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化学专业英语(马永祥版)第一课的英文翻译

化学专业英语(马永祥版)第一课的英文翻译
化学专业英语(马永祥版)第一课的英文翻译

元素和周期表

在原子核中质子的数目被称为原子序数,或质子数,Z。电中性原子中的电子数目也等于原子序数,Z。一个原子的总质量几乎由它的原子核中的质子和中子的总数所决定。此总量称为质量数,A。原子中中子的数目,中子数,其值由下式给出:A-Z。

元素这一术语指的是,由单一种类的原子所组成的纯物质。对化学家来说“类”是由其原子序数指定的,因为这是个决定了它的化学行为的属性。目前,所有的原子从Z = 1,Z = 107都为人所知了;共有107种化学元素。每个化学元素被赋予一个名称和一个特定的符号。对于大多数的元素来说符号是简单的英文名称的缩写,由一个或两个字母组成,例如:

氧==O 氮== N氖==Ne镁==Mg

已经为人所知了很长一段时间的一些元素,其符号是基于其拉丁语中的名称,例如:

铁==Fe(ferrum)铜==Cu(cuprum)铅==Pb(plumbum)

在表1中可以找到的元素的完整列表。

早在17世纪末期,罗伯特.波义尔就开始了这项工作,他提出了现在公认的元素概念,大量的研究使我们对元素及其化合物的性质有了相当的研究。1869年,D.Mendeleev和L.Mayer,各自通过独立的工作,提出了周期性规律。在现代的形式中,该规律表明元素的属性和原子序数呈周期性的函数关系。换句话说,当元素依照原子序数的升序排列时,具有大致相同的特性的元素将沿着列表中的一定间隔降序

排列。因此,将具有类似性质的元素排成纵列,从而将元素排成表格的形式是可能的。这种安排被称为一个周期表。

每个一行中的元素构成一个周期。应当指出的是周期表的长度是变化的。有一个很短的周期只由2个元素组成,随后的两个周期各有8个元素,接下来的两个长周期各有18个元素。再接下来的一个周期包括32个元素,最后一个周期显然是不完整的。这样的安排,使得相同的垂直列中的元素具有类似的特性。这些列构成的化学族或群。那些以两个八元素周期为首的族中的元素被指定为主族元素,和其他各组的成员被称为过渡或内过渡元素。

在周期表中,一条重重的阶梯线把元素们划分成金属和非金属。这条线(除氢外)左侧的是金属元素,而在右边是非金属元素。这种划分只是为了方便。那些与分隔线邻近的元素——准金属,既有金属的性质,又有非金属的性质。可以看出,大部分的元素,包括所有的过渡与内过渡元素,是金属元素。

除氢元素——一种气体元素外,IA族的元素组成了碱金属族。它们是非常活泼的金属,它们从未在自然界中以单质状态被发现。然而,它们的化合物是广泛分布的。碱金属族的所有成员,只能形成具有1 +价的离子。与此相反,IB族的元素铜,银,和金的元素相对来说是惰性的。它们和碱金属是相似的,因为它们在化合物中以1 +的离子存在。但是,和大多数过渡元素具有的特性一样,它们形成也能形成其它价的离子。

IIA族的元素就是通常所说的碱土金属。它们离子的特征价态是2 +。

这些金属,尤其是组中的最后两个元素,几乎和碱金属一样活泼。IIB 组元素,锌,镉,和汞比那些IIA的元素活性低,但比邻近的IB族元素活泼。它们的特征离子价态也是2 +。

除硼以外,第IIIA族元素也相当活泼的金属。铝与空气反应后是惰性的,但这一表现源于这一事实:在金属表面形成了一个薄的,不可见的铝的氧化膜,该膜保护大部分金属不会进一步氧化。IIIA族的金属形成3 +价的离子。IIIB族由金属钪,钇,镧和锕组成。

第IVA族由一个非金属,碳,两个准金属,硅和锗和两种金属,锡和铅组成。这些元素中的每一个都形成一些化合物,这些化合物的分子式表明四个其它的原子出现在每个IVA族原子周围。例如,四氯化碳,CCl4。IVB族金属——钛,锆和铪,也形成每个IVB族原子与四个其它原子结合的化合物,这些化合物纯的时候是非电解质。

VA族的元素包括三个非金属元素——氮,磷,砷和两个金属——锑和铋。尽管它们存在分子式为N2O5,PCL5,和AsCl5的化合物,但它们都不是离子型化合物。这些元素形成的化合物——氮化物,磷化物和砷化物,其中离子的价态都是负三价。VB族的所有元素都是金属。这些元素形成这样的多种不同的化合物,它们的特点是不容易总结归纳的。

除钋以外,VIA族元素是典型的非金属。他们有时也被称为硫族,来自希腊字,意思是“灰源体”。在他们与金属形成的二元化合物中它们以2-的离子价存在。ⅦA族的所有元素都是非金属元素,被称为卤素。来自希腊文,意思是“盐源体”。他们是最活泼的非金属,

并能够与几乎所有的金属和大部分非金属,包括它们自己反应。

ⅥB,ⅦB,VIIIB的所有元素都是金属。它们形成各种不同的化合物,在这一点上我们甚至不能举出任何能表现各族元素典型变化的例子。

化学行为的周期性可以通过这样的事实阐明:不包括第一个周期,每个周期的开始,是一个非常活泼的金属。周期中的连续元素,金属性逐渐降低,最终成为非金属,最后,在ⅦA族,一个非常活泼的非金属就出现了。每个周期以惰性气体家族的一个成员结束。

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