C. Manufacturing Cells (Group Technology)(Family of Parts Concept)
The use of manufacturing cells represents a particular kind of factory layout for manufacturing equipment. The essence of the concept is that, when manufacturing a particular part or family of similar parts in substantial quantities, the equipment for successive operations on the part should be grouped together. The operator - or team of operators who make that part (or the family of parts) - operate all the equipment in the cell. This arrangement is in contrast to a more traditional factory layout that groups like equipment together in departments. Then parts move from department to department for each operation. The advantage of the cell layout is that lines of communication and transportation are made very short. The factory's through-put rate is speeded; work-in-process inventory is greatly reduced; when problems arise at one operation, their effect on subsequent operations is immediately recognized. Route sheets to control movement of parts through the factory are greatly 制造单元（组合科技）（概念单元集合）
制造单元的使用使生产器材在工厂中形成了一个很好的布局，这个概念的本质是，当以一定量生产一个详细的零件，对器件进行连续操作的设备应该被集成在一起。这些操作员或操作团队使这些零件或零件组流经每一个单元中的设备。这样的安排是和传统的工厂布局是相反的，传统的工厂布局中，设备都是集中在一起的，然后，零件的每一部操作在部与部之间完成。单元布局的优点是通信线和传输线都非常短。工厂的物料通过量的速率非常快，半成品存货量被大大降低，当一个问题出现在一个操作中，它所产生的影响对随后的操作会被马上识别。按成片流动的方式来控制通过这个工厂的零件转移被大大削弱或降低至0.
simplified or not needed. Operators learn what is needed at each operation to avoid problems at subsequent operations and have the satisfaction of seeing the results of their efforts. Quality tends to improve. The dis-advantage is that there is apt to be lesser utilization of some equipment. There is also the necessity of having operators learn the operation of several kinds of equipment rather than specializing in one type. The concept is illustrated in Fig. 14C for one particular family of machined parts. Fig. 14G8 shows a more advanced system where a robot does the handling between operations. When a circular layout is used, the robot can tend all machines in the cell.
Fig. 14( The concept of a manufacturing cell illustrated with a cell arranged to make a family of spur gears of various pitches and diameters from forged blanks . This cell is shown with one operator for seven operations, based on the use of automatic equipment. A similar arrangement may be made using more operators and possibly duplicate machines for some workstations 操作者意识到每一个避免问题影响到接下来的操作的工序是必须的，并且他们很满意地看到这些他们努力换来的结果，质量还有待提高。单元布局的缺点是那儿总有一些器材很少被用到，同时也有必要让操作者学习多种器材的操作而不是特定的某一种器材，一个详细的机器零件的组合如图14C，图14G8给出一个由机器人处理中间操搬运作环节的超前系统，当一个循环布局被用上，机器人能够操作所有单元系统中的机器。
图14制造一些不同倾斜角度和直径的齿轮锻坯的单元能够很好的阐明制造单元的概念，这个单元内一个操作者要完成七个操作，这些操作的完成都是建立在自动化器材被使用的基础上。投入使用更多的操作者和尽可能相同的机器应该被执行，当然这些都取决于产品量的需求和在每个工作站的操作时间。
depending on the production level needed, and the operation time at each workstation. The gear blanks are first faced on both sides, turned, drilled and reamed at station one. At station 2, a keyway is broached in the center hole. At station 3, the gear teeth are hobbed and at station 4, they are finish shaved. Stat ion 5 is a brush deburrer. At stat ion 6, the gear is laser- marked to identify its model or part number, and with other descriptive data. At station 7, various gages and inspection devices are used to ensure that quality is of the pre-scribed level. The small tables between machines act as decouplers/Kanbans, containing small amounts of work- in- process, to illustrate which machines may need operator attention to maintain production flow. Ideally, these tables are empty and all work-in-process is undergoing machine operations.
D. Advanced Inspection Devices
Dl. coordinate measuring machines (CMMs)-utilize diffraction gratings to gauge the position of a measuring probe with high accuracy. Typical systems include, in addition to the measuring 齿轮钢坯有两面，翻转，钻孔的操作在第一站，在第二站，中心处被钻开一个凹槽，在第三站，齿轮齿被滚制好，在第四站，齿轮最后成形，5站是一个去毛刺得刷子，在第六站，对齿轮进行激光打标来识别它的形状或数量和一些其他详细的数据，在第七站不同的计量器和检测装置被用来确保齿轮的参数达到预先规定的值。在机器之间的小工作台扮演去耦器的角色，包含了很多小的半成品，从而很好的显示了哪一台机器需要操作者投入更多地注意力来使产品的转移顺利进行，理想地，这些台上是空的或者所有的半成品都正在经历机器的加工。
D.超前检测装置
DI 坐标测量机-利用衍射的光栅来高精度的测定测量探针的位置。
machine, a sensing probe, a control and computing system and measuring software. Various kinds of probes may be used. The probe is moveable with very low friction because of nearly friction-free linear bearings in the machine. The workpiece to be measured is placed on the granite table and is then stationary. The electronic touch probe is guided to move around the workpiece and make contact with it where measurements are wanted. Probe movements can be in the x, y, or z direction. Movement of the probe can be manual, by CNC, or by a programmable controller. The readout console displays the position of the probe simultaneously in terms of the three coordinates. Different probe shapes can be used, depending on the element that is being measured. For example, if dimensions involving the center axes of holes are to be measured, a tapered plug is used as the probe. The measurement accuracy results from use of the moire' fringe pattern from two glass scales placed together on the machine at a slight angle from each other. The fringe pattern between the scales is detected by photocells and 除了一个测量机器以外典型系统包括一个传感器探针、一个计算机控制系统和相关的测量软件。坐标测量机器有多种不同的探针提供用户使用，由于机器内部有几乎零摩擦的线性轴承而使这些探针以非常小的摩擦移动起来，要测量的工件被固定放置在花岗岩工作台上，电子触摸探针在引导下围绕着工件移动，当测量指令发出时，探针就会和工件保持接触的状态，探针的移动能够以X，Y，Z方向移动，也可以手动移动，并且也可以由电脑数值控制或可编程控制器控制其移动，读数操纵台实时显示着探针相对于三个坐标系的位置，不同的测量参数需要用到各种不同类型的探针，例如，如果包含洞的中心坐轴的尺寸需要测量，那么一个锥形插头似的探针可以被派上用场，在机器上有一定偏移角度的两个玻璃刻度的云纹边缘直接决定着测量精度，在两刻度之间的边缘图案由光电池检测，
converted to electrical pulses. Measurement accuracies within 2 to 4 ten-thousandths of an inch in a span of 10 to 30 inches are common. The probe is often mounted on a bridge-like structure, but may be cantilever mounted or fastened to an articulated arm. The machine is usually installed in a room in which temperature and humidity are controlled. Coordinate, profile, and angular measurements can be made. Some machines are equipped with more than one probe or with a machine vision device or laser scanner (see below), in addition to a contact probe. Such machines are referred to as multisensor systems. Fig. 14D1 illustrates a typical coordinate measuring machine.
Fig. 14D1 Dimensional inspection of a machine component with a coordinate measuring machine. (Courtesy Sheffield Measurement, Inc.)
D2.machine vision - in industry, utilizes a pictorial image of the workpiece as part of a system of quality, machine or process control. Control is accomplished by capturing the image by electronic 并且被转换成为光电脉冲，在10-30英寸的测量范围内0.0002-0.0004的测量精度可以保证。探针通常被安装在一个像建筑物的桥上或是被紧紧加固成一个悬臂从而成为一个有关联的臂膀。机器通常被安装在一个温度和湿度都可控的室内，其中坐标，剖面，角度测量都能实现，除了一个接触探针以外，一些机器被装配超过一个的探针或者配有机器能见装置或激光扫描（见下），这样的机器被称作为多传感器系统，图14D描绘了一个典型的坐标测量机器。
图14D1 带坐标测量的机器的尺寸检查
机器眼-工业上，利用一个工件形象化的图片作为质量系统、机器系统或者加工系统的一部分。通过由电的方法来捕获图片从而实现控制，
methods and then using digital data of the image, as the data is processed by a computer, to provide a display, to sort good and bad parts or to actuate control mechanisms. Machine vision systems are versa-tile and have many non-manufacturing applications in the fields of medical diagnosis, surveillance, zip-code mail sorting, traffic control, and bar code reading.
A machine vision system includes means for proper illumination of the workpiece or scene to be pictured, a camera or cameras, an analog to digital converter (though some systems process digital data directly from the camera), sufficient computer stages to process the data, computer software for the application, and actuating equipment that responds to the digital signal from the computer. Proper lighting is a critical factor and there are various lighting arrangements: backlighting, low-angle lighting or diffuse lighting to emphasize the essential image elements. Fig. 1402 illustrates the elements of a typical industrial vision system. Image processing removes unwanted detail. What detail is wanted and what is not wanted is a result of segmentation, the 然后用电脑加工的图片数据资料来进行展示，并分出好的坏的部分从而驱动整个进程，机器眼系统是通用的，并且在医学诊断、监视、按邮政编码的邮件分类、交通控制和条形码识别有非制造的应用。
一个机器眼系统包括工件适合的照明系统和拍照的显示屏，一个或多个相机，一个模数转换（通过一些系统处理直接来自相机的数字资料），充足的计算机加工数据站，计算机应用软件和响应来自计算机数字信号的驱动装置。合适的照明是一个至关重要的因素，系统有不同的照明安排：逆光，低角度光或漫射照明来着重突出必要的图片参数，图1402给出了典型的工业视力系统的要素，图片加工去掉不需要的细节，什么细节是需要的？什么细节是不需要的最终被分开显示，
choosing the elements that must be measured to achieve the desired results. Segmentation reduces the amount of data that must be computer processed, speeding up the operation of the system. One common form of segmentation is to concentrate on the "edges" of the image, the changes in contrast that are characteristic of the edges of the workpiece or the edges of a shadow of a three-dimensional workpiece. (This localized analysis is one reason why proper illumination is critical.) Unexpected edges may be evidence of a surface flaw or other defect in the workpiece. Another segmentation approach is to scan with the camera only a narrow strip across the workpiece instead of its full area, if that is enough to make the desired measurement. Another is to analyze only a small critical portion of the whole image. Even with segmentation, because of the large amount of data in each picture image, high-capacity computer systems are required. The camera includes a lens system to focus the light and a CCD (charged coupled device) integrated circuit that receives the camera image (instead of 选择要素的程序必须符合预期的效果。分离减少了大量的计算机加工数据，加速了系统的运行的速度，分离的一个共同形式是对齐图片的边缘，这些改变与工件的边缘或三维工件阴影的边缘为参照相反（这些局部化的分析可以解释为什么适度的照明是至关重要的）想不到的边缘可能是表面瑕疵或其他缺陷的证据，另外一个分割途径是用照相机的一个狭窄的长条穿过工件来扫描而不是扫描它的全部区域，如果那足够使测量成功的话。另外是分析图片仅仅的很小的关键部分，与分割一样，因为每张图片都有大量的数据，所以需要高容量的计算机系统，照相机包括一个镜片系统来聚光以及一个CCD集成电路（电荷耦合装置）来接受相机图片（而不是一个用在摄影机中的逼真影片），
photographic film that would be used in a film camera). Each pixel (picture element of the CCD sensor) in the camera senses the brightness of light focused on it. The brightness level at each significant pixel is converted to a binary digital number that is processed by the system's computer. Most machine vision cameras are monochromatic, so the brightness value is from a grayscale. Color filters may be used on the camera, however, or color cameras may be used, when color is an important factor in the particular application. All inspection and machine control operations involve computer analysis of the image data. This analysis may involve such things as counting the number of pixels between two lines or edges, determining the radii of some curved edge, counting the number of pixels in the entire image, etc. After such analysis, these measurement data are compared with the data stored in the computer that defines a standard pattern or value for the characteristic being measured. Depending on the difference between the two sets of values, machine or process controls may be adjusted or parts may be rejected. 每个像素（CCD传感器中的图片要素）意味着聚光的明亮度，有效像素的亮度值被转换成一个二进制数值供系统的计算机来处理。大多的机器眼相机都是单色的，所以亮度值来源于灰度值，然而，滤色镜可以用在相机上或使用彩色相机，这时候颜色在特殊的应用场合中是一个重要的参数，所有的检测和机器控制工作都涉及到计算机对图片数据的分析，这些分析可能包括测量两条线或两个边缘之间的像素值，决定一些曲线边缘的半径，测量整个图片的像素值等等。通过这些分析，这些测量数据会与存储在计算机里的数据作比较，从而为特征化的测量定义一个标准的模型或标准值，在两种不同的设定值得基础上，机器或者加工控制能够被调节或零件可以被丢弃。
The advantages of machine vision systems compared with human visual inspection or control are the much greater consistency and reliability of measurement that are inherent in the machine sys-tem. Also, machine vision does not suffer from fatigue, can operate in adverse working conditions and can often be operated at higher speeds than a human counterpart.
When used for component inspection, machine vision can provide several different types of information: 1) part identification, 2) the presence or absence of a component or certain features, 3) shape verification, 4) measurement of length, width, area, hole diameter and hole position 5) inspection of surface finish including surface flaw detection. 6) quantity verification when multiple components are involved.
One machine control application is the guiding of robots. Machine vision on a robot can guide the robot to locate the part, then identify it, then direct the robot's gripper to the proper position to grasp the part correctly, and then, after 机器眼系统的优点与人眼视觉检测与控制比起来有很大的一致性，机器系统有着固有的测量可靠性，同时，机器眼不会有疲劳，能够在不利的工作环境下运行，相对于人眼，机器眼也能以很高的速度运行。
当用作成分检测时，机器眼能够提供几种不同形式的信息：1）部分识别，2）成分或确切特征的有无，3）外形核实，4）长度，宽度，面积，孔径，孔位的测量，5）表面检测包括表面瑕疵检测，6）大量元件时的数据核实。
一个机器控制应用由机器人来操纵，在一个机器上，机器眼能够指导机器人把零件放在合适的位置，然后再来识别它，接着机器人的抓臂定位到合适的位置来准确的抓取零件，然后，
it is grasped and moved to the desired location, orient the part to fit the receiving space. Other applications of machine vision are inspections made throughout the electronics industry for both circuit board and integrated circuit manufacture. Specific examples are inspection of circuit path widths, completeness of population of boards and soundness of solder joints. Machine vision provides feedback control data in wire bonding and die slicing operations. In the paper, textile and plastics industries, machine vision monitors the soundness of continuous webs of rapidly-moving material during processing, including the completeness of coatings applied. In high-production printing, it monitors the registration of different colors on the printed document. In the food industry, machine vision identifies and rejects undersize, oversize or misshapen products in the packaging of cookies, candy bars, and similar products. For many products, it verifies that labels are properly in place on containers. In the painting of various products, it confirms the proper gloss, color, coverage and freedom from runs or other defects. 等机器人抓好以后就移动抓臂到期望的位置，确定元件的方向以使之与所放的地方吻合，机器眼的其他应用贯穿在电路板和集成电路制造的电子工业的检测中，具体应用的例子是关于电路板的宽度，电路板的完成量，焊接的稳定度。机器眼在金属丝焊接和切片操作中提供反馈控制数据。在文中，纺织品和塑料工业，机器眼监视在加工过程中逐渐移动的物体连接网络的稳定性，包括涂层涂得完整度，在高产出打印中，机器眼监控被打印的文件不同颜色的记忆。在食品加工业中，机器眼识别和丢弃小于尺寸的或过尺寸的以及不成形的饼干包装，糖果块和类似的产品。在很多产品中，机器眼核查的标签会被贴在包装上合适的地方，在不同产品的上色中，机器眼来确定合适的光彩度、颜色、包装流量的多少或者其它缺陷，
Machine vision finds flaws in individual parts made with highly automatic glass, plastic and metal manufacturing processes, and monitors the quality of manufactured containers.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e514038011.html,ser scanning- is a method used for dimensional inspections. In one common technique, the workpiece is placed between a low-power scanning laser beam and a photodetector. Scanning is achieved by directing the beam to the axis of a rotating mirror which reflects the image to different points on a collimating lens. The axis of the mirror is at the focal point of the lens. The lens directs the parallel beams to a collecting lens that focuses the beams on a photodetector. A workpiece is placed between the two lenses. The collecting lens receives the beams that pass the workpiece but not those that strike the workpiece and cast a shadow on the collecting lens. The dimensions of the shadow, and thus the workpiece, are calculated by the timing of the spaced laser beams on each side of the shadow. A microprocessor makes the necessary calculations and displays the width or other work- piece dimension of 机器眼监视用自动化的玻璃塑料和金属制造加工做成的单独部分的瑕疵，同时也监视着生产集装箱的质量。
D3.激光扫描是一种用于尺寸扫描的方式，在一个普遍的技术之中，工件被放在一低能量激光束和一个光电检测器之间，通过光线指向旋转镜的中心轴，其中旋转镜向一个瞄准镜反射图片中不同的点，镜子的中心轴在瞄准镜的焦点上，镜子引导平行的光线通过一个聚光透镜使两束光线集中在一个光电探测器上，工件被放置在两片镜子之间，聚光透镜接收穿过工件但是不是直射工件的光线，投射一个影像在聚光透镜上，因此，这个工件影像的尺寸通过在阴影的每一边的隔开的激光束的调速来测量，一个微处理器做必要的计算并且显示宽度或者工件的其他尺寸。
interest. Fig. 14D3 illustrates the working principle. Since there is no contact between the workpiece and measurement tools, the procedure is useful for in-process measurements. Workpieces can be measured while they are in motion on a machine or conveyor. Multiple parts can be measured simultaneously by the one beam. Bench-mounted laser "micrometers" are also used. Accuracies of ±10μin (0.25μm) are achievable for dimensions of 2 in (50 mm) or less. For larger dimensions, measurement tolerances are correspondingly larger.
In another system, the scanned laser beam is received by an array of photodiodes instead of a single photocell. Depending on the location of the edges of the workpiece, some diodes receive the laser beam and some do not. From these differences in the signals received, the dimensions of the part can be determined.
Another measurement aims a laser beam at a curved surface and records the reflections.
Fig. 14D3 The working principle of laser 图14D3 给出了工作规则，由于在工件和测量工具中没有接触而使得程序在进程内的测量显得有必要，工件能够在机器上和传送器上移动的时候被测量，一个光束可以测量多个零件，刷轮式激光“千分尺”也能被用到50mm 或50mm一下的尺寸的精度是+-0.25um，对于更大的尺寸，测量限度也相应的变大。
在其它系统中，激光扫描束被一组光电二极管接收而不是单独的光电管，由于工件边缘不同的方位，一些光电二极管能够接收激光束而一些不能，从这些信号接收的不同情况中，零件的尺寸将被最终确定下来。另外一种测量，激光束打在一弯曲的表面同时记录它的反射情况。
scanning for dimensional measurement. The dimensional measurement is based on the elapsed time between the detection by the photodetector of the laser beam from each side of the workpiece.
Thousands of points per second are scanned and the resulting data describes the curved surface in detail. The unit's computer compares these data with the specified dimensions and indicates whether or not the shape meets specifications.
Still another system uses interferometry. In this method, a laser beam is split into two separate beams by a partially silvered mirror. One beam travels to a fixed mirror and the other to a movable mirror on the workpiece to be measured. The beams are combined and the visual pattern of the interference of the two beams is fed to a photoelectric detector and digital counter. The number of light fringes indicates the displacement of the movable mirror. The method is very accurate and is used in measuring the accuracy of, and in calibrating 图14D3 激光扫描在尺寸测量的工作规则，尺寸测量建立在光电传感器检测的激光从一件工件边缘到另一件工件边缘所用的时间。
每秒钟以几千个点的速率进行扫描，最终数据显示了这样的弯曲面的细节。单元的计算机用设定的尺寸比较这些数据，并显示形状是否符合预期要求。
其它系统采用干涉法，用这种方法，一个激光束通过一个半涂银镜被分成两束分离的光线，一束光线通过一个固定的镜片，另外一束光线通过一个移动的镜片打在一个要测量的工件上，这些光束被结合起来并且两束光发生干涉的可见图案反馈到一个光电检测器和数字计数器，光的条纹数显示可移动镜的位移，这个方法非常精确通常被用来测量机器工具参数的精确度和校正机器工具参数的变动。
movements of machine tool elements.
E. Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV) Systems
An automatic guided vehicle is a device for moving unit loads of materials from one place to another, within a facility, with no accompanying human operator. Vehicles are battery powered and an on-board computer controls the movement. Guidance is provided by one or more of a number of methods. One method uses an electrical inductance wire embedded in the floor. The vehicle has a sensor system that follows the wire. Other methods use optically-read paint or tape markings on the floor or electronically-read magnetic markings on the floor. Some systems use a scanning laser and reflective markers to determine the vehicle's position by triangulation. An inertial guidance system is used on other vehicles with an on-board gyroscope and odometer. Current systems have the capability to control movement over a number of different routes and destinations. Some have data-entry devices so that the path can be modified by factory-floor E.车辆自动引导系统
一个车辆自动引导装置把材料的单元领域从一个地方转移到另一个地方，在一个设备内，没有人工操作的参与，电池供电的车辆由机载计算机控制其运动，计算机提供给车辆一系列的方式来引导，一种方式是利用一个电感线嵌入到地板上，车辆有一个传感器系统能跟随金属线，另外一种方式是用光学系统的油漆或磁带标记在地板上或电可读的磁场标记在地板上，一些系统用激光扫描和反射标记来确定车辆的位置，一个慢性的引导系统被用在一个装有陀螺仪和里程表的车辆上，目前的系统有能力控制车辆以不同的路线到终点的方式来移动。一些系统也有数据输入装置以至于在必要的时候这些路径能够被一线人员修改。
personnel when necessary.
The vehicle may be loaded and unloaded by human operators, by robots, or by arrangements involving powered conveyors. Automated guided vehicles (AGV) are considered by some to be robots. Both materials, tools, and major components such as car or truck engines, are moved with AGV systems. The vehicles normally move at a rate that is slower than a person's walking speed and can stop very quickly if necessary. They include easily-found emergency stop buttons and/or obstacle sensors and circuitry to stop the vehicle immediately if some object is in the vehicle's path.
There are three main types of AGVs: those that carry the unit load right on the vehicle, those that tow one or more trailers or other non-powered vehicles, and those equipped with lifting forks. The latter type are used to transport pallets or skids of material. They replace, for at least some operations, human-operated forklift trucks. Many unit-load vehicles are made to transport one particular kind of material, for example, paper rolls in a newspaper printing 这个车辆可以通过人工，机器人和涉及能源传输机的处理来实现安装和卸载，自动引导车辆被认为成机器人，物料、工具和主要的零部件如车或卡车发动机都由自动引导系统来传送，车辆一般以低于步行的速度来移动，如果有必要的话，车辆也能够以很快的速度停下来，这些包括便于发现的紧急停车按钮和障碍传感器和电路系统来使这个车辆马上停车，如果一些目标在车辆的路径上。
自动引导系统有三种主要形式，包括正确的把单元部件装载在车辆上，还有牵引一辆或多辆拖车或其它非动力型车辆以及装配有起重叉的车辆，后一种形式被用来传输货板或材料的滑动，他们用一些操作代替了起重卡车，很多单元化车辆被用来运输一种极其特殊的材料，例如，用于报纸印刷工厂的卷纸机或用于钢板制作的轧钢厂
plant or coils of sheet steel in a stamping plant.
Fig. 14E Automatic guided vehicles, AGV, are used to move materials, parts, products, tooling and supplies within a factory, without an on-board operator. One guidance system using a wire buried in the floor as a guidepath is illustrated. From Materials and Processes in Manufacturing, 8th ed., E. Paul DeGarmo and others ?1997. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
F. Automated Storage/Retrieval (ASIR) Systems
These systems use automatic devices which, under computer control, place standard loads of material on storage racks or remove them from the racks. The location in the racks is random, depending on where there is open space. The system uses a standard load of material - a pallet load, a handling tray load (for small to medium-sized parts) or a tote box load. The racks have openings that match the size of the standard load. The system is under 图14E 自动引导车辆被用来转移原材料，零件，产品，工具和一个工厂的供给，全程没有在线操作人员，如图，一个引导系统用一根地下的金属丝作为导向槽，从原材料到加工制造中，都是机器完成。
F. 自动存储和取回系统
这些系统在电脑控制下用自动化装置放置标准装载量的原材料到存储架或把它们从存储架上转移，存储架的位置是任意的，取决于哪儿有空的地方，系统采用一个标准装载量的原材料-一个货板的装载量，一个处理货盘的装载量（为一些小到中型的零件）或一个手提箱的装载量，货物架有一个缺口来适配标准装载量的大小。
complete computer control; the computer remembers where each item is stored and, when an item is to be retrieved from stock, directs the retrieval device to the oldest unit of that item in the racks. There are four basic components in the AS/R system: 1) the storage/retrieval, stock-handling, machine which usually runs on a track at the storage rack and operates automatically from computer signals, 2) the storage racks, usually one to three unit loads deep at each opening, and built to a height of as much as 70 ft. (21 m). 3) a computer to control the system and keep stock records and 4) a conveyor or other means to handle the stored items to and from the storage/retrieval device. Fig. 14F illustrates a typical system.
AS/R systems are used for a wide variety of materials. They are employed in manufacturing for factory-floor storage of work-in-process, tools and spare parts. In warehousing and distribution, these systems are used for order picking of finished products and for storage of raw materials and component parts. Applications include grocery warehouses, university and 这个系统完全在电脑的操控之下，每一个操作都能被电脑的存储器存储，当一个项目从储物架上取回，电脑直接控制取回装置去储物架上取项目的最大单元。这个系统有四个基本的组成成分：1）存储和取回，库存处理，通常在一个储物架上运行的一个轨道机器和来自电脑指令的自动化操作的机器，2）储物架，在每个缺口通常有一个到三个单位零件装载量大小，储物架被修到21米高，3）控制系统和记录库存的一台计算机，4）用于从存储取回装置处理库存零件的一种传输及或其它工具，图14F描绘了一个典型的系统。
自动存储与取回系统应用于大量原材料的场所，他们被应用于半成品，工具，多余零件的前线制造加工中，这些系统用于使成品排序和原材料以及成分组件的存储，
corporate research libraries for low-usage books and periodicals, chemical blending operations where drums or raw materials and finished products are stored, textile, sheet metal and printing operations where rolls of coiled material are stored, and storage of bakery pans, office records and production molds, fixtures, tools and dies when they are not in use.
Fig. 14F A complete automatic storage and retrieval system, operated under computer control. Cartons of completed products are automatically placed in open locations in the storage racks. When shipping orders are processed, the computer directs the unloading device to the oldest carton in storage of the product to be retrieved. The carton is automatically moved to the particular loading station where it is needed. (Courtesy Westfalia Storage Systems)
G. Use of Robots in Manufacturing Operations
Industrial robots are mechanical devices that can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks of moving and 应用包括食品杂货铺，大学和低使用率的图书和期刊的企业研究库，原材料和已存储的原材料的化学混合操作，纺织品，片状金属和半成品存储材料的打印操作，面包店锅的库存，办公室记录和产品模型，固定装置，工具和不用的模具。
图14F 一个完全的自动存储和取回系统在计算机的控制下运行，数箱的成品被自动地放置在储物架上缺口的位置，当运送命令被执行，计算机直接驱动卸载装置对存储架即将要执行的取回命令的大箱进行卸载，箱子被自动地转移到需要它的特定的装载站。
G.在制造加工中机器人的用途
工业机器人是机械的装置，能够被编程执行大量的转移任务和自动操纵原
manipulating materials, parts, tools or other devices automatically. Often having an appearance similar to that of a human arm and hand, robots typically have the following major elements: 1) the manipulator - the structure and linkages that provide movement. Robots may have as many as 6 axes of movement, described some-times as "six degrees of freedom", 2) the end-effector - a hand-like gripper or some device that performs a useful operation, 3) a controller - the apparatus that starts, stops and controls the action of the robot, stores data and communicates with other data devices or with persons, 4) the power supply - for operation of the robot. This may be from hydraulic or pneumatic sources or from electrical servo or stepper motors. Electric power is the most common, 5) sensors (in many robots) - that detect position, contact, force, torque, resistance, or may have vision capabilities. The signals or data are transmitted back to the controller. 6) active devices - Robots may be equipped at the end of the arm with active devices such as spray guns, welding tools, drills, routers, grinders, 材料，零件，工具或其它装置，机器人通常有一些类似于人类的臂和手的特点，通常有如下主要元素：1）操纵器-这结构和连接提供移动，机器人有6个移动形式，有时候被形容为六个自由度，2）末梢执行器-一个抓手或一些装置执行一些有用的操作，3）一个控制器-这设备开始停止和控制机器人的动作，存储数据以及和其它数据装置或人进行交流，4）能源供给-机器人的动作，这些可能来自液压或气动能源或来自电导伺服或步进电机。电能是最通常的，5）传感器（在很多机器人里）-检测装置，接点，压力，转矩，阻力或或一些视力性能，这些信号或数据被传送回控制器，6）有效装置-机器人可以在手臂的末端装配有效装置比如喷枪，焊接工具，钻子，路由器，研磨机，橡皮轮或其它工具。
buffing wheels, or other tools. Fig. 14G illustrates the major elements of a typical industrial robot.
Some robots are equipped with a "teaching pendant", a hand controller that can be used by a human operator to move the robot's arm and gripper. The pendant records the movements, their rate of speed and the end points. The sequence of motions is retained in the controller's memory and can be "played back" to repeat the desired series of motions necessary to perform the operation. Some robots have point-to-point control over the end effector's movement; others employ continuous path control. Some have fixed motion paths; others provide variation in the movement of the arm depending on information sent to the controller by sensors.
G1. areas of robot applicability - Robots have been most common in operations where the work-ing conditions are unpleasant, difficult, or unsafe for human operators. Hot forgings and castings are easily handled by robots. Heat, fumes or odors, dirt, dust and solvents are unpleasant, unhealthy, or 图14G描绘了一个典型工业机器人的主要构成，一些机器人被装配有示教器，也就是一个能被人工操作的机器人的手和抓手的手动控制器，这个示教器记录着他们移动的速率和终点，动作的顺序被保存在控制器的内存里，能够被回放来重复得到一系列的运动来执行操作，一些机器人在末梢，效应器上有点对点的控制，其他采取连续路径的控制，一些机器人有固定的运动路线，另外一些机器人通过传感器发来的信号再到控制器从而实现手臂不同的移动。
G1.机器人的适用区域-在不理想的，艰难的或对人不安全的场合机器人都有很普遍的用法，机器人能很轻易的处理热锻件和热铸件，热量，烟气或脏气味，灰尘和溶剂对于人来操作不是那么理想，不健康且有危险，但是对于机器来说，这些都不是问题。
(单选)1：She does not photograph well. A：她不上镜。 B：他不爱照相。 正确答案：A (单选)2：随着人数的增加，他们力量也增加了。 A：As the increse of the number, their power is increased B： Their power increased with their number. 正确答案：B (单选)3：We stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frost＇s familiar poem, they are not equally fair. A：我们站在两条路的岔路口，但是不像罗伯特熟悉的诗里那样，并不是同样的公平 B：我们正处在两条路的分岔口。但是并不像我们所熟悉的罗伯特的诗中所说的，这两条路是同样的好 正确答案：B (单选)4：I don＇t know how far I didn＇t run. A：我不知道跑了多远 B：我不知道还有多远我没有跑。 正确答案：A (单选)5：质量服务月 A：Quality Service Month B：Quantity Service Month 正确答案：A (单选)6：无事不登三宝殿。 A：I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you. B：I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something for you. 正确答案：A (单选)7：Little remains to be said. A：简直没有什么可说的了 B：还能说一点。 正确答案：A (单选)8：ginger beer A：姜汁啤酒 B：姜汁汽水 正确答案：A (单选)9：走马观花 A：to appreciate flowers on a running horse
The UN General Assembly, the central political forum, is composed of 193 members, including virtually all the world’s nation-states. Two thirds of its members are developing countries, which account for about three-quarters of the world’s population. Reaching decisions is difficult, especially since all agreements by custom must be reached by consensus（一致）. As a result, important agreements are often held hostage （持有人质）by narrow special interests, and most agreements are reached only by reducing them to their lowest common denominators（共同特性，分母）. But the real question is whether the major countries of the world will allow democracy（民主（政治））to function at the highest level. The Security Council, which is responsible for peace and security, deals with issues of the greatest political importance. The Council has only 15 members so it can meet frequently and deal with crises. Once impotence（无效）due to Cold War rivalries, it has regained much of the authority accorded by the UN charter. 联合国大会是最重要的政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎包括了世界上所有的国家。其中三分之二为发展中国家，这些国家的人口占了全球总人口的四分之三。 大会做出决议并非易事，因为按照惯例所有的协议都必须在成员国之间达成共识。结果，一些重要协议往往因为少数国家的特殊利益而面临被否决的可能，
作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的
英文翻译练习（一） The status of Philosophy in Chinese culture has always been regarded as a comparison with that of religion in other cultures. In China, Philosophy is the concerned field by each educated one. Long time ago in China, a person would firstly accept enlightened education in Philosophy if he could be given education. Children should read the Analects, Mencius, The great Learning, The Doctrine of mean once they entered school. The Four Books were regarded as the most important documents after Song(regarded as “new Confucianism”in west).When children began to learn words, the commonly used textbook is Three Words, in which every three words a group, every six words one sentence, and the even sentence rhyme has rhyme, easy to read aloud and easy to remember. In fact, this book is used to learn words for Chinese children. The first sentence of Three Words “Man’s nature is good at birth.” Is the basic idea of philosophy of Mencius.
进阶翻译练习1 1. 人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。 2. 许多学生没有意识到考试作弊的后果 3. 随着其他领域改革的进行，中国高等教育也在经历着巨大的变化。 4. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。 5. 一个人的实际能力才是企业所真正看重的。 6. 我们希望我们的政府采取更强硬的措施来防止传染病，比如艾滋。 7. 尽管经济危机，当局还是应该投放大量的预算去帮助有需要的人。 8. 环境中的化学废弃物会严重危害人们的健康。比如，河流中的化学排放物会疾病，基因变易甚至死亡。 9. 说句公道话，严肃性的课堂教学可以使我们学到很多知识。但用这种方式上课，学生们经常无法积极参与课堂活动。 10. 此外，大家庭也给我们提供了好的机会来培养我们的各种能力和性格。比如：合作，团队精神，独立，平等和关心他人。 11. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。 12. 一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康。正如那句老话：只工作不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。 13. 当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。 14. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 15. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 16. 考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。 17. 给学生评定成绩的时候，应该把他的出席情况和课堂表现考虑在内。 18. 那些赞成“竞争教育法”的人认为，要想孩子在将来的社会中生存，必须从小就灌输竞争精神。 19. 现在，之所以会有如此多的包装纸是因为我们每天消耗的比过去的家庭要多得多。 20. 我认为我们发明一种新的语言来取代英语是没有必要的. 21. 环境保护是一个如今为人们广为讨论的一个话题。 22. 笔记本电脑流行的主要原因是它操作简单。 23. 没有人能否人这一事实：教育是人生最重要的一方面。 24. 一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。 25. 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。 26. 我们必须承认，那些反对此观点的人们也有一定的道理。 27. 人们往往会和观念与自己相近的人交朋友。 28. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 29. 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 30. 众所周知，环境污染问题是中国乃至世界面临的最为严重的问题之一。 31. 值得注意的是农村和城市的生态环境都在不断恶化。 32. 例如，一些孩子花很多时间在电视机前，忽视他们的学习，户外活动甚至家庭。父母们
Finding your true calling 找寻内心真实的呼唤 The very worst use of time in life is to stay for months or years at a job for which you are completely unsuited. However, a great number of people spend their whole lives doing something during the week so that they can somehow find some thing enjoyable to do on the weekend. 人们一生中利用时间最糟糕的莫过于经年累月地从事自己完全不合适的工作。可是，有相当多的人却一生都是如此度过的：工作日内做做事，周末找些乐子。 In every case, these are men and women with very little future before them.They look upon their jobs as a form of drudgery, a penance they have to pay in order to enjoy the rest of their lives. And because of this attitude, they will seldom advance or be promoted. They will stay pretty much at the same level, moving from job to job, and always wondering why other people seem to live the "good life" while they feel they are living lives of quiet desperation. 从各种情况看，这些人的前途黯淡。他们认为自己的工作是沉重的任务，是他们为了享受余生对自己的惩罚。正是由于这种态度，他们很少会有发展或得到提升。他们总是在原地踏步，工作换了一个又一个，
Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下，人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而，这个自我形象是一种幻想：作为先进国家，实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要，在这个国度里，来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层，更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明，主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了：在美国，由于社会安全网存在漏洞，这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良，得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观，他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学，如果愿意，还可以从送到私立学校上学，而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。
20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业1 试卷总分:100 得分:100 一、单选题(共15 道试题,共75 分) 1.It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. A.只有聪明的人才不会范错误 B.再聪明的人也会范错误。 答案:B 2.I＇m not a little afraid of snakes. A.我一点也不怕蛇 B.我非常怕蛇。 答案:B 3.He is a Napoleon of finance. A.他是金融界的拿破仑 B.他是金融界的巨头。 答案:B 4.I don＇t know how far I didn＇t run. A.我不知道跑了多远 B.我不知道还有多远我没有跑。 答案:A 5.中国政府决定，要用3年左右时间使大多数国有企业走出困境。 A.The Chinese government has decided to take about three years to extricate most state-owned enterprises from their difficulties B.Chinese government decides to help most national enterprises going out obstacle with about 3 years. 答案:A 6.You can never be too careful about English-Chinese translation A.作英译汉时，不能太仔细 B.作英译汉时，越仔细越好。 答案:B 7.在这个紧要关头，我们尤其不该为了已经无法挽回的事情相互埋怨。 A.At a critical time we especially should not blame one for what has already happened B.The last thing we should do at this crucial moment is blaming one another for what can not be undone. 答案:B 8.The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered. A.我小时候梦寐以求想得到答案的问题，终于得到了圆满的回答 B.我儿童时代在心中燃烧的问题，终于得到了充分的回答。
SZ170420117 环境一班任云帆 Peter Newmark: The first traces of translation date from 3000 BC, during the Egyptian Old Kingdom, in the area of the First Cataract, Elephantine, where inscriptions i n two languages have been found. 最早的翻译的痕迹来自公元前3000年，那时正是古埃及王朝。在第一瀑布（注：地处埃及和苏丹的边界，亚斯旺南郊）首次发现了用两种语言篆刻的碑文。 It became a significant factor in the West in 300 BC, when the Romans took over wholesale many elements of Greek culture, including the whole religious apparatus. 一个很重要的因素是：公园前300年的西方，罗马人垄断了许多的希腊文化元素，包括整个宗教组织。In the twelfth century, the West came into contact with Islam in Moorish Sp ain. 在二十世纪，西方人开始与西班牙的摩尔穆斯林们建立联系。 The situation favoured the two essential conditions for large-scale translation (Storig, 1963): 这样的情景下推动大规模翻译的两个中重要条件是： a qualitative difference in culture (the West was inferior but scientifically acquisitive and receptive to new ideas) and continuous contact between two languages. 文化中的定性差异（西方人比较落后，但是更加贪求科技并且更易于接受新的思想）和两种语言简的持续交流 When the Moorish supremacy collapsed in Spain, the Toledo school of translato rs translated Arabic versions of Greek scientific and philosophical classics. 当摩尔人在西班牙的霸权瓦解，托莱多翻译学院翻译了很多阿拉伯语版的希腊科学和哲学的经典。Luther’s Bible translation in 1522 laid the foundations of modern German and King James’s Bible (1611) had a seminal influence on English language and literature. 卢瑟在1522年翻译的圣经立足于现代德国和金·詹姆斯在1611年翻译的版本，它对英国的语言和文学有着有着重要的影响。 Significant periods of translation preceded Shakespeare and his contemporaries, French classicism and the Romantic Movements. 莎士比亚时期，法兰西古典时期和浪漫主义运动时期都是翻译界中很重要的时期 全文： 最早的翻译的踪迹公元前3000年，那时正是古埃及王朝。在第一瀑布（注：地处埃及和苏丹的边界，亚斯旺南郊）首次发现了用两种语言篆刻的碑文。一个很重要的因素是：公园前300年的西方，罗马人垄断了许多的希腊文化元素，包括整个宗教组织。在二十世纪，西方人开始与西班牙的摩尔穆斯林们建立联系。这样的情景下，推动大规模翻译的两个中重要条件是：文化中的定性差异（西方人比较落后，但是更加贪求科技并且更易于接受新的思想）和两种语言的持续交流。摩尔人在西班牙的霸权瓦解后，托莱多翻译学院翻译了很多阿拉伯语版的希腊科学和哲学的经典。卢瑟在1522年翻译的圣经立足于现代德国和金·詹姆斯在1611年翻译的版本，它对英国的语言和文学有着有着重要的影响。莎士比亚时期，法兰西古典时期和浪漫主义运动时期都是翻译界中很重要的时期。
基础综合英语课文翻译 导语：《基础综合英语》综合听说读写四个方面。每单元前半 部分涉及听说技能，而后半部分突出读写技能。这四种技能都围绕同一主题展开，相互补充，协同提高。下面是由的关于基础综合英语课文第一单元部分课文的翻译。欢迎阅读！ 对F的赞美 今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义 的文凭。这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。 最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我 教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学历毕业证书。他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。 在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。在每学期 开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！我希望有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，即使我阅读不好，也不会写作。很多诸如此类的抱怨。
我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前，我将孩子们 的学力能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其它妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。 我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的 注意。我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关，直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。 当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。他坐在 后排和他的朋友说话。她告诉我。你为什么不把他换到前排来？我恳求道，我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。史蒂夫特夫人从眼镜上方冷冷地看着我。我不会换高年级学生的座位。她说，我会给他们不及格的成绩。我大感紧张。我们儿子的学习生涯在我的眼前闪现。之前，没有老师以此威胁过他。我恢复镇定，艰难地表示我认为她是对的。到家时，我对此感觉良好。目前这是一种激进的做法，但是，嗯，为什么不这么做呢？她要给你不及格。我告诉我的儿我没有再多说什么。突然英语就在他的生活中成了头等大事。他期末得了一个A。 我知道一个例子不能说明问题，但我在夜校中看见了一群愤怒、怨恨的学生，他们愤恨的原因是学校让他们一路混，直到他们甚至都无法再假装跟得上。这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学
邀请名人做广告，只要商品确实是货真价实，名人又愿意，这应该是广告技巧的上策，会产生很强的名人效应。但是商品质量差，广告又言过其实，又请名人做广告，这种广告一时也会产生一些好的影响，但最终是砸了自己的牌子，也塌了名人台，影响名人的信誉，因此名人在接受时要慎之又慎。请名人做广告，付给的报酬高得惊人，而一些名人尤其是政界和科学界的名流往往不肯抛头露面。这样西方国家的一些广告商便在平民中千方百计物色酷似名流的人来做广告，甚至被弄去参加开业典礼或者开张剪裁以招徕生意。局外人往往不明真相而受蒙骗。正因为真假难分，名人替身常遭不测。 To invite those eminent persons to help make advertisements should be regarded as one of the best ad strategies and could of course, produce a spectacular VIP effect, provided that those eminent persons are perfectly willing to accept the invitation and, more importantly, the commodities to be advertised are genuine and their prices fair. Sometimes, while a commodity is of inferior quality, the ad is full of words lavishing praise on it. If, under such a circumstance, an eminent person comes to help make the ad, the ad could, if anything, be temporarily successful before it turns the brand of the commodity in question notorious and more disastrously, ruins the reputation of the eminent person thereafter. It is precisely for this reason that the eminent persons are well advised to think more than twice before agreeing to appear on a commercial. Despite the fact that an eminent person could be paid a staggering sum of money after he or she helps make a commercial ad, some eminent persons, those in political and scientific circles in particular, are averse to public exposures. As a result, some advertisers in Western countries have had to try every means possible to scout among the populace at large men or women that are very copies of the eminent persons they are after. Once recruited, an eminent person’s substitute, apart from appearing on an ad, is often made to show up on certain high profile occasions, such as opening ceremonies or ribbon cutting ceremonies, with a view to soliciting customers. Outsiders, unable to distinguish a real eminent person from his substitute, are usually taken in. However, not every hired substitute is lucky. Some of them may become victims of unexpected attacks aimed at the real eminent persons and suffer unfortunately, for them. Work Produced against the grain and in marginality by George Steiner in After Babel: This book was written under somewhat difficult circumstances .I was at the time increasingly marginalized and indeed isolated within the academic community. This is not ,necessarily, a handicap. Tenure in the academy today ,the approval of one’s professional peers, the assistance and laurels in their giving, are not infrequently symptoms of opportunism and mediocre conventionality. A degree of exclusion, of compelled apartness, may be one of the conditions of valid work. In the humanities,in the disciplines of intuitive discourse, committees, colloquia, the conference circuit are the bane. Nothing is more ludicrous than the roll-call of academic colleagues and sponsors set out in grateful footnotes at the bottom of trivia. In poetics ,in philosophy, in hermeneutics, work worth doing will more often than not be produced against the grain and in marginality.
Translation Task 2 I Translate the underlining part into Chinese. The Thanks We Give Editorial of The New York Times It's not the turkey alone we're grateful for. Not the cranberry sauce or the stuffing or even the pumpkin pie. Some of the people seated at the table are strangers --- friends of friends, cousins of in-laws --- and some are almost desperately familiar, faces we live and work with every day. In any other week, today would merely be Thursday and the gathering of all these people--- the cooking and serving and cleaning --- a chore. But today it doesn't feel that way. The host---perhaps it's you--- stands up and asks that we give thanks, and we do, each in our own way. And what we're thankful for is simply this, the food, the shelter, the company and, above all, the sense of for granted the things we almost always take for granted. We try, if only in that brief pause before the eating begins, to see through the well-worn patterns of our lives to what lies behind them. In incompatible with the gratitude- not to mention the abundance --- that Thanksgiving summons. It's tempting to think that one Thanksgiving is pretty much like another, except for differences in the guest list and the recipes. But it isn't true. This is always a feast about where we are now. Thanksgiving reflects the complexion of the year we're in. Some years it feels buoyant, almost jubilant in nature. Other years it seems marked by a conspicuous humility uncommon in the calendar of American emotions. II Correct the inappropriate part in the following sentences. 1. We discovered this long ago but were never able to successfully solve the problem. 2. I hope you will sit down together to carefully study and discuss this question. 3. China is of special importance to the world and is related to the stability and security of the international situation. 4. We must continue to strengthen basic research and increase scientific and technological strength and staying power for future development. 5. In areas that are suitable for the production of grain, a good job must be done in grain production and efforts be made to raise per-unit yield, increase variety, and improve quality.