家庭暴力(domestic violence)指的是在亲密关系(intimate reiationship)中一方对另一方的虐待。通常来说，受害者是儿童和妇女。在中国古代，人们认为男人有权利惩罚他的孩子和妻子。广义上讲，家庭暴力不局限于明显的身体暴力，它也有许多其他的形式。关于家庭暴力产生的原因，出现了许多不同的理论，比如犯罪者的性格和心理特征。外部因素也有影响，比如犯罪者所处的环境。然而，没有一种理论能涵盖所有情况。
参考译文：
Domestic violence refers to the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate https://www.doczj.com/doc/e39278624.html,monly the victims are children and women.In ancient China, people believe that a man has the right to punish his children and wife.In a broad sense, domestic violence is not limited to obvious physical violence.There are many other forms of violence.Many different theories are brought up as to the causes of domestic violence,such as the the perpetrators'personality and mental characteristics.External factors also play a part,such as the perpetrators'surroundings.However, no theory seems to cover all cases.
翻译原文：
大多数时候，留守儿童(leftover children)的问题很大程度上源于缺乏父母的情感关怀。通常，孩子由祖父母或父母的朋友、亲戚照顾。在大多数情况下，他们的监护人(guardian)没有受过很好的教育。对他们来说，确保孩子健康、吃得好是极重要的任务。只要孩子平安无事，他们就被认为做得很好了。监护人很少关心孩子的学习、心理需求或精神需求。他们也不花时间教孩子如何养成良好的习惯。
参考译文：
Most of the time, problems of the leftover children largely arise from a lack of emotional care from their parents. Usually, the children's grandparents or their parent's friends or relatives look after these children. In most cases, their guardians are not well educated. To them，making sure that the children are healthy and fed well is the most important task. As long as the children are safe and sound，they are considered to have done a good job. Guardians seldom care about children's study，
psychological needs, or mental demands. Neither do they spend some time to teach kids how to develop good habits.
越来越多来自北京、上海、广州、沈阳和其他一些大城市的大学生选择毕业后就结婚。这与20世纪80年代和90年代的情况形成了鲜明的对比，那时候很多城市的年轻人都推迟结婚，直到他们的年龄“足够大”—在30多岁甚至40多岁的时候。许多人花时间寻找有着良好的经济背景或好看的相貌的配偶，而不是寻找爱情。然而，这些选择毕业后就结婚的学生的父母必须照顾这些小夫妻的日常起居，因为这些年轻人仍然在探索如何作为一家人来生活。
参考译文：
University students inBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Shenyang and someother big cities are increasingly choosing to getmarried right after graduating.This is in sharpcontrast to the situation in the 1980s and 1990swhen many urban youngsters put off marriage untilthey were “old enough”一in their 30s or even 40s.Many spent their time looking for spouseswith good economic backgrounds or attractive faces,instead of looking forlove.However,parents of these students choosing to get married right after graduating have totake care of the couples'daily affairs,as the young people are still figuring out how to live as afamily.
青年奥林匹克运动会是专为全世界青年人设立的综合体育赛事。第二届夏季青年奥林匹克运动会于2014年8月16日至28日在南京举行。本届青奥会的口号是“分享青春共筑未来”;寓意全世界青年人在奥林匹克精神感召下，欢聚一堂，相互切磋，相互鼓励，增进友谊，共同成长。吉祥物创意来自雨花石，意为提倡自然、运动、健康、快乐的生活方式;会徽将南京明城墙城门和江南民居轮廓组合在一起，勾勒出“NANJING”字样，寓意青春之门。
参考译文：
Youth Olympic Games, a comprehensive sports event, is designed for young people all over the world. The second summer youth Olympic Games was held from August 16, 2014 to 28 in Nanjing. Its slogan is "Share the youth, Build the future”, which means the young people around the world in the Olympic spirit, get together and play each other, encourage each other, enhance friendship and
grow up together. Its Mascot comes from rain flower stones, advocating a lifestyle of natural, sports, healthy and happy; Its emblem will outline NANJING Ming city wall gate and folk houses together, with the idea of the gate of youth.
【原文】
毛笔，是一种源于中国的传统书写工具，也逐渐成为传统绘画工具。毛笔是汉族人民在生产实践中发明的。随着人类社会的不断发展，勤劳智慧的汉民族又不断地总结经验，存其精华，弃其糟粕，勇于探索，敢于创新。几千年以来，它为创造汉族民族光辉灿烂的文化，为促进汉民族与世界各族的文化交流，做出了卓越的贡献。毛笔是汉民族对世界艺术宝库提供的一件珍宝。
【参考译文】
Writing brush, a traditional writing tool originated from China, has also gradually become a traditional painting tool. Writing brush was invented by the Han people during their production practice. With the constant development of human society, the diligent and intelligent Han people kept summing up the experience. Discarding the dross while assimilating the essence, they strive to explore and blaze new trails. Over thousands of years, writing brush has made great contribution to creating the splendid culture of the Han people and to promoting the cultural exchange between people of all nationalities and the Han people. Writing brush is a treasure that the Han people have provided the world’s arts treasure house.
【重点表达】
存其精华，弃其糟粕Discarding the dross while assimilating the essence
勇于探索，敢于创新strive to explore and blaze new trails
光辉灿烂的文化splendid culture
艺术宝库arts treasure house
翻译原文】
我们的身体夜晚需要休息，白天需要清醒。大多数人每晚需要8到8.5个小时的睡眠才能正常运转。找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法可能是个挑战。科学家已经确认了80多种不同的睡眠紊乱症(sleep disorders)。有些睡眠紊乱症是遗传的。但是，许多睡眠紊乱症是由于熬夜，经常跨时区旅行以及上夜班而引起的。
【参考译文】
Our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zone or by working nights.
【重点表达】
正常运转function properly
找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法find ways to get more and better sleep
熬夜stay up late
经常跨时区旅行travel frequently between time zone
上夜班work nights
我们的身体夜晚需要休息，白天需要清醒。大多数人每晚需要8到8.5个小时的睡眠才能正常运转。找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法可能是个挑战。科学家已经确认了80多种不同的睡眠紊乱症(sleep disorders)。有些睡眠紊乱症是遗传的。但是，许多睡眠紊乱症是由于熬夜，经常跨时区旅行以及上夜班而引起的。
【参考译文】
Our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more
than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zone or by working nights.
【重点表达】
正常运转function properly
找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法find ways to get more and better sleep
熬夜stay up late
经常跨时区旅行travel frequently between time zone
上夜班work nights
乒乓球在中国是一项颇受欢迎和推崇的运动。长期以来，它的确是中国唯一的运动，似乎集足球、篮球和棒球于一身，但却更受欢迎。任何人都可以打乒乓球，所需的只是一副拍子(paddle)、一个球、一张桌子和一张网而已，这些都易于临时拼凑。人们可以在休息间隙或消磨时间时打兵兵球。在中国的学校、工厂甚至某些公司里，都能找到乒兵球桌。
参考译文：
Table tennis is a sport which gains much popularity and praise in China. For a long time, it has really been the only sport in China and seemed to set football,basketball and baseball all rolled into one, but it was more popular. Anyone can play table tennis, for all required are a pair of paddles and ball and a table and net, which are easy to be improvised. People can play it when taking a break or killing time.You can find table-tennis tables in schools, factories or even some companies all over China.
词句点拨：
1、gain popularity 赢得观众;大受欢迎
e.g. Earthy tone colors for apparel and gear continue to gain in popularity compared to bright colors.
相对于明亮的色调,土色系列的色调持续在服装与装备的应用中获得喜爱.
2、rolled into one (把不同的人或物的特点)合为一体的
e.g. This is our kitchen, sitting and dining room all rolled into one.
这既是我们的厨房，又是客厅和餐厅。
3、improvise 拼凑
vt.& vi.即兴创作; 临时提供，临时凑成
e.g. Sometimes I improvise and change the words because I forget them.
有时，我临场发挥改了词，因为我把原来的词给忘了。
在中国，赠送礼物应考虑具体情况和场合。礼物常用红色或其他喜庆的颜色(festive color)来包装，但白色或黑色不适宜用于此。当你将礼物递出去时，收礼者(recipient)可能会礼貌谢绝。在情况下试着将礼物再-次送出去。通常收礼者在客人离开之后才打开礼物。此外，送礼还有—些禁忌(taboo)如给夫妻送伞就不合适，因为中文里“伞”与“散”同音。
参考译文：
In China, we should consider the specific situation and occasion when presenting gifts. The gifts are usually packaged in red or other festive colors. But white and black and not suitable in the packaging. When you offer the gift, the recipient may refuse it politely. In this case, you could try to offer the present once again. Usually, the recipient won't open the gift until the guest leaves. In addition, there are some taboos in giving gifts. For example, it is inappropriate to present an umbrella as a gift to a couple because the word “umbrella” has the same pronunciation wi th another word "separate" in Chinese.
平遥古城位于山西省中部平遥县内，始建于西周宣王时期(公元前827年～公元前782年)。平遥古城是中国汉民族城市在明清时期的杰出范例，在中国历史的发展中，为人们展示了一幅非同寻常的汉族文化、社会、经济及宗教发展的完整画卷。平遥古城被称为“保存最为完好的四大古城”之一，也是中国仅有的以整座古城申报世界文化遗产获得成功的两座古城市之一。
译文：
Located in Pingyao County in the middle of Shanxi Province, the Ancient City of Pingyao was built during the reign of Emperor Xuan in the Western Zhou Dynasty(from 827 BC to 782 BC). The
Ancient City of Pingyao is a prominent example of the Han people's cities in the dynasties of Ming and Qing. It shows a complete and extraordinary picture of the development of culture, society, economy, and religions of the Han people. The Ancient City of Pingyao is called one of the “four best preserved ancient cities”, and one of China’s only two ancient cities that have succeeded in the application for the world culture heritage as a whole city.
中国正面临着人口老龄化和低出生率这些发达国家拥有的问题。在商业领域这些问题则显得更加紧迫。创业的一代人正在老去，但他们很难说服自己的孩子来继承遗产，继续经营他们的企业。对家族企业来说，落实一个清晰有效的继任计划(succession plan)是一个令人头痛的问题。虽然有很多原因可以解释这种不情愿继任的情况，但商业环境的恶化(deterioration)已被证明是主要因素之一。中国正面临着人口老龄化和低出生率这些发达国家拥有的问题。在商业领域这些问题则显得更加紧迫。创业的一代人正在老去，但他们很难说服自己的孩子来继承遗产，继续经营他们的企业。对家族企业来说，落实一个清晰有效的继任计划是一个令人头痛的问题。虽然有很多原因可以解释这种不情愿继任的情况，但商业环境的恶化已被证明是主要因素之一。
参考译文：
中国正面临着人口老龄化和低出生率这些发达国家拥有的问题。在商业领域这些问题则显得更加紧迫。创业的一代人正在老去，但他们很难说服自己的孩子来继承遗产，继续经营他们的企业。对家族企业来说，落实一个清晰有效的继任计划(succession plan)是一个令人头痛的问题。虽然有很多原因可以解释这种不情愿继任的情况，但商业环境的恶化(deterioration)已被证明是主要因素之一。
词句点拨：
1.中国正面临着人口老龄化和低出生率这些发达国家拥有的问题:“面临着”可用face表示,“面临着…的问题”可译为face the problem of;“人口老龄化既可译为population ageing,也可译为an ageing population。“发达国家拥有的问题”可用the developed world's problem of表示。
2.创业的一代人正在老去，但他们很难说服自己的孩子来继承遗产,继续经营他们的企业:“老去”即“变老”，可译get older。“难以做某事”可用固定表达方式have difficulty (in) doing sth 来表示，“很难说服自己的孩子”，可译为have great difficulty persuading their children。“继续经营他们的企业也就是使他们的企业可以继续经营下去”，故可译keep their business running。
3.对家族业来说，落实一个清晰有效的继任计划是一个令人头痛的问题:“家族企业”可译为family-run business,“国有企业”则为state-run business。
请将下面这段话翻译成英文：
Nowadays a large number of universities encourage and organize students to take part in social practice activities. During the holidays, students in mounting numbers choose to be the volunteers, take part-time jobs, or take part in other practical activities alike. It is obvious that social practice is playing an increasingly essential role in China’s college edu cation.
Undoubtedly, college students have benefited a lot from social practice. Above all, they are provided with more opportunities to contact the real world outside campus. What is more, in social practice activities, students can apply their theoretical knowledge to the solution to the practical problems. So their practical skills are improved greatly. Besides, social practice helps strengthen students’ sense of social responsibility.
Considering the above-mentioned, it is necessary for college students to participate in social practice. However, social practice may bring some problems. For example, some students spend too much time in taking part-time jobs so as to ignore their study. Hence, we should try to balance the relationship between social practice and study.
参考译文：
现在很多大学鼓励并组织学生参加社会实践活动。在假期，越来越多的学生选择去做志愿者，兼职打工或参加其他类似的实践活动。显而易见，社会实践在中国大学教育中正在发挥日益重要的作用。
毫无疑问，大学生从社会实践中受益匪浅。首先，他们有更多机会接触校园之外的真实世界。其次，在社会实践活动中，学生能把他们的理论知识用于解决实际问题。因此他们的实践技能得到极大提高。此外，社会实践有助于增强学生的社会责任感。
考虑到上述论证，大学生必须参加社会实践活动。然而，社会实践可能带来一些问题。例如，有些学生花费太多时间兼职打工，以至于忽视了他们的学习。因此，我们应该努力平衡社会实践与学习之间的关系。
剩女(leftover women)”这个词被用来指那些在二十八九岁，甚至更大年龄仍未结婚的女性。有些人认为“剩女”是需要认真对待的社会力量,而另一些人则主张这个词应被视为褒义词，意思是“成功女性”。据2010年的中国婚姻调查(Chinese National Marriage Survey)报道，90%的男人认为女人应该在27岁之前结婚。在中国，大部分“剩女”都是受过良好教育的中产阶级。跟以前几代人相比，如今的女性更加自由，更能够独立生活。
参考译文：
“Leftover women”is a term that refers to women who remain unmarried in their late twenties and beyond.Some people regard leftover women as a social force to be reckoned with”,while others have argued that the term should be taken as a positive term to mean“successful women”.In a 2010 Chinese National Marriage Survey,it was reported that 9 out of 10 men believe that women should be married before they are 27 years old.In China leftover women are mostly well-educated middle class.Women today are more free and able to live independently in comparison to previous generations.
很多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要
考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。所以中餐美味又健康。
参考译文：
Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded as a skill but also an art. The well/carefully-prepared Chinese food is tasty and good-looking. The way of cooking and ingredients varies greatly across China. However, good cooking has one thing in common, that is, to always concern colors, smell, tastes and nutrition. As food is vital for man’s health, good cooks are always making efforts to maintain balance between grains meats and vegetables. Thus, Chinese food is delicious and healthy.
那些保持适应性情绪控制状态的人，把逆境看作是暂时性的，相信困难应该会过去的。在一项危机中，他们很好地调整自己，坚信控制来源于激励的行动而非控制反应。他们不会受到紧张或痛苦情绪的惊吓;他们采取有效的应对策略，例如取得亲朋的支持和自我的述说。研究表明那些拥有高情商的人处理创伤性(traumatic)事件时很少会有负面心理问题。
参考译文：
Those who maintain an adaptive state of emotional control regard adversity as temporary and have the belief that “This shall pass.” In a crisis, they well adjust themselves and firmly believe that the control comes from inspired action rather than controlling reaction. They are not terrified by intense or painful emotions; they employ effective coping strategies, such as obtaining support from relatives and friends, and self-talk. The study indicates that individuals with a high emotional intelligence handle traumatic events with rare negative psychological problems.
三手烟是指在吸烟几小时或几天之后仍然残留在地毯、衣物以及其他物品中的烟污染。据研究，许多人，尤其是烟民，都不知道三手烟会危害人们的健康。在接受调查的1500名烟民和非烟民中，绝大部分人都认同二手烟的危害。但当他们被问到是否知晓“吸入前一天有人吸烟的屋子里的空气会危害你的健康”时,只有65%的非烟民和43%的烟民回答是肯定的。
参考译文：
Third-hand smoke refers to the tobacco smoke contamination that lingers on carpets, clothes and other materials hours or days after smoking.According to a study, a large number of people,particularly smokers, have no idea that the third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people. Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers surveyed,the vast majority agree that second-hand smoke is harmful.But when asked whether they agreed with the statement,“Breathing air in a room where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,”only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers gave the affirmative answer.
自上世纪90年代后期起，七夕节(the Double SeventhFestival )开始被称为“中国的情人节”。这个节日可以追溯到汉朝，当时对恋人、女孩都是个特殊的日子。这天，女孩会举行仪式，向织女(Zhinv)乞求智慧、技艺和美满婚姻，所以七夕节还被称为“乞巧节(the Begging for SkillsFestival)”。如今，一些传统习俗已经弱化。人们现在把七夕节当作浪漫的情人节来庆祝，尤其是在年轻人中间。
参考译文：
The Double Seventh Festival has been called Chinese Valentine's Day since the late 1990s. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. It was then a special day not only for lovers, but also for girls.Girls would hold a ceremony to beg Zhinv for wisdom, skills and a satisfying marriage. So it is also called “the Begging for Skills Festival”.Today some traditional customs have been weakened. Now the festival is celebrated as a romantic valentine's day, particularly among young people.
火锅(hot pot)是中国的传统饮食方式之一，拥有几千年的历史。在寒冷的冬天，人们軎欢吃能立即暖身和提神的火锅。如今在许多现代家庭里，用煤炭加热的(coal-heated)传统火锅已经被电磁炉(induction cooker)火锅所取代。各地火锅风格各异，所使用的火锅原料也不尽相同。一般来说，用于火锅的肉类包括猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉、鸭肉等,其他的菜则包括蔬菜、蘑菇、面条等。
参考译文：
With a history of several thousand years, hot pot is one of the traditional Chinese diets. In the cold winter,people like to eat the hot pot that instantly warms their bodies and lifts their spirits.
Today in many modern homes, the traditional coal-heated hot pots have been replaced by induction cookers. Hot pot styles and ingredients vary from region to region in China. Generally, the common meats used include pork, beef, chicken, duck and others, while other hot pot dishes are vegetables, mushrooms, noodles, etc.
在中国，赠送礼物应考虑具体情况和场合。礼物常用红色或其他喜庆的颜色(festive color)来包装，但白色或黑色不适宜用于此。当你将礼物递出去时，收礼者(recipient)可能会礼貌谢绝。在情况下试着将礼物再-次送出去。通常收礼者在客人离开之后才打开礼物。此外，送礼还有—些禁忌(taboo)如给夫妻送伞就不合适，因为中文里“伞”与“散”同音。
参考译文：
In China, we should consider the specific situation and occasion when presenting gifts. The gifts are usually packaged in red or other festive colors. But white and black and not suitable in the packaging. When you offer the gift, the recipient may refuse it politely. In this case, you could try to offer the present once again. Usually, the recipient won't open the gift until the guest leaves. In addition, there are some taboos in giving gifts. For example, it is inappropriate to present an umbrella as a gift to a couple because the word “umbrella” has the same pronunciation with another word "separate" in Chinese.
中国饮茶的传统可以追溯到公元前3000多年，但“下午茶”的概念却是到17世纪中叶(the mid 17th century)才在英国出现的。当时那里时兴的晚餐时间是晚上8点，所以一位公爵夫人(Duchess)养成了在下午4点约朋友吃糕点的习惯。很快下午茶成为当时的社会潮流。随东西方文化交流的加深，这个英国传统逐渐进入中国。如今，下午茶在国内日渐流行起来，尤其是在广东和福建地区。
参考译文：
Although the tradition of drinking tea dates back to more than 3,000 B.C. in China, it was not until the mid 17th century in the UK that appeared the concept of "afternoon tea". The dinner time then was popularly late at 8 pm, so a Duchess developed a habit of inviting Mends to enjoy some cakes at 4 pm in the afternoon. Quickly, afternoon tea became a fashionable social event. With the