Lecture 5
讲授题目：Word Formation Ⅰ
所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章 计划学时：4 periods
教学方法：传统讲授法
参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法：词缀法、复合法、转类法。
教学重点：1) Affixation;
2) Compounding;
3) Conversion.
教学难点：The above-mentioned word-formations.
The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.
According to Pyles and Algeo (1982), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words; compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion gives us 26% of the new vocabulary. The rest of new words come form shortening including clipping and
acronymy, amounting to 8% to 10%, together with 1% to 5% of words born out of blending and other means.
Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word-formation usually differs from a syntactic rule. Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. For example, the existence of the actual English words unclean, unwise, unfair does not ensure the acceptance of unsad, unexcellent.
Therefore, rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For example, the Old English –th which is found in warmth, length, depth, width, derived from adjectives warm, long, deep, wide,but broad is no longer used to form new word broadth (※coolth)---(Quirk, et al 1985).
By word-formation processes, we concentrate on productive or marginally productive rules. While applying the rules, we should remember that there are always exceptions.
(在构词过程中，我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。必须记住，规则都有例外。)
1. Affixation (词缀法)
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-form or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.
The words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.
1) Prefixation (前缀法)
※Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.
※Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes, for example:
asleep, alike, alive (a- + v. →adj.) a- ( in, to, at, on)
encourage, entrain, endanger (en- + n. →v.) en- (to put or get into)
enlarge, enrich, enable (en- + adj. →v.) en- (to cause to be)
belittle, becalm (be- + adj. →v.)
bedazzle, bewitch (be- + n. →v.) be-(to make, to
cause to be )
deplane, detrain (de- + n. →v. )
de- (to get off)
postwar, postliberation (post- + n. →adj.)
post- (after, later than)
inter-laboratory, intercollege (inter- + n. →adj. ) inter- (between, among)
These make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary.
The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems. Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.
1) Negative prefixes
Prefixation
Order
Literate
Symmetry
Governmental
Relevant
Productive
Believable
Vulnerable
Sane
Related
Aligned
Mature
Disorder
Illiterate
Asymmetry
Nongovernmental
Irrelevant
Unproductive
Unbelievable
Invulnerable
Insane
Unrelated
Nonaligned
Immature
※Of this group, un- is by far the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adjectives for actual use as in unreplaceable, unmovable for irreplaceable and immovable.
2) Reversative Prefixes
Prefixation
Centralize
Plane
Infect
Zip
Regulate
Possess
Pollute
Decentralize
Deplane
Disinfect
Unzip
Deregulate
Dispossess
Depollute
3) Pejorative prefixes
Prefixation
4) Prefixes of degree or size
Prefixation
Computer
Critical
Conscious
Natural
Sensitive
Simple
Number
Statement
culture
Minicomputer
Ultracritic /hypercritic
Subconscious
Supernatural
Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive
Oversimple
Outnumber
Understatement
Subculture
5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude
Prefixation
6) Locative prefixes
Prefixation
View
Conference
Continental
Ground
Cast
Specific
Racial
Shore
Interview
teleconference
Intercontinental
Foreground
Telecast
Transpacific
Transracial
Foreshore
Prefixation
7) Prefixes of time and order
Prefixation
8) Number prefixes
Prefixation
⑨Miscellaneous prefixes:
auto – (self):autobiography, autonomy, autonym.
noe- (new): neoclassicism, neologism, neonatal (初生的) pan- (all): pan- European, panacea (万灵药), panorama (全景，全图).
vice- (in place of): vice-president, vice- minister, vice-govemor 副州长
2) Suffixation 后缀法
Suffixation is the formation of words by adding suffixes to stems.
Suffixes are of two kinds: class changing and class maintaining.
Class-changing suffixes change the word class of the word to which they are added, e.g. –ity in electricity. Class-maintaining suffixes do not change the word class but changes the meaning of the derivative, e.g –hood in boyhood. Unlike prefixes, most of the English suffixes are class-changing.
Suffixation
The classification of suffixes
Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group
suffixes on a grammatical basis into
1) noun suffixes
2) adjective suffixes
3) adverb suffixes
4) verb suffixes
1) Noun suffixes
Noun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.
Denominal nouns (来自名词的名词)
Deverbal nouns(来自动词的名词)
De-adjectival nouns(来自形容词的名词)
Noun and adjective suffixes
2) Adjective Suffixes
3) Adverb Suffixes
4) Verb suffixes
Fa lse
Sterile
Intense
Fat
Horror
Memory
Apology
Falsify
Sterilize
Intensify
Fatten
Horrify
Memorize
Apologize
Some modern affixes 1. Mega-(very large)
Megacity特大城市
Megadestruction大毁灭
Megagame大赛
Megastructure超级建筑
Megarich十分富有
Megaversity超级大学
2.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)
Cyberculture电脑化文化/电脑化社会
Cyberbrain电脑
Cyberart电脑艺术/计算机技术
Cyber-security 网络安全
Cyber-space网络虚拟空间
Cyber-privacy网络隐私
Cyber-sex网络色情
Cyber-punk网络高手
cyberfiction网络小说
3.Hyper-(super/too much)
Hypermedia超媒体
Hyperlinks超级链接
Hyperfriction过度摩擦
Hyperslow极缓慢的
Hyperverbal说话过多的
Hyperaccess超级访问软件
Hypertext超文本
Some modern affixes
4. Info- (information)
Infotech信息技术
Infocenter信息中心
Infotainment信息娱乐节目
Infomercial信息商业化的/商业信息片
5. nano- (one billionth)
Nanotech纳米技术
Nanofabrication纳米加工
Nanocomputer超高速电脑
6.techno- (technology)
Technomania技术热
Technophobia恐技术症
Technocracy专家政治、技术专家治国制度
techno-centric 以技术为中心的
7. tele- (long-distance transfer/television)
Telead电话约定广告
Telebanking电脑化银行业务
Telebus电话叫车/租车
Telecenter远程计算中心
Tele-education远程教育
Some modern affixes
8. E- (electronic)
E-mail电子邮件
E-text电子文本
E-zine电子杂志
E-cash电子货币
9. Of- (office)
Oftel办公电话
Oflot公司内部停车场地
Ofbank银行办事处
Some modern affixes
10. -bot (robot)
Knowbot智力机器人
Mobot移动机器人
Microbot微型机器人
11. –size (measurements)
Downsize缩小
Upsize放大
Rightsize按比例制作
life-size 按实物大小制作
12. –nick (以…..为特征的人；参加…. 的人)
Earthnick 地球人
Computernick 电脑迷
Peacenick追求和平者
Jobnick 工作迷
No-goodnick 不怀好意者
13.-centric (of the center/taking…as the center)
Male-centric以男士为主的
Net-Centric War 网络中心战
IBM compatible-centric以销售IBM兼容机为主的User-centric以用户为中心的 14. –ware (articles of the same kind)
Glassware玻璃器皿
Soft/hardware软/硬件
Middleware中间设备
Silverware银器
Warehouse仓库
15.franken- (转基因的；经过基因工程的)
Frankenfruit 转基因水果
Frankenfood 转基因食品
Frankenplant 转基因植物
2. Compounding (复合法/合成法)
Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.
So a compound is a ‘lexical unit consisting more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word’ (Quirk et al 1985).
Compounding
Forms of compounds
Solid: bedtime, honeymoon
Hyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planning
Open: reading material, hot line
Compounding
Types of compounds
Noun compounds
Adjective compounds
Verb compounds
Compounding
Noun compounds
Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis
Compounding
Adjective compounds
Weather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, a
difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dress
Compounding
Verb compounds
Formed by back-formation
h ouse-keep from housekeeper
w indowshop from window-shopping
m ass produce from mass production
h en-peck from hen-pecked
s poon-feed from spoon-fed.
Compounding
Verb compounds
Formed by conversion
t o blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to honeymoon, to
snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop.
3. Conversion (词类转化法/转类法)
The definition of conversion
①Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.
②Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain
word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).
Conversion
Major types of conversion
Noun-verb conversion
Verb-noun conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Noun-verb conversion
He elbowed his way through the crowd.
Problems snowballed by the hour.
The newspaper headlined his long record of
accomplishments.
Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.
Verb-noun conversion
He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.
This little restaurant is quite a find.
It is a good buy.
He took a close look at the machine.
doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide
Verb-noun conversion
Phrasal verb-noun conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Partial conversion
Complete conversion
Adjective-noun conversion
Partial conversion
D enoting a quality or a state common to a group of person:
the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded
D enoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): the
English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch
D enoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the
sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the
sublime to the ridiculous
D enoting a single person (converted from participles): the
accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned
Adjective-noun conversion
Complete conversion
A native, two natives, a returned native
He is a natural for the job.
Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about
this time every night.
To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately
passionate.
They are the creatives in the advertising department.
Miscellaneous conversion
a. Would you like a with or a without? 你是要这个，还是不要这个？
b. His argument contains too many ifs and buts. 他的争辩托词太多。
c. Life is full of ups and downs. 人生充满了兴衰得失。
d. Rubber gloves are a must if your skin is sensitive to washing powders.如果你的皮肤对洗衣粉过敏，就必须戴手套。
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
Unit 1 外资企业foreign enterprise 合资企业joint venture 合作企业cooperative enterprise 龙头企业 a locomotive 国有企业state-owned enterprise 私营企业privately-owned enterprise 荣誉企业honorable enterprise 优质企业qualified enterprise 一级企业class A enterprise 跨国公司multinational company 母公司parent company 子公司subsidiary company 总公司head office 分公司branch office 代表处representative offices 上市公司listed company 私人股份有限公司private limited company 拳头产品core product 环保产品environment-friendly product 专业生产经营specialize in, engage in, handle a range of business including… 占地面积cover an area of… 年产量with an annual output 具有自营进出口权being entitled to self-import and self-export rights 奉行坚持..原则；以..宗旨,在…方针指 导下 abide by the principles of …, adhere to the aims of…, based on the motto of the company 产品销往products have been distributed to 获得奖项rank the titles 通过ISO9000 质量认证 be granted the Certificate of ISO9000 International Quality System unit 2 ?维持升幅to an increase sustain) ?到达最高点to reach a peak ?保持不变to remain constant/ stable ?降到最低点to bottom out ?正值…之际on the occasion of ?代表on the behalf of ?承蒙盛情邀请at the gracious invitation of ?年会annual meeting ?商界的朋友们friends from the business community ?marketing presentation营销报告会 ?sales representative 销售代表 ?sales record 销售记录 ?customers’satisfaction顾客满意度 ?manufacturer 生产商 ?retailer 零售商 ?merchant wholesaler 批发商 ?commission agent 佣金代理商 ?facilitating agent 服务代理商 ?经销渠道distribution channel ?营销目标marketing objective ?战略营销strategic marketing ?目标市场target market ?潜在的风险和potential threats and opportunities ?可控因素controllable components ?销售业绩sales performance Unit 3 1、Business relations and cooperation business connections business cooperation technological cooperation scope of cooperation mutually beneficial relations close relationship to cement / continue / enlarge / promote / improve / maintain / interrupt / restore / speed up / reactivate business relationship to reach an agreement to make a deal 2、Investment a heavy /a long-term/ a profitable/ a safe and sure investment foreign direct investment (FDI) portfolio investment investment environment investment intent/ partner exclusively foreign-owne enterprise joint venture cooperative enterprise equity joint venture contractual joint venture 3、Form of Trade merchandise exports and imports service exports and imports bilateral trade leasing trade processing with supplied material processing with imported materials processing with supplied sample assembling with supplied parts 4、Describing products genuine article imitation low-priced goods low quality goods inferior goods superior quality unfinished products top grade goods showy goods high-tech products durable consumer goods modern and elegant in fashion complete in specifications sophisticated technology attractive and durable skillful manufacture 5、Credit commercial credit trade reputation
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素，它又可以分为屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ）。屈折词缀跟语法有关，派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀，这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说，词可以分类为简单词，复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用，因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素，前者是词素的联合，后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成（word-formation） 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇，大的方面主要有合成法（compounding），派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种，小的方面主要有八个过程，分别是首字母法(acronym)，混合法(blending)，截短法(clipping)，专有名词(word from proper names)，逆构法(back-formation)，复制法(reduplication)，新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。
《英语词汇学》课程习题集 一、单选题 1. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 2. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 3. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 4. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”? A. ig- B. ir- C. il- D. im- 5. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality? A. books B. pigs C. horses D. expense 6. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 7. According to ______ , there is not a logical connection between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 8. Most English words are _________ symbols. A. definite B. arbitrary C. infinite D. hereditary 9. From the point of view of ________, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed in a small group of words. A. nationalism B. anthropology C. linguistics D. motivation 10. Words motivated phonetically are called _________ words. A. onomatopoeic B. similar C. natural D. symbolic 11. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 12. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 13.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 14. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym
Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然，同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关，如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支，主要通过运用词素（形位）结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一，因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法，考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语，并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素（即如何选择用词、句型等）以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中，我们主要研究词汇，探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题：词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法，但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者，为其提供权威性的参考；而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息，以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大，但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说，词汇研究有两种
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek