I线图、柱状图、饼图，表格题
一、介绍段introduction
介绍段内容几乎完全不用创新，就是对题目文字部分的第二段做改写，paraphrase the rubric。所谓改写，要么换词，要么换句式。
例如：(I4-100)
The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK and most popular countries for UK residents to visit.
换词
(1) 图 The charts
图：chart, graph（雅思写作中完全等价，无差别）
线：line / curve chart
柱图：bar / column graph
饼：pie chart
表：table / statistics / figures
(2) 动词“表明”give information about
介绍段是客观描述，用一般现在时态，give information about虽然在这篇作文中最好不再用，但是informal learning，随手学到的东东，留作其它文章再用。替换的词语和结构很多，比如我常用的show
/illustrate / demonstrate/compare，大家也可以选几个自己喜欢并且拼写准确的形成风格，年轻时多尝试，年纪大了就要形成风格啦，三个就够，多了白搭，还是那句话，博大不如精深。
第二段其余部分的替换因题而异，
比如
travel换成visit，
the UK换成Britain（注意不是England，英格兰只是Britain的一部分），
popular换成fashionable，
country换成nation，
UK residents to visit换成UK tourists。
不过随着练习作文数量的增加，你会惊喜的发现，雅思图表作文，连描述的对象都是类似的。
最后要注意点细节，原文的“below”应省略，因为答题纸上没有图；而第二副图上标注的1999年，可以补充进介绍段。
换句
(1)并列句
The line chart shows that …and the bar graph illustrates that …（分别描述两幅图，形成风格哦，第一幅图用chart，第二副图用graph，第一幅图shows，第二副图illustrates，也许你写的所有文章都类似，但考官只有机会欣赏一篇啊。）
(2)被动语态
… is revealed in the line chart and … is indicated in the bar graph. One possible answer:
The line chart reveals visits to and from Britain and the bar graph indicates most fashionable nations for UK tourists in 1999.
二、主体段body
过渡：
段首过渡词（1个）
信息出处：
According to the line chart,
As is shown in the line chart,
The line chart shows that …
表示逻辑：
in contrast等等
段内过渡词（1-2个）
顺承：also, besides, in addition
转折：however, in contrast
其它：meanwhile / in the same time, similarly, in particular
简单线图：
趋势（包括升降速度）：
The visits increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
There was an increase in the visits from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
An increase in the visits can be seen from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
(1)主体：（第二段或图例中有明示）
同义词 travel
The travel increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.代词 they
The visits increased quickly from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999. In particular, they increased very rapidly from 1985 to 1988.
线 line：主要用于不理解图线所代表内容的情况。
the thin（细线） / thick（粗线） / broken（虚线） / dotted（点线） line The thin line, which represents visits by UK residents, increased from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
(2)增加/减少：动词
increase / decrease, rise/drop（可做名词）
go up / come down
climb / slide
ascend / decline
rocket /plunge（暴增/暴减）
过去的图表用一般过去时；一天24小时的图表用一般现在时。
增加/减少：名词
a sharp / slow / great / slight increase
an upward / rising / increasing tendency
a downward / falling / decreasing trend
(3)升降速度/幅度（去掉-ly就是形容词）
快：quickly / rapidly / swiftly
慢：slowly / gradually / steadily
大：greatly / vastly / considerably / substantially
小：slightly / marginally / minutely
数字副词：
about / around / roughly / more or less 12 million
(4)数字单位用单数
12 million而不是12 millions
(5)时间
from … to … / between … and …
during the period from … to … / between … and … / starting from ….
(6)补充动词
keep / remain / maintain unchanged / constant / stable（保持不变）fluctuate upward / downward（波动向上/向下）
double / triple / quadruple（2/3/4倍）
A possible answer:
According to the line chart, visits abroad by UK residents increased from about 12 to 57 million from 1979 to 1999. Similarly, overseas travelers to Britain went up from about 10 to 27 million. It is obvious that UK tourists were more and climbed faster than overseas ones during the period.
复杂线图：
极值：
峰值：peak (v. & n.), summit (v. & n.), highest point
谷值：touch the bottom (v.), nadir (n.), lowest point
稳定时期：plateau (n.高原), lower stationary phase (低稳时期)
A possible answer:
According to the curve chart, daily electricity need is higher in winter (38,000 units on average) than in summer (18,000 units on average). In winter, electricity consumption peaks at 2:00 am and 10:00 pm while it touches the bottom at 0:00 am and 8:00 am. On the other hand, in summer, it summits at 2:00 pm and 11:00 pm, but has a nadir at 9:00 am and a lower stationary phase from 4:00 pm to 9:00 pm.
简单柱图：
A possible answer:
The bar graph demonstrates that the most UK visitors went to France and Spain, which were 11.0 and 9.5 million. Also, many British travelers were attracted by the USA (4.0 million), Greece (3.5 million) and Turkey (2.0 million).
复杂柱图：
比较：
90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of women.
More women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%).
Men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30% respectively).（摘自《剑桥雅思4》）
饼图：无非是两个表达的组合“占”和百分比。
“占”：
Occupy
Account for百分比：
A small percentage of … (X%)
A quarter of …
The minority of … (X%)（小部分）
Half of …
The majority of … (X%)
Most of … (X%)
One-fifth of …
A possible answer:
The pie graph demonstrates that heating rooms and water occupies the majority of electricity consumption (52.5%). Then, 17.5% of the electricity demand is shared by ovens, kettles and washing machines. Lighting, TV, radio and vacuum cleaners, food mixers, electric tools are responsible
for the rest, with 15% each.
表格：
数字引入：图表引用数字的三种主要方法
On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position.
括号：
Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%).
介词短语：
However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.
词数填充Word filler ：这些表达没有实际意义，考试的时候可以填充词数。
It is noticeable that …
It is easy to see that …
It is obvious that …
三、比较段comparison /结论段conclusion：
比较段：内容无非是数据关联或者特征关联两种可能。
What is also worth mentioning is that … if the two diagrams are considered as a whole.
A possible answer:
What is also worth mentioning is that almost 40% UK tourists selected France and Spain in 1999, if the two diagrams are considered as a whole.
单图结论段：
Overall, the table/chart/graph/diagram suggests that …
A possible answer:
Overall, the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples.（摘自《剑桥雅思4》）
1、趋势类词汇
上升动词类：
increase, go up, rise up, grow up, jump up, surge, shoot up, keep an upward tendency
decrease, go down, decline, fall down, drop, sink, dip, keep a downward tendency
波动动词类：
fluctuate
持平动词类：
remain the same, stabilize, remain stable, remain constant
修饰动词的副词：
slightly 轻微地，
slowly 缓慢地，
gradually 逐渐地，
steadily 稳定地，
rapidly 迅速地，
moderately 温和地，轻微地，
significantly 明显地，
sharply 明显地，
dramatically急剧地，
drastically 急剧地
上升名词类： increase, rise, growth, jump, surge
下降名词类： decrease, decline, fall, reduction, drop
波动名词类： fluctuation
修饰名词的形容词：
slight, slow, gradual, steady, rapid, moderate, significant, sharp, dramatic, drastic
2、极值类词汇和表达
最高点： reach the peak/top/highest point
Increase to the peak/top/highest point(所有上升类的动词都可以替换掉increase)
最低点： reach the bottom/lowest point
drop to the bottom/lowest point(所有下降类的动词都可以替换掉drop)
占的最多： occupy/make up/take up/account for the largest
proportion/number/percentage of …
占的最少： occupy/make up/take up/account for the smallest
proportio n/number/percentage of…
3、倍数的表达方式
Double 是两倍/大一倍
Increase/decrease three times 增长/减少了三倍
4、大约的表达方式
About/around + 数字
数字 + or so
Approximately + 数字
5、常用的小作文的趋势句式表达
句式一：
变化主体/图画中主体+趋势动词+副词+时间区间
Eg: The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000。
The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980。
The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950。
The number of aged people over 65 remained stable from 1930-1940。
句式二：
There be + 形容词 + 表示趋势的名词 + in+ 变化的主体+ 时间区间
Eg: There was an significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000。
There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980。
There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950。
1.the table shows the changes in the number of…over the period from…to…
该表格描述了在…年之…年间…数量的变化。
2.the bar chart illustrates that…
该柱状图展示了…
3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding…
该图为我们提供了有关…有趣数据。
4.the diagram shows (that)…
该图向我们展示了…
5.the pie graph depicts (that)….
该圆形图揭示了…
6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of…
这个曲线图描述了…的趋势。
7.the figures/statistics show (that)…
数据（字）表明…
8.the tree diagram reveals how…
该树型图向我们揭示了怎样…
9.the data/statistics show (that)…
该数据（字）可以这样理解…
10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…
这些数据资料令我们得出结论…
11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table…如图所示…
12.according to the chart/figures…
根据这些表（数字）…
13.as is shown in the table…
如表格所示…
14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in…从图中可以看出，…发生了巨大变化。
15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly that…or it is clear/apparent from the chart that…
从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到…
16.this is a graph which illustrates…
这个图表向我们展示了…
17.this table shows the changing proportion of a b from…to…
该表格描述了…年到…年间a与b的比例关系。
18.the graph，presented in a pie chart，shows the general trend in…
该图以圆形图形式描述了…总的趋势。
19.this is a column chart showing…
这是个柱型图，描述了…
20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of…如图所示，两条曲线描述了…的波动情况。
21.over the period from…to…the…remained level.
在…至…期间，…基本不变。
22.in the year between…and…
在…年到…期间…
23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998…
1995年至1998三年里…
24.from then on/from this time onwards…
从那时起…
25.the number of…remained steady/stable from (month/year) to (month/year).
…月(年)至…月（年)…的数量基本不变。
26.the number sharply went up to…
数字急剧上升至…
27.the percentage of…stayed the same between…and……至…期间…的比率维持不变。
28.the figures peaked at…in(month/year)
…的数目在…月（年）达到顶点，为…
29.the percentage remained steady at…
比率维持在…
30.the percentage of…is sightly larger/smaller than that of……的比例比…的比例略高（低）。
31.there is not a great deal of difference betwe en…and……与…的区别不大。
32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of…该图表表明…的数目增长了三倍。
33….decreased year by year while…increased steadily.…逐年减少，而…逐步上升。
34.the situation reached a peak(a high point at) of[%].
…的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为…百分点。35.the figures/situation bottomed out in…
数字（情况）在…达到底部。
36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough.数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。
37.a is …times as much/many as b.
a是b的…倍。
38.a increased by…
a增长了…
39.a increased to…
a增长到…
40.high/low/great/small/ percentage.
比低高（低）
41.there is an upward trend in the number of…
…数字呈上升趋势。
42.a considerable increase/decrease oc
…到…发生急剧上升。
43.from…to…the rate of decrease slow down.
从…到…，下降速率减慢。
44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reduction in the…，reaching a figure o f…
从这年起，…逐渐下降至…
45.be similar to…
与…相似
46.be the same as…
与…相同
47.there are a lot similarities/differences between…and…
…与…之间有许多相似（不同）之处
48.a has something in common with b
a于b有共同之处。
49.the difference between a and b lies in…
a与b之间的差别在于…
50…(year)witnessed/saw a sharp rise in…
…年…急剧上升。