PART 3 Computer Control Technology UNIT 1 A 计算机的结构与功能 这一节介绍计算机的内部体系结构，描述了指令如何存储和译码，并解释了指令执行周期怎样分解成不同的部分。 从最基本的水平来讲，计算机简单执行存储在存储器中的二进制编码指令。这些指令按照二进制编码数据来产生二进制编码结果。对于通用可编程计算机，四个必要部件是存储器、中央处理单元（CPU，或简称处理器），外部处理器总线，输入/输出系统，正如图 3-1A-1所示。 外部处理器总线 存储器CPU输入/输出 图 3-1A-1 计算机的基本元件 存储器储存指令和数据。 CPU读取和解释指令，读每条指令所需的数据，执行指令所需的操作，将结果存回存储器。CPU所需的操作之一是从外部设备读取或写入数据。这利用输入/输出系统来实现。 外部处理器总线是一套能在其他计算机部件之间传送数据、地址和控制信息的电导线。 存储器 计算机的存储器是由一套连续编号的单元所组成。每个存储单元是一个能存二进制信息的寄存器。单元的编号称为地址。初始地址为0。制造商定义处理器的一个字长为单元的整数长。在每个字中，各位表示数据或指令。对于英特尔8086/87和摩托罗拉MC68000微处理器来说，一个字是16位长，但每个存储单元仅为8位，因此两个8位单元来存取获得一个数据字长。
为了使用存储器中的内容，处理器必须取来右边的内容。为了完成这一次读取，处理器把所需单元的二进制编码地址放到外部处理器地址总线的地址线上，然后，存储器允许处理器读取所寻址的存储单元的内容。读取存储单元的内容的这一过程并不改变该单元的内容。 存储器中的指令存储器中的指令由CPU取来。除非发生程序转移，它们按在存储器中出现的顺序来执行。用二进制形式所写的指令叫做机器语言指令。一种得到（指令）有效形式的方法是将（这些）位分成段，如图3-1A-2所示。每一段都包含一个不同类型信息的代码。 在简单的计算机中，每条指令可分为四段，每段有四位。每条指令包括操作代码（或操作码，每条指令有唯一的操作码）、操作数地址、立即数、转换地址。 在一个实际的指令集中，有很多指令。也有大量的存储单元来存储指令和数据。为了增加存储单元的数目，如果我们使用同样的方法，地址段的指令一定长于16位。除了增加指令长度外，还有很多增加微处理器寻址范围的方法：可变指令段、多字指令、多寻址模式，可变指令长度。我们不将详细讨论它们。 存储数据数据是存储器中代表代码的信息。为了有效利用存储空间和处理时间，大多数计算机提供了不同长度和表示方法的处理数据能力。能被处理器识别的各种不同表示称作数据类型。常用的数据类型有：位、二进制码、十进制数字（4位字节，BCD）、字节（8位）、字（2个字节）、双字（4个字节）。 有一些处理器提供了可处理其他数据类型。例如单精度浮点数据类（32位）和双精度浮点数据（64位）等的指令。还有另一类的数据–––特征数据。通常也表示为8位。在标准键盘上，每个计算机终端键和键的组合（例如shift和control功能键）有定为美国信息交换标准码的7位码。 存储器类型在数字控制系统的应用中，我们也关注不同存储技术的特征。对主存储器来说，我们需用它临时存储信息，并逐次地从不同单元写入或获得信息。这种类型的存储器称作随机访问存储器（RAM）。在某些情况下，我们不想让存储器中的信息丢失。因此我们愿使用特殊技术写入存储器。如果写入只在物理改变连接时才能实现，那么这种存储器称为只读存储器（ROM）。如果相互连接的模式可由程序设定，那存储器叫做可编程只读存储器（PROM）。如果需要实现改写的情况，我们有可擦的可编程只读存储器（EPROM）。电可擦除的PROM缩写为EEPROM。
1. Describe western values regarding non-verbal language Time: Western societies are very 'clock conscious'. Time is money and punctuality is crucial. This is also the case in countries such as Japan or China where being late would be taken as an insult. However, in South America, southern Europe and the Middle East, being on time for a meeting does not carry the same sense of urgency. Meeting & Greeting: Most international business people meet with a handshake. In some countries this is not appropriate between genders. Some may view a weak handshake as sign of weakness whereas others would perceive a firm handshake as aggressive. How should people be addressed? Is it by first name, surname or title? Is small talk part of the proceedings or not? Gift-Giving: In Japan and China gift-giving is an integral part of business protocol however in the US or UK, it has negative connotations. Where gifts are exchanged should one give lavish gifts? Are they always reciprocated? Should they be wrapped? Are there numbers or colours that should be avoided? Eye Contact: In the US, UK and much of northern Europe, strong, direct eye contact conveys confidence and sincerity. In South America it is a sign of trustworthiness. However, in some cultures such as the Japanese, prolonged eye contact is considered rude and is generally avoided. Personal Space: In Europe and North America, business people will usually leave a certain amount of distance between themselves when interacting. In South America or the Middle East, business people are tactile and like to get up close. In Japan, it is not uncommon for people to leave a gap of four feet when conversing. 2. The management style and communication style of the business culture your group presented in contrast to Chinese style. Traditional management styles in Greece are highly directive and paternalistic. Therefore, it is important to give clear instructions which can be easily followed. As relationship bonds run deep in Greek culture, the manager expects loyalty. In return for this loyalty the boss will look after the interests of subordinates. The manager-subordinate relationship is viewed as reciprocal. Greek Communication Styles
系2004级专业《大学英语》期末考试试卷(B) 楚雄师学院 2004 学年上学期期末考试卷 B 卷课程《大学英语》考试时间： 120 分钟 班级：学号 Section A Directions：In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken twice. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Example：You will hear: M: Is it possible for you to work late, Miss Green? W: Work late? I suppose so, if you really think it's necessary. Q：Where do you think this conversation most probably took place? You will read: A) At the office． B) In the waiting room. C) At the airport. D) In a restaurant. From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they have to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office．Therefore, A) "At the office" is the best Answer. You should mark A) on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1. A) She's studying for a physics exam. B) She's planning her class schedule. C) She has a degree in astrophysics. D) She plans to graduate this year. 2. A) He already has a job. B) He wi11 probably work at the library. C) He needs to study full time. D) He plans to work at the library in the summer. 3. A) 35 miles per hour.
UNIT 1 A 电路 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如 电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性. 就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为: u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R = 电阻，欧姆。 纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的 变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt = 电流变化率，安培/秒； L = 感应系数，享利。 电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u= ，式中电容量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或dq = i dt，那么等式 (1-1A-3) 可写为式中 C = 电容量，法拉。 归纳式(1-1A-1)、(1-1A-2) 和 (1-1A-4)描述的三种无源电路元件如图1-1A-1所示。注意，图中电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向，因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致。 有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能，例如，电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能，发电机的电能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。 有源电气元件存在两种基本形式：电压源和电流源。其理想状态为：电压源两端的电压恒定，与从 电压源中流出的电流无关。因为负载变化时电压基本恒定，所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。另一方面，电流源产生电流，电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。虽然电流源在实际中不常见，但其概念的确在表示借助于等值电路的放大器件，比如晶体管中具有广泛应用。电压源和电流源的符号表示如图1-1A-2所示。 分析电网络的一般方法是网孔分析法或回路分析法。应用于此方法的基本定律是基尔霍夫第一定律，基尔霍夫第一定律指出：一个闭合回路中的电压代数和为0，换句话说，任一闭合回路中的电压升等于电压降。网孔分析指的是：假设有一个电流——即所谓的回路电流——流过电路中的每一个回路，求每一个回路电压降的代数和，并令其为零。 考虑图1-1A-3a 所示的电路，其由串联到电压源上的电感和电阻组成，假设回路电流i ，那么回路总的电压降为因为在假定的电流方向上，输入电压代表电压升的方向，所以输电压在（1-1A-5）式中为负。因为电流方向是电压下降的方向，所以每一个无源元件的压降为正。利用电阻和电感压降公式，可得等式(1-1A-6)是电路电流的微分方程式。 或许在电路中，人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。正如图1-1A-1指出的用积分代替式(1-1A-6)中的i，可得1-1A-7 UNIT 3 A 逻辑变量与触发器
大学英语专业词汇学考试模拟试卷(1) I. Choose the best from the four answers provided for each question. (20 points) 1.Which of the following statements is NOT true? B A.Shakespeare’s poem ―What’s in a name? That which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet‖ is a reflection of the conventionalist’s opinion concerning the rel ationship between sound and meaning. B.Facts have proved the naturalists to be valid concernin g the relationship between sound and meaning. C.The conventionalists hold that the relations between so und and meaning are conventional and arbitrary. D.The fact that words with the same meaning have differ ent phonological forms in different languages supports the con ventionalists. 2.The word ―brunch‖ is formed from ―breakfast‖ and ―lunc h‖. Such a process of word-formation is called ___C________ _. A.affixation B. back-formation C. blending D. ab breviation
华 北 水 利 水 电 学 院 试 题 纸 2008～2009学年 第 一 学期 2008 级 机自 专业 机械设计英文试题 试题 学号： 姓名： ……………………………………密…………封……………线………………………………… 1. Decide which is the best answer and fill your answer in the table. (30 points) ⑴ The main functions of couplings and clutches are to transmit movement and . A. radial force B. axial force C. moment D. power ⑵ The type of V-belt is determined by . A. power and rotate speed of big pulley B. calculated power and rotate speed of big pulley C. power and rotate speed of small pulley D. calculated power and rotate speed of small pulley ⑶ The tooth form factor in bending fatigue strength is independent of the . A. tooth number B. base diameter C. module D. pressure angle ⑷ The necessary conditions to form full-film hydrodynamic lubrication bearings are A. There must be a wedge-shaped space between two relative moving plates B. There must be a relative sliding velocity between two plates and the lubricant must be flow from big entrance to small exit in the direction of the moving plate. C. The lubricant has sufficient viscosity, and the supply of the lubricant is abundant. D. The bearing must be made of Babbit. Which condition is not correct? ⑸ Which bearing can subject to axial force only? _______ A. 6310 B. 7310 C. 30310 D. 51310 ⑹ In a V-belt drive, if 1v and 2v are the pitch circle velocities of the driving pulley and the driven pulley respectively, v is the belt velocity, then . A. 21v v v >> B. 21v v v << C. 21v v v == D. 21v v v >= 第 1 页 共 5 页
2010—2011学年第1学期 《专业外语2-1》补考试卷 (适用专业：自动化，测控) 专业班级 姓名 学号 开课系室信控学院自动化系 考试日期 题号一二三四五总分得分 阅卷人
一，Translate the followings into Chinese (1 point each, total of 20 points) 1.manual control [自] 手动控制；[计] 人工控制 2.empirical modeling 统计] 经验模型 3.phase error compensation 位相误差补偿 4.step response [电子] 阶跃响应；[电子] 瞬态特性 5.differential pressure [流] 压差 6.resonant peak 振峰值 feedback coefficient 反馈系数Feedback Control Gain Coefficient：反馈增益coefficient feedback：温度系数反馈 https://www.doczj.com/doc/f114818828.html,limeter/centimeter/kilometer 毫米厘米，公分公里，千米 8.accuracy/sensitivity/reliability n. 精确度，准确性n. 敏感；敏感性；[医]过敏n. 可 靠性 9.amplitude/frequency/phase n. 振幅；n. 频率；n. 相；位相； 10. try-and-error tuning try-and-error tuning try-and-error调谐 10.measured variable 被测变量；测定变量 11.system protection 系统保护 maximum overshoot maximum overshoot：最大超调量；最大过冲；最大超越量 maximum percent overshoot：最大超越量 12.analog/digital filter 模拟[电子] 数字滤波器 13.impulse function 数] 脉冲函数；冲力函数；冲击函数 14.volumetric flowmeter 体积式量计；[仪] 容积式流量计 15.upper limit value Attribute Upper Limit Value属性上界值 16.pressure/temperature/level n. 压力；压迫，压强n. 温度n. 水平；水平面；标准 17.block diagram 框图；方块图 二，Translate the followings into English (1 point each, total of 20 points) 1.过程变量Process Variable ；process variable ；Process Variation 2.闭环控制[close-cycle; closed-cycle]closed-loop control 3.传递函数[自] transfer function 4.时间延迟[通信] time delay time lag 频带宽度frequency band width ；bandwidth 传感器/换能器sensor ，transducer，sense organ，sensing element；[电子] transducer energy converter 孔板流量计orificeplate flowmeter；orifice meter
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词 Modified by JACK on the afternoon of December 26, 2020
单词 Lesson 1 Gear 齿轮, 传动装置 Bearing 轴承 Cams 凸轮 Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件 Couple 力偶 mechanics 力学 statics 静力学，静止状态 dynamics动力学，原动力，动力特性constraint forces 约束力 applied forces 作用力 Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁,重力 mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面,接触面meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住 meshing teeth 啮合齿 journal bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触Overheating 过热 failure 失效 flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎 Spall 削，割，剥落，脱皮 noise 噪音 rough motion运动不精确 inertia惯性 particle 质点 rigid body刚体 deformable可变形的，应变的 deformable Body 变形体 Scalar 数量的，标量的 Vectors矢量 Density密度 Mass质量 Displacement位移 Velocity速度 Acceleration加速度 Moment力矩，弯矩 Momentum动量，冲量 Lesson 2 Compressive压缩的，有压力的 Turning 车削 Rectilinear直线的 micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器 Power hacksaws 弓锯床 Shaper牛头刨床 Thread 螺纹 Work：功 muscular action肌肉动作 mechanical motion机械运动 stretch an object拉伸对象 tensile force：拉力 in tension：受拉 compressive force：压力 torsional force：扭力 torque：扭矩 shearing force ：剪切力 twist an object扭曲对象 Slide滑，脱落 Slip滑动，滑移 in compression受压 turning of a part对一个零件进行车削加工wedging action:楔入作用 chip ：切屑 centers of the lathe车床的顶尖 lathe dog车床夹头 centrifugal force ：离心力 grinding wheel ：磨削砂轮 bonding agent ：粘合剂 abrasive particle：磨料颗粒 centrifuge-type machines离心式机械Centrifuge离心机，离心作用 Centrifugal force principles离心力原理centripetal force ：向心力 rotary motion:回转运动 rectilinear motion：直线运动 hand tool手工工具 power tool动力工具 feed：进给 shaping：采用牛头刨床（shaper)进行刨削加工power saw：弓锯床，弓式锯床 the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆”harmonic and intermittent motion ：谐和运动和间歇运动 simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动
element n、元件，成分node n、节点branch n、分支loop n、回路resistor n、电阻器impedance n、阻抗analog n、模拟digital adj、数字的pulse n、脉冲interface n、接触面，界面decoder n、解码器 transformer n、变压器single-phase 单相pulsate vi、脉动three-phase power三相电源three-phase circuit 三相电路 wye connection 星形连接delta connection 三角形连接phase voltage 相电压line voltage 线电压voltmeter n、电压表ammeter n、电流表clamp-on ammeter钳式安培表 solid-state adj、固态的valve n、真空管，活栓semiconductor n、半导体switching n、开关diode n、二极管inverter n、反向换流器(逆变器) thyristor n、硅可控整流器inverter thyristor 晶闸管逆变器transistor n、晶体管substantial adj、牢固的fluorescent lamp ballast 荧光灯镇流器HVDC transmission system 高压直流输电系统 induction motor 感应电动机rectifier n、整流器 thyratron n、闸流管ignitron n、引燃管，放电管cycloconverter n、循环变流器spectrum n、光谱 wafer n、圆片，晶片chopper n、斩波器polarity n、极性silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) n、可控硅整流器 gate turn-off thyristors (GTO) n、门极可关断晶闸管 MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) n、MOS控制晶闸管
华北煤炭医学院2007～2008学年秋季学期考试试卷 年级：2007专业:临床及各专业（本科）课程名称：外语1（C）卷教研室主任签字：系主任签字：教务处长签字: (考试时间: 120 分钟) 题号I II III IV V 合计 分数 阅卷人 Part I. Listening Comprehension (20 points) Section A: Directions:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. 1. A) The sun. B) Their children. C) Right and wrong D) The weather 2. A) At a lawyer’s office B) At a library C) At a post office D) At an airport 3. A) 45 minutes B) 50 minutes C) 55 minutes D) 5 minutes 4. A) The man was caught in the rain last night. B) The man’s shoes were washed away last night. C) In spite of the rain, the show went on. D) The show was prevented from being performed. 5. A) The style changes very often. B) Women like fashionable clothes. C) It is silly to follow the woman fashion closely. D) It is foolish to spend too much money on clothes. 6. A) $ 12.00. B) $ 7.50. C) $ 6.00. D) $ 9.00
机械专业英语试题及答案精编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】
学院院长（系 主任） （签字）
C. degradation…corrosion D. corrosion… degradation 12. Most frames _______ cast iron, weld steel, composition, or concrete. A. are made from B. are made up of C. was produced by D. was consist of 13. Rotating shafts particularly those that run at high speeds, must be designed to avoid operation at speeds. A . low B .overload C. critical D. hollow 14. Although cast iron is a fairly cheap material, each casting requires a . A. pattern B. model C. mold D. patent 15. The term is used to describe joints with surface contact, as with a pin surrounded by a hole. A. high pair B. low pair C. surface pair D. rotary pair 二、完型填空（在每个小题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，本大题共15小题，每小题1分，总计15分） The term shaft usually refers to a relatively long member of round cross section that rotates and transmits power. One or more members such as gears, sprockets, pulleys, and cams are usually (16) to the shaft by means of pins, keys, splines, snap rings, and other devices. These latter members are among the “associated parts” considered in this text, as are couplings and universal joint, which serve to (17) the shaft to the source of power or load.
1.1 介绍过程控制 1.近年来，对过程系统的性能改善需求变得越来越困难. 更为激烈的竞争，更加严格的环境和安全规范，以及快速变化的经济条件都是加强工厂产品质量规范的关键因素 2.更为复杂的情况是，由于现代制造业朝着规模更大,集成度更高的方向发展,而使不同的加工环节之间的协调能力更低, 所以加工过程更难控制. 在这种工厂中，要想让一个生产环节出现的问题不对其相连的另一个生产环节产生影响,几乎是不可能的. 3.近年来，考虑到工业制造逐渐加强的安全、高效需求，过程控制这个课题变得越来越受重视. 实际上，对于大多数现代工业，要满足安全、高效，产品质量的要求，没有控制系统是不可能的. 1.1.1说明性的例子 1.图1.1.1 所示的连续加热搅拌器可以作为过程控制的典型例子. 输入液态流体的质量流量率为w，温度为Ti. 槽内成分搅拌均匀，并且用电加热器，功率为Q瓦特. 2.假设输入和输出流量率是相等的，并且液体密度保持恒定，也就是说温度变化足够小，密度对温度的影响可以忽略不计. 在这些条件下，槽内液体的体积保持恒定 3.加热搅拌器的控制目标是保持输出温度T在一个恒定参考值TR上. 参考值在控制术语中指的是给定值. 下面我们考虑两个问题. 把加热搅拌器内的液体从输入温度Ti加热到输出温度TR，需要多少热量？ 1.要确定达到设计运行条件下的热量需求，我们需要写下槽内液体的稳定能量平衡式. 在写平衡式之前，假设槽内是完美搅拌的，同时忽略热损耗. 2.在这些条件下，槽内成分的温度保持一致，因此，输出温度等于槽内液体温度. . 3.Ti, T, w, 和Q C 是液体的比热. 我们假设C是恒定的. 在设计条件下， . 将其代入方程（1）， 1.方程（2）是加热器的设计方程. 如果我们的假设是正确的，同时输入流量和输入温度等于他们的标定值，那么有方程（2）给出的输入热量将使输出温度保持在期望值TR. 但是，如果给定条件变化，会产生什么样的结果呢？这给我们带来第二个问题： 2.问题2. 假设输入温度Ti随时间变化. 我们如何确保温度T保持或靠近给定值TR？ 最为一个特殊的例子，假设Ti增加到一个大于的值. 如果Q保持在标定值上恒定，我们可以得到输出温度将增加，因此T>TR. 为应付这种情况，有一些可能的策略控制出口温度T 方法1。测量和调整问题 1.一种控制温度T避免Ti干扰的方法是，基于T的测量来调整输入热量Q. 直观上来说，如果温度太高，我们应该减少输入热量；如果温度太低，我们可以增加输入热量. 这种控制策
2008年秋冬学期研究生专业英语期末考试试卷参考答案 1. Translate the following words or phrases into Chinese ① Metric 度量 ② Convergence 收敛 ③ Covariance 方差 ④ Stochastic 随机 ⑤ Equivalence 等价 ⑥ Dynamic equation 动态方程 ⑦ Criteria 判据、评价标准 ⑧ Measurement Model 测量模型 ⑨ Partial derivative equation 偏微分方程 ⑩ In the sense of probability 在概率意义上，依概率 2. Explain the following symbols in English ① m b '' the second order derivative of b sub m , b double prime sub m ② A B ? A is equivalent to B ③ i x a → i x approaches a ④ y x ?? the partial derivative of y with respective to x ⑤ ?a b integral between limits b to a ⑥ a ‖b a is parallel to b ⑦ 3 a the cube root of a ⑧ A X ? set A is contained in X ⑨ ()a b c d e f +-?÷= a plus b minus c multiplied d , all divided by e equals f ⑩ ,,. as i N s t a a i ε??→→∞ for any special ε, there is a respected N ,
1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.（P5）用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。 2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)（P5） 相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输；工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。 3.When the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluid’s pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum. (Braking Systems)（P5） 当踩下汽车刹车的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸，在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。 4.Machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and transmitting motion and power. Compared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing technology, as well as the areas of geometry. Accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics. (Mechatronics System) （P7） 机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动，它是机电一体化的基础，作用是支撑系统其他功能单元，传递运动和动力。和纯机械产品相比，一体化技术的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高，它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。相应的，新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。 5. Detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes of relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator. (Mechatronics System) （P7） 检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路，它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程，在外部环境下的相关参数的改变，将其信息传给电子控制单元。电子控制单元通过检查信息，送出相应的指令到执行机构。 6. Electronic control unit, also known as ECU, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external commands and the signals output by sensors. It centralizes stores, computes and analyzes the information. Based on the results of information processing,instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system. (Mechatronics System) （P7） 电子控制单元，也被称为控制单元（ECU）控制，是机电系统的核心，负责外部命令和传