 名词性物主代词做主语、表语、宾语 四、反身代词表示自己self（自己） 做同位语，表强调（自己，亲自），要重读在名词或代词之后或句末My mother made the shoes herself. 固定搭配：take care of oneself 保重enjoy oneself by oneself 单独地of oneself 自动地for oneself 给自己in oneself 本性、本身between ourselves 天知地知你知我知among themselves 在…之间help youself 五、指示代词这个那个这些那些this that these those 六、疑问代词who whom whose which what 谁介词之后用whom What which 前者指人，后者指物；which是在有限的范围内选择，而what泛指哪一类Which book do you like best? What books do you like best? 七、连接代词引导名词性从句，主语、宾语、表语和定语who, whom ，whose, what ,which Who will teach you English is still unknown. 八、关系代词引导定语从句，又在从句中担任某种成分：作用：1、引导定语从句，修饰一个名词或代词（即先行词）, 2、代替先行词在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语或表语 九、不定代词不确定而笼统地表示某些人、某些事物的代词 Both either neither all none every(每一个，侧重整体) each（侧重个体） Other another every other line every other day （每隔） * Every student should study hard. Each student has a book.. (人手一本书) few a few little a little many much a lot lots of many a (第三人称单数) 相互代词each other one another 形容词性与名词性 Others another the other(两者中的另一个) the others some others
英语语法大全总结 专题一：定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略) who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 (1)常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 (2)as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 c、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名
英语语法一般将来时归纳总结 一、单项选择一般将来时 1．I ________ for Beijing next Saturday. Do you know when the earliest plane ________ on Ssturday? A．am leaving；takes off B．leave；takes off C．leave; is taking off D．am leaving; is taking off 【答案】A 【解析】 试题分析：考查瞬间性动词的时态问题。Arrive，leave，go等瞬间性动词用一般现在时表示将来时态。一般现在时态中，主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词要加s。句意：我下个星期六将要离开去北京。你知道星期六最早的航班是什么时候的吗？故选A。 考点：考查瞬间性动词的时态问题 2．--I have you asked John to come to the party this evening？ --Yes，I have，but he＿＿＿＿ A．doesn't B．hasn't C．hadn't D．won't 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：此处doesn't 表示一般现在时； hasn't 现在完成时；hadn't 过去完成时； won't 一般将来时，意为：不愿，表意愿。句意：—我让你请求John来参加今晚是聚会？—是的，我请了，但他不愿意来。根据句意选D。 考点：考查动词时态。 3． Turn on CCTV news and we ________how happy our life is. But there is no denying that over the past decades, the cost of living ________ sharply. A．are seeing; had increased B．will see；has been increasing C．see; increased D．have seen; is increasing 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析:考查动词时态。前句是固定句型“祈使句，and+句子（一般用将来时）”，而时间状语over the past decades是现在完成时态或现在完成进行时态的标志，所以B选项正确。句意：打开中央新闻联播我们就会看到我们的生活是多么的幸福。但是不能否认在过去的几十年里，生活费用一直在急剧上涨。 考点：考查动词时态。 4．Japan’s economy _______ in the past twenty years. No one knows how long it ______ before it regains its increase. A．has been declining; will be B．has declined; would be C．had been in decline; would take D．was on the decline; will take
高考英语语法重点精华：固定搭配用法总结 1.It’sthe first time that……….(从句中用现在完成时) It wasfor the first time that………(强调句，对状语for the first time进行强调) It’s(high) time that……..(从句中用过去时或should do) 2.It’sthe same with sb. / So it is with sb.表示某人也如此(用于前句中既有肯定又有否定或两个不同类的谓语动词) 3. …beabout to do / be doing……when…….正要做/正在做……就在那时……. 4.A istwice / three times as +原级+as B A是B的两倍/三倍 A istwice / three times the n. of B. A的…是B的两倍/三倍 A istwice / three times +比较级+than B A比B多两倍/三倍 5.It’s awaste of time / money doing / to do…做……浪费时间/金钱 It’s nouse / good doing……… 做……是没有用的 It’spossible / probable / (un) likely that………. 很可能…… It makesgreat / no sense to do……做某事很有/没意义 6. There’sno use / good doing……. 做……没有用 There’s no sense / point (in) doing…… 做……没有意义 There is no need for sth. / to do……. 没有过必要做…… There is (no) possibility that…………(同位语从句)很可能/没可能…… 7.The+比较级……..,the+比较级………越…….., 越……. 注意：前半句为从句，用一般现在时代替将来时; 8.Itseems / appears ( to sb. ) that sb…….在某人看来某人……… = Sb.seems / appears to be / to do / to be doing / to have done…….. It seems / looks as if……….好象/似乎…….. 9.It (so)happened that sb. ……..某人碰巧…….. = Sb. happened to be / to do / to be doing /to have done….. 10.It issaid / thought / believed / hoped / supposed …….that sb……… =Sb. issaid to be / to do / to be doing / to have done……….(注意：这种句型里如带动词hope则不能变成简单句，因为无hopesb. to do结构)[要学习网一直在为调动你的学习积极性而努力] 12.…….such…….that…….如此…….以致于(引导结果状语从句) …….such……..as……像……..的这种……(as为关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句里充当主、宾、表) 13. Doyou mind if I do sth.? / Would you mind if I did sth.? 你介意我做……吗? 14. Thechance is that……../ (The )Chances are that……….很可能……. 15.Check/ Make sure / See to it / See that……..(从句中常用一般现在时) 确信/务必…….. 16.depend on it that……..取决于 see to it that…….负责/设法做到……. 注意：除了except / but / in等介词可以直接接that从句，其它介词后必须用it 做形式宾语; 17.It is/ was +介词短语/ 从句/ 名词/代词等+that………
英语语法大全 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。 如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或 代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如： Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。 通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我 的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词
英语语法归纳 （一）被动语态 动词的语态主要分为两种：主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者，。者为主动关系。被动语态指主语是谓语动作的承受者，。者为被功关系。 I have done the job.（主动句） The job has been done.（被动句） 1．被动语态根据时态的不同，可分为以下几种类型： 一般现在时：am/is/are+done; 一般过去时：was/were+done 现在进行时：am/is/are+being done 过去进行时：was/were+being done 将来时：will/would+be done,be going to be done, be to be done 现在完成时：have/has +been done 过去完成时：had+been done 将来完成时：will+have been done 2被动语态门主功语态一样具有不同时态，其时态的变化取决于时间状语，其时态的变化形式由其助动词be的事态变化形式来体现 The house is being painted now.（现在进行时被动语态） Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.（现在完成时被动语态） The furniture was bought last week..（过去时被动语态） You'll be punished one day.（将来时被动语态） 3．被动语态的意义 （1）不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者（无须加buy短语） Colour TV sets are sold in that shop. Football is plated all over the world. (2)突出和强调行为或动作的承受着。 History is made by the people. The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people. (3)有时主语较长，可后置。 It's said that we have won the game. 4．在使役动词makr及感官动词see ，hear….等动词的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号?to"? The teacher made Tom answer it again.（主动语态，不加?to" ) Tom was made to answer it again.（被动语态，加?to" ) 5.短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。 look at，laugh at，send for，call on，carry out， listen to，take care of ,make use of,depend on，pay attention to，hand in，put on，look up，give up〕等. 6. be＋过去分词可以是被动语态形式，也可以是系表结构形式。区别是，系表结构表示主语状态或特征，不带by短语；而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作，可以带by短语。The job was well done.（系表结构） The job was well done by a skilled worker.（被动语态） The composition is well written.（系表结构）
欢迎分享~ 注明出处！ 离考试还有一周，估计大家的真题都做的差不多了。在冲刺阶段，你会发现自己的IS的正确率渐渐稳定，但ISE依然让人头疼，尤其是No error(E)选项，这一贴帮你搞定真题的所有选E的题目。 【真题中E选项】 1.18道ISE中E的数量平均3道，但从1到6不等，，所以考试时不要计算E选项的总数！ 2.从没出现过2道连选E的情况，若考试时连选，一定要仔细检查！ 3.貌似选E的题号上有一点规律，但题目本身比题号重要！ 4.切记，“看着别扭”永远不能作为ISE中选择的理由，再别扭但不会改或不知道考点，就选E。 【此贴的使用方法】 1.做完真题，只看该选E却没敢选E的题目。 2.对照下面的表格，找到症结所在，搞清易错选项的考点，并自己把相关的薄弱知识点总结。 3.把44道E选项的汇总题目打印出来，一起看，增加选E的感觉。 【最后一周语法复习】 1.语法考查的就是对考点的熟悉程度，所以再把强化班、单项班的笔记复习一遍。 2.不需要做新题，尤其别做真题和OG以外的题。（OC较难，考前做纯粹跟自己过不去） 3.100%关注真题！其他的参考书可以先扔一边去。 4.反复看自己总结的错题和语法点。 最后一周，全力以赴！
1. The iris, the colored part of the eye, contains delicate patterns that are unique to each person, offering a powerful means of identification. （06.1-13） 2. In English literature James Boswell is the prime example of a biographer who, by ensuring the immortality of another author, has achieved immortality for himself. （06.1-16） 3. Only by tapping their last reserves of energy were the team members able to salvage what was beginning to look like a lost cause. （06.1-19） 4. Charles Dickens' Great Expectations is a novel in which the main character becomes so obsessed with the idea of becoming a gentleman that his moral judgment is temporarily affected. (06.5-13) 5. Because his experience in the naval medical corps had been rewarding. Bob applied to medical school after he was discharged from the navy. (06.5-20) 6. Plants grown for their flowers should be treated with a low-nitrogen fertilizer because excessive nitrogen promotes the growth of leaves at the expense of flowers. (06.5-22) 7. At the reception were the chattering guests, the three-tiered cake, and the lively music that have become characteristic of many wedding celebrations. (06.5-29) 8. From about A.D. 700 to 1600, sculptors created nearly 1,000 colossal rock statues on the remote. and tiny Easter Island. (06.10-13) 9. According to some demographers, the number of United States citizens aged 65 or older is likely to rise to 87 million by 2050.(06.10-20) 10. Contrary to what many people believe, heat lightning is not lightning caused by heat; it is ordinary lightning that occurs at too great a distance for its accompanying thunder to be audible. (06.10-22)
人教版小学英语语法总结大全一、小学英语形容词性物主代词 1、形容词性物主代词8 个： Myyourhisheritsouryourtheir 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她、它）们的 2、形容词性物主代词的特点： 1）译成汉语都有”的"eg : my我的their他们的 2)后面加名词：eg ：mybackpackhisname 3）前后不用冠词aanthe
Thisisamyeraser（错误）Thatisyourapen（错 误）lt'shisthepe n（错误） 3、I（物主代词）myyou（物主代词）yourhe（物主代词）herwe（物主代词）our 注：在变物主代词时，把原题所给的词加上的，再译成单词就可以了。 二、小学英语名词性物主代词 1、名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词一样有8 个： Mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她、它）们的 2、名词性物主代词的特点：
1)译成汉语都有" 的 2)后面不加名词 3)名词性物主代词= 形容词性物主代词+ 名词 Eg ：1 、thepenismine 钢笔是我的(mine=mypen) 以上就是小学英语名词性物主代词全文，希望能给大家带来帮助！ 三、小学英语单数的句子变成复数的句子 把单数的句子成复数的句子很简单：变法是把能变成复数的词变成复数，但a 或an 要把去掉。特殊疑问词、形容词、国家及地点通常不变。 Eg ：把下列句子变成复数 1 ，Ihaveacar wehavecars
2 ，HeisanAmericanboy. TheyareAmericanboys 3，Itisacar Theyarecars 4，Thisisaneraser Theseareerasers 5，Thatisabackpsck Thosearebackpacks 6，I'manEnglishteather WeareEnglishteathers 7，It'sanewshirt Theyarenewshirts 8，He'saboy Theyareboys 9，She'sasinger T heyaresingers 10，What'sthisinEnglish ？WhataretheseinEnglish