第15课：现在完成式since与for的用法.txt蜜蜂整日忙碌，受到赞扬；蚊子不停奔波，人见人打。多么忙不重要，为什么忙才重要。第15课：现在完成式since与for的用法
一.本课要点及示例
在这一课里我们要复习现在完成式, 并且要学习两个时常跟现在完成式句子一起用的连词, 一个是 since, s-i-n-c-e, since, 一个是 for, f-o-r, for. 现在我们还是按照惯例, 先请英文老师念一段会话,请你听的时候特别注意两位英文老师的发音和语调.
M: Where have you been, Kate?
F: I've been at the garage for the last two hours.
M: What happened? Did you have an accident?
F: No, nothing happened. But we haven't had the car checked since February. It's needed an oil change for a long time.
M: I know. Have you gotten the car back?
F: No. They've worked on it since four thirty, but they haven't finished it yet. M: Well, when can we get it back?
F: I'll pick it up on Friday.
M: That's good. Then, we'll have it for the weekend.
现在我们再来听英文老师用慢速度把刚才亨利和凯特的对话念一遍.
M: Where have you been, Kate?
F: I've been at the garage for the last two hours.
M: What happened? Did you have an accident?
F: No, nothing happened. But we haven't had the car checked since February. It's needed an oil change for a long time.
M: I know. Have you gotten the car back?
F: No. They've worked on it since four thirty, but they haven't finished it yet. M: Well, when can we get it back?
F: I'll pick it up on Friday.
M: That's good. Then, we'll have it for the weekend.
下面我请英文老师把刚才那段对话里包含了今天要学的语法的句子再念一遍
给你听
F: I've been at the garage for the last two hours.
F: We haven't had the car checked since February.
F: It's needed an oil change for a long time.
F: They've worked on it since four thirty.
二.现在完成式复习
听完对话, 现在我们该作练习了. 首先我们来复习现在完成式. 下面这组练习的内容是
说亨利从早上到现在已经作了什么事, 比方他已经到过办公室, 已经写了一份报告, 已经见到了办公室打字员南希等等. 你先跟着老师重复一个句子, 然后老师会提出一个新
的词组, 请你把词组里的动词改成过去分词, 代换到原来的句子里. 每作完一句老师会
念出正确答案, 你自己作个比较, 看你作对了没有. 现在开始.
M: Henry has been in his office.
M: have a cup of coffee
F: Henry has had a cup of coffee.
M: read today's newspaper
F: Henry has read today's newspaper.
M: do some exercises
F: Henry has done some exercises.
M: write a report
F: Henry has written a report.
M: see Nancy
F: Henry has seen Nancy.
下面一组练习是说凯特到修车厂买汽油, 顺便请人换机油的事情. 老师用慢速度提出一
些现在完成式问句, 请学生作肯定的答覆, 请你在学生回答的时候也跟着回答.
M: Has Kate taken her car to the garage?
F: Yes, she has taken her car to the garage.
M: Has Kate bought some gasoline there?
F: Yes, she has bought some gasoline there.
M: Has Kate paid for the gasoline?
F: Yes, she has paid for the gasoline.
M: Has the gasoline been quite expensive recently?
F: Yes, it has been quite expensive recently.
M: Has the cost of gasoline increased?
F: Yes, it has increased.
M: Has Kate's car needed an oil change for a long time?
F: Yes, it has needed an oil change for a long time.
M: Has Kate waited in the garage?
F: Yes, she has waited in the garage.
三.I've 和 She's
以前我们练习过把 have not 简缩为 haven't, 把 has not 简缩为 hasn't. 下面我
们来练习怎么样把代名词跟 have 或是 has 连起来说. 比方 I have 说成 I've, they have 说成 they've, she has 说成 she's 等等. 现在我们来作两组练习, 内容都是亨利
和凯特吃过晚饭之后话家常.第一组练习是亨利问凯特是否已经作了某些事情, 凯特用
I've 作肯定的答覆.请你注意听亨利问问题, 并且跟凯特一起回答问题.
M: Have you taken the car to the garage yet?
F: Yes, I've taken it to the garage.
M: Have you been to the new supermarket yet?
F: Yes, I've been there.
M: Have you given Peter his weekly allowance?
F: Yes, I've given him his weekly allowance.
M: Have you sent the package to Jenny yet?
F: Yes, I've sent it to Jenny.
M: Have you heard about Linda's new boyfriend?
F: Yes, I've heard about him.
下面凯特问亨利一些有关亨利的同事南希的问题, 比方南希是否已经搬到郊区, 是否已经决定结婚, 是否谈起到纽约渡蜜月的事情. 亨利用 she's 作肯定的答覆. 请你注意听, 并且跟亨利一起回答.
F: Has Nancy moved to the suburb yet?
M: Yes, she's moved to the suburb.
F: Has Nancy bought a car yet?
M: Yes, she's bought a car.
F: Has Nancy gotten used to driving to work?
M: Yes, she's gotten used to it.
F: Has Nancy decided to get married?
M: Yes, she's decided to get married.
F: Has she told you about going to New York for her honeymoon?
M: Yes, she's told me about it.
F: Has Nancy planned to come over for dinner next Saturday?
M: Yes, she's planned to come over.
四.SINCE 和 FOR
刚才我们复习了现在完成式,同时也学了一些新词,现在我们要学习两个连词,就是 since 跟 for 的用法. 这个两个字常常跟现在完成式句子一起用. since表示 "自从一个特定的时间开始", for 表示 "时间持续了多久". 现在我们来听英文老师念一些句子, 比较这两个连词的用法.
M: Henry and Kate have been married since 1962.
F: They have been married for a long time.
M: Henry and Kate have lived in Seattle since 1965.
F: They have lived in Seattle for a long time.
M: Henry has worked as a fireman since 1970.
F: He has worked as a fireman for many years.
下面这组练习是由老师问你一个问题, 然后, 他提出一个特定的时间请你用since 跟这个特定的时间回答问题. 这些问题都是跟亨利作救火员有关系的.每作完一句就请你听正确答案.
M: Has Henry wanted to be a fireman?
M: He was a child.
F: Henry has wanted to be a fireman since he was a child.
M: Has Henry worked as a fireman for a long time?
M: 1970
F: Henry has worked as a fireman since 1970.
M: Has Henry ever worked for the city government?
M: He got married.
F: Henry has worked for the city government since he got married.
M: Has Henry been very busy with his job?
M: last month
F: Henry has been very busy with his job since last month.
在下面一组练习里老师问学生一些有关凯特当教员的问题, 每问一句, 老师就提出一个指明时间长短的词组, 请学生用 for 跟这个词组来回答问题. 请你在学生作练习的时候也一起作.
M: How long has Kate been a teacher?
M: a long time
F: She's been a teacher for a long time.
M: How long has Kate taught in elementary school?
M: many years
F: Kate's taught in elementary school for many years.
M: How long has Kate taught this year?
M: 6 months
F: Kate's taught for six months this year.
M: How long has Kate been in school today?
M: 4 hours
F: Kate's been in school for 4 hours today.
下面一个练习是由老师给你念一个现在完成式否定句, 接着老师提出一个表明时间的词组, 请你把这个词组用进原来的句子里. 注意凡是指明特定的时间你就必须用 since, 凡是说明时间长短的词组, 你就必须用 for. 每作完一句就请你听老师念正确答案. 看你作对了没有.
M: Henry hasn't seen his cousin, Susan.
M: last year
F: Henry hasn't seen his cousin, Susan, since last year.
M: Henry hasn't written to his daughter, Jenny.
M: two weeks
F: Henry hasn't written to his daughter,Jenny,for two weeks.
M: Henry hasn't eaten any meat.
M: last week
F: Henry hasn't eaten any meat since last week.
M: Kate hasn't heard from her sister.
M: April
F: Kate hasn't heard from her sister since April.
M: Kate hasn't taken a trip
M: the year before last
F: Kate hasn't taken a trip since the year before last.
M: Kate hasn't bought any expensive clothes.
M: 10 months
F: Kate hasn't bought any expensive clothes for 10 months.
五.听短文回答问题
刚才那个练习你都作对了吗? 现在我们来作今天的听力测验.今天老师要念的文章是说
汽车在美国变得很普遍, 人们以汽车为主要交通工具, 上班, 上街, 去旅行都要靠汽车. 现
在请你注意听, 等一会儿老师会根据这段文章问你几个问题.
Perhaps more than any other people, Americans have come to depend on their cars. The family car has been a common thing since the early 20th century, and it has changed American life. Many people have moved outside of the large cities to the suburbs. Some Americans spend two hours a day or more in their cars going to work and home again. Cars have become the means of transportation for most Americans going shopping, and even going on vacations. Americans used to like big cars, and gasoline used to be very inexpensive. Recently, however, the cost of gasoline has increased, smaller cars have become more common. Also foreign cars have become very common. Americans have bought large numbers of Japanese and German cars. They have bought cars from several other countries as well.
刚才那段文章要是你没有全懂, 没有关系, 等一会儿我请英文老师再给你念一遍. 现在我们先来听今天测验的三个问题.
第一个问题是:
M: How long has the family car been a common thing in the United States?
第二个问题是:
M: How has the family car changed American life?
第三个问题是:
M: Do Americans only buy American cars?
现在我们再听英文老师把刚才那段文章用慢速度念一遍.
Perhaps more than any other people, Americans have come to depend on their cars. The family car has been a common thing since the early 20th century, and it has changed American life. Many people have moved outside of the large cities
to the suburbs. Some Americans spend two hours a day or more in their cars going to work and home again. Cars have become the means of transportation for most Americans going shopping, and even going on vacations. Americans used to like big cars, and gasoline used to be very inexpensive. Recently, however, the cost of gasoline has increased, smaller cars have become more common. Also foreign cars have become very common. Americans have bought large numbers of Japanese and German cars. They have bought cars from several other countries as well.
现在请你回答下面三个问题. 每回答一句就请你自己跟老师念的正确答案比较一下, 看你答对了没有.
第一个问题是:
M: How long has the family car been a common thing in the United States?
F: The family car has been a common thing in the United States for over 40 years.
第二个问题是:
M: How has the family car changed American life?
F: Many Americans have moved to the suburbs. Cars have become the means of transportation for most Americans going to work, going shopping and going on vacations.
第三个问题是:
M: Do Americans only buy American cars?
F: No, Americans have bought cars from Japan, Germany and several other countries.
初中英语学习材料 madeofjingetieji since 和for 的用法(用于现在完成时) 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 1. since : a).since +时间点①年代②时刻数③一段时间+ago b).现在完成时：主句(主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词)+ since +从句一般过去时 c) It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 d).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 for +一段时间 练习： 用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 12). He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13). I’ve known him __________ we were children. 14). Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 15). She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16). It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 2. for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 3. 与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 1) come/go to ------ be at /in 2)leave ----be away from 3)buy ----have 4) borrow /lend -----keep 4)open ---be open 5)close---be closed 6) die---be dead 7) start/begin ----be on 8) join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier 9) become –be 10) fall asleep ---be asleep 11)catch a cold – have a cold 12) have/has gone to → have been in 13) put on → wear14) finish/end → be over 15) marry → be married 练习：.短暂性转换延续性 1) His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 2) I became a teacher in 2000. I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. 3) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. 4) The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. 5)He left Fuzhou just now. He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes. 6)The film began two minutes ago. The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.How time flies! 7)They borrowed it last week. They _________ _________ it since __________ __________. 8)I bought a pen two hours ago. I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________. 9)They married in 1990. They ________ _________ __________since _________. 10)The meeting finished at six. The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours. 11)My brother joined the army two years ago.
because、since、as、for的用法区别 because、since、as、for这几个词都是表示“原因”的连词，语气由强至弱依次为：because→since→as→for。其中because、since和as均为从属连词，引导原因状语从句；而for是并列连词，引导并列句。 ?because because表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，其语气最强。常用来回答why的提问，一般放在主句之后，也可以单独存在例如： (1)Istayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨，我呆在家里。 (2)B ecause Lingling was ill, she didn’t come to school. 玲玲因为生病，没有上学。 (3)—Why is she absent? 她为什么缺席? —Because she is sick. 因为她病了。 (4)此外，在强调句型中只能用because。例如， It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school. 我上学迟到是因为我错过了早班车。 ?since since侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由，常译为“因为、既然”，语气比because稍弱，通常置于句首，表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如： (1)Si nce he asks you, you’ll tell him why. 他既然问你了，那就告诉他为什么吧。 (2)Si nce everyone is here, let’s start. 既然大家都到齐了，我们就是出发吧。 (3)Since I understood very little Japanese, I c ouldn’t follow the conversation. 我日语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。 ?as as是常用词，它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，由于理由不是很重要，含义与since相同，但语气更弱，没有since正式，常译为“由于，鉴于”。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。例如：
现在完成时态中的since 与for 1. 实例： We have studied English for more than 2 years. 我们学英语已有两年多时间了。 She has been ill since last Sunday. 她从上周星期天一直病到现在。 2. 用法说明： (1) 介词for 短语表示一个时间段，指某个动作或情况到现在为止已持续了多久，提问时用how long；since 作为介词，接一个时间名词，作为连词，引导一个时间状语从句(从句动词一般是短暂性动词)，since 表示“自…以来”，指某个动作或情况从过去某一点时间一直持续到现在，因此，与for 或since 引出的时间状语连用的句子(或主语)谓语动词必须是持续性的(如上面两句中的动词study 和be) (2) 英语中有些动词的意义不能持续，表示的是一瞬间就结束的动作，这些动词被称为非持续性动词或短暂性动词，常见的如come, leave, go, lose, see, begin, start, arrive, bec ome, die, buy, borrow, close, join, reach, fall, get up 等。这类动词可以用于完成时态，但在肯定句中不能与表示动作延续的时间状语for 或since 短语连用。如：正：He has come back. 他已回来。 误：He has come back for three days. 若要表示“他回来已三天了”这样的意思，可以将动词改为延续性动词，或改变时间状语，或改用别的句型等，如译为： He has been back for three days. (改变谓语动词) He has been back since three days ago. (改变谓语动词) He came back three days ago. (改变时间状语及动词时态) It’s three days since he came back. (改变句型) (3) 非持续性动词用于完成时态，在肯定句中不能与for 或since引出的短语(或句子)连用，但在否定句中是可以的，因为一个非延续性动词一旦被否定即成为状态，而状态总是可以延续的。如：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/f213897414.html,) I haven’t seen him for a long time. 我很久没见到他了。 He hasn’t come here for some time. 他有段时间没来了。 I haven’t heard from her since she left. 自他离开以后，我一直没收到她的来信。
现在完成时Since和for的用法 Since 和for 的用法 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 Since+过去点的时间，for+一段时间(数词+量词)，此划线部分用how long提问。 一、since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点。如： Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。 He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。 二、for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段。如： We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。 I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。 练习：用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 2. I’ve known him __________ we were children. 3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 5. It’s about ten years __________she left the city. 2.短暂性转换延续性
藤县第三中学微课设计模板（参考使用） 录制时间： 2016年6月15日微课时间：7.54分钟微课名称for 和 since的用法 知识点描述for 和 since 在现在完成时态中的用法 知识点来源学科：英语年级：八年级教材：人教版章节：第十单元页码： 73 □不是教学教材知识，自定义：是 基础知识听本微课之前需了解的知识： 现在完成时态的用法以及for和since定义和用法 教学类型√□讲授型□问答型√□启发型□讨论型√□演示型□联系型□实验型□表演型□自主学习型□合作学习型□探究学习型□其他 适用对象学生：本微课是针对本学科平时成绩多少分的学生？ □40分以下□40-60分□60-80分 √□80-100分□100-120分□120-150分 教师：□班主任□幼儿教师√□普通任课教师□其他其他：√□软件技术□生活经验□家教□其他 设计思路这是语法课，因此我用归纳法讲解，通过例子，然后总结，再比较，最后得出结论。 教学过程 内容画面时间 一、片头（20秒以内）内容：您好，这个 微课重点讲解辨 析for和since的 用法 第 1 至张PPT 2秒 二、正文讲解（4分20秒左 右）第一节内容：辨析 for和since的用 法 第 2 至11 张PPT 315 秒 第二节内容：典型 例子 第 12 至 14张PPT 116 秒
第三节内容：总结内容第 15 至张PPT 40 秒 三、结尾（20秒以内）内容：感谢大家能 认真的听完这个 微课，希望大家回 去后多做练习加 以巩固。 第 16至张PPT 1 秒 教学反思（自我评价）本微课通过用PPT的方式讲解了for和since的用法，因为是辨析两个单词的用法，因此我用了归纳法进行讲解，让学生在例子中发现规律，然后进行总结。但是，在讲解的过程中，我所举的例子可能太少了，给学生思考和练习的时间也很少，中等以下的学生可能对知识点还不是很理解。通过这节微课，我觉得在以后教学中，我要认真分析学生的认知能力，顾及大部分学生，然后寻找更好的教学方法，或者在讲解释可以使用多种方法，归纳法或者演绎法等，让学生理解所教授的内容。另一个不足之处是，我在制作课件的时候并没有很好地运用多媒体技术，因此，在以后的教学中，我还要多学习多媒体在教学中的运用。
S i n c e-和-f o r-的用 法及区别 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
Since 和 for 的用法及区别： 一，since 的四种用法 1，since + 过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、ago. 1990 , last month , half past six I have been here since 1990. 1990起，我一直在这儿。 2，since+ 一段时间+ago I h a v e b e e n h e r e s i n c e f i v e m o n t h s a g o。自从五个月前，我已经在这儿了。 3，since+从句Great Changes have taken place since you left. 自从你走后，已经发生了很大的变化。 4，It is +一段时间+since从句 I t i s t w o y e a r s s i n c e I b e c a m e a n E n g l i s h t e a c h e r.我成为英语老师有两年了。 二，Since 和for区别 1，Since +时间点，具体时间 “自从、、、、以来，从、、、以后”用来说明动作起始时间 I have been in Beijing since 2010. 2，For + 时间段，用来说明动作延续时间长度，因此句中的谓语动词，也应该是延续性动词。 I have been in Beijing for one year。 We have learnt English for about three years. I have been here for 3 days. (对) I have arrived here for 3 days.（误） 三，延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词 表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：
because, as, for, since这几个词都是表示“原因”的连词，语气由强至弱依次为： because→since→as→for;其中because, since, as均为从属连词，引导原因状语从句；而for 是并列连词，引导并列句。 1. because表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，其语气最强。常用来回答why的提问，一般放于主句之后，也可以单独存在。例如： (1)I stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我呆在家里。 (2)Because Lingling was ill, she didn”t come to school. 玲玲因病，没有上学。 (3)�Why is she absent? 她为什么缺席？ �Because she is sick. 因为她病了。 此外，在强调句型中，只能用because。例如： (4)It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school. 我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。 2. since侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由，常译为“因为”、“既然”，语气比because稍弱，通常置于句首，表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如： (1)Since he asks you, you”ll tell him why. 他既然问你，那就告诉他为什么吧。 (2)Since everyone is here, let”s start. 既然大家都到齐了，我们就出发吧！ (3)Since I understood very littl e Japanese, I couldn”t follow the conversation. 我日语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。 3. as是常用词，它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，或者理由不是很重要，含义与since相同，但语气更弱，没有since正式，常译为“由于，鉴于”。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。例如： (1)We all like her as she is kind. 我们都喜欢她，因为她善良。 (2)As I had a cold, I was absent from school. 因为我感冒了，所以没去上课。 (3)As Xiaowang was not ready, we went without him. 由于小王没有准备好，我们只好不带他去了。 4. for用作连词时，与because相似，但它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待过的情况。for 不表示直接原因，表明附加或推断的理由，因此for被看作等立连词，它所引导的分句只能
一，since 的四种用法 1，since + 过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、ago. 1990 , last month , half past six I have been here since 1990. 1990起，我一直在这儿。 2，since+ 一段时间+ago I h a v e b e e n h e r e s i n c e f i v e m o n t h s a g o。自从五个月前，我已经在这儿了。 3，since+从句Great Changes have taken place since you left. 自从你走后，已经发生了很大的变化。 4，It is +一段时间+since从句 I t i s t w o y e a r s s i n c e I b e c a m e a n E n g l i s h t e a c h e r.我成为英语老师有两年了。 二，Since 和for区别 1，Since +时间点，具体时间 “ 自 I have been in Beijing since 2010. 从 、以来，从、、、以后”用来说明动作起始时间 2，For + 时间段，用来说明动作延续时间长度，因此句中的谓语动词，也应该是延续性动词。 I have been in Beijing for one year。 We have learnt English for about three years. I have been here for 3 days. (对) I have arrived here for 3 days.（误） 三，延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词 表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep,
“SI因为”because for as since because, as, for, since这几个词都是表示“原因”的连词，语气由强至弱依次为：because→since→as→for;其中because, since, as均为从属连词，引导原因状语从句；而for 是并列连词，引导并列句。 1. because表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，其语气最强。常用来回答why的提问，一般放于主句之后，也可以单独存在。例如： (1)I stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我呆在家里。 (2)Because Lingling was ill, she didn”t come to school. 玲玲因病，没有上学。 (3)——Why is she absent? 她为什么缺席？ ——Because she is sick. 因为她病了。 此外，在强调句型中，只能用because。例如： (4)It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school. 我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。 2. since侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由，常译为“因为”、“既然”，语气比because稍弱，通常置于句首，表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如： (1)Since he asks you, you”ll tell him why. 他既然问你，那就告诉他为什么吧。 (2)Since everyone is here, let”s start. 既然大家都到齐了，我们就出发吧！ (3)Since I understood very little Jap anese, I couldn”t follow the conversation. 我日语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。 3. as是常用词，它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，或者理由不是很重要，含义与since相同，但语气更弱，没有since正式，常译为“由于，鉴于”。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。例如：
A for与表示一段时间的短语连用：for six days六天for a long time 很久 for与一般过去时连用，表示一段终结了的时间：We lived there for ten years.我们在那里住过十年。(但我们现在不住那里了) for与现在完成时连用表示延续到现在的一段时间：We have lived in London for ten years.我们在伦敦已经住了十年。(并且还住在那里) for有时可以省略，特别是在be，live和wait之后：We’ve been here an hour/two days.我们在这里已经呆了一小时/两天了。 表示时间的for不能用于以all开头的短语的前面：They’ve worked all night.他们整整干了一晚上。 B since与某一时刻连用，表示从那一时刻到说话时为止。除下文D与第188节所述外，它总是与完成时态连用。She has been here since six o’clock.从6点钟起她一直在这里。(并且现在还在这里) We’ve been friends since our schooldays.从上学的时候起我们就是好朋友了。 C注意：last和the last之间存在着差别。比较：(a)I have been here since last week(month，year etc.). 我从上周(上月、去年等)起一直在这里。(b)I have been here for the last week.过去一周内我一直在这里。 第一句里last week意指大约七天前的某一时刻，而第二句的the last week却意指刚刚结束的七天长的时间。 D since+从句也可表示相同的意思：I’ve worked here since I left school.离开学校后我就一直在这里工作。 ever since作副词用：He had a bad fall last year and has been off work ever since.他去年摔伤了，从那以后就没工作过
since 和for 的用法(用于现在完成时) 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 1. since : a).since +时间点①年代②时刻数③一段时间+ago b).现在完成时：主句(主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词)+ since +从句一般过去时 c) It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 d).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 for +一段时间 练习： 用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 12). He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13). I’ve known him __________ we were children. 14). Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 15). She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16). It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 2. for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 3. 与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 1) come/go to ------ be at /in 2)leave ----be away from 3)buy ----have 4) borrow /lend -----keep 4)open ---be open 5)close---be closed 6) die---be dead 7) start/begin ----be on 8) join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier 9) become –be 10) fall asleep ---be asleep 11)catch a cold – have a cold 12) have/has gone to → have been in 13) put on → wear14) finish/end → be over 15) marry → be married 练习：.短暂性转换延续性 1) His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 2) I became a teacher in 2000. I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. 3) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. 4) The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. 5)He left Fuzhou just now.
Since 和for 的用法及区别： 一，since 的四种用法 1，since + 过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、ago. 1990 , last month , half past six I have been here since 1990. 1990起，我一直在这儿。 2，since+ 一段时间+ago I h a v e b e e n h e r e s i n c e f i v e m o n t h s a g o。自从五个月前，我已经在这儿了。3，since+从句Great Changes have taken place since you left. 自从你走后，已经发生了很大的变化。 4，It is +一段时间+since从句 I t i s t w o y e a r s s i n c e I b e c a m e a n E n g l i s h t e a c h e r.我成为英语老师有两年了。 2，For + 时间段，用来说明动作延续时间长度，因此句中的谓语动词，也应该是延续性动词。 I have been in Beijing for one year。 We have learnt English for about three years. I have been here for 3 days. (对) I have arrived here for 3 days.（误） 三，延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词 表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 终止性动词 也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。 如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。 四、延续性动词的用法特征 1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等 I have learned English since I came here. 自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
现在完成时态中for和since的用法区别 I have wanted here . A.for 5 o’clock. B.Since 5 hours C.Since September 现在完成时态有两种用法，一是表示某个动作已经完成，二是表示某个动作从过去一直持续到现在。在第二种用法中，句中常常会出现一个时间，如“我在这里住了5年了”这句话，“5年”的前面需要用一个介词来连接，这时就要判断是用for 还是用since了。 1、for的意思是“达，共计”，所以它的后面就接时间段，而不是时间点。 I have lived here for five years. 我在这里住了五年了。 句中的five years就是时间段，它不是一个时间点。 2、since的意思是“自从”，它后面接时间点，它包含以下三种情况： （1）since＋过去时间： I have lived here since 2008.我自从2008年就住在这儿。（2008年是过去的时间）（2）since＋时间段＋ago: He has been away from here since three years ago. 他自从三年前就离开这儿了。（three years为时间段） （3）since＋一般过去时态的句子： He hasn’t left here since he moved here. 他自从搬到这儿，就没有离开过这儿。（he moved here是一般过去时态的句子） 3、有些同学不懂什么是时间段，什么是时间点。我这里教给你一个很简单的办法：有复数形式的就是时间段，没有复数形式的就是时间点。如： （1）九月：September （时间点）；九个月：nine months（时间段） （3）3点钟：3 o’clock（时间点）；三小时：three hours （时间段）
●Because, since, as, for because, as, for, since这几个词都是表示“原因”的连词，语气由强至弱依次为：because→since →as→for;其中because, since, as均为从属连词，引导原因状语从句；而for 是并列连词，引导并列句。 1. because表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，其语气最强。常用来回答why的提问，一般放于主句之后，也可以单独存在。例如： (1)I stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我呆在家里。 (2)Because Lingling was ill, she didn't come to school. 玲玲因病，没有上学。 (3)—Why is she absent? 她为什么缺席？ —Because she is sick. 因为她病了。 此外，在强调句型中，只能用because。例如： (4)It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school. 我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。 2. since侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由，常译为“因为”、“既然”，语气比because稍弱，通常置于句首，表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如： (1)Since he asks you, you'll tell him why. 他既然问你，那就告诉他为什么吧。 (2)Since everyone is here, let's start. 既然大家都到齐了，我们就出发吧！ (3)Since I understood very little Japanese, I couldn't follow the conversation. 我日语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。 3. as是常用词，它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，或者理由不是很重要，含义与since相同，但语气更弱，没有since正式，常译为“由于，鉴于”。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。例如： (1)We all like her as she is kind. 我们都喜欢她，因为她善良。 (2)As I had a cold, I was absent from school. 因为我感冒了，所以没去上课。 (3)As Xiaowang was not ready, we went without him. 由于小王没有准备好，我们只好不带他去了。 4. for用作连词时，与because相似，但它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待过的情况。for不表示直接原因，表明附加或推断的理由，因此for被看作等立连词，它所引导的分句只能放在句子后部(或单独成为一个句子)，并且前后两个分句间的逻辑关系不一定是因果关系，其间用逗号隔开，且for不可置于句首，for的这一用法常用在书面语中，较正式。例如： (1)The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了，因为现在已是十二月份。 (2)It must have rained, for the ground is wet. (从“地面潮湿”作出“下过雨”的推测，但地湿并不一定是下雨所致, for不可以换为because。) (3)The ground is wet because it has rained. (“下雨”是“地上潮湿”的直接原因。) 前后两个分句间有一定的因果关系时(有时很难区分是直接原因，还是推测性原因)，for 与because可以互换使用。例如： (4)I could not go, for / because I was ill. 我没能去，是因为我病了。 (5)He felt no fear, for / because he was a brave boy. 他没有害怕，因为他是个勇敢的男孩。 ●Because/as because 引导的是必然原因，as引导一般原因。 必然原因是指某事发生必会导致另一件事实。
现在完成时中since和for的用法有何区别 由since和for构成的句子或短语是现在完成时的常用状语。现就它们的用法作以下归纳。 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 Since+过去点的时间，for+一段时间(数词+量词)，此划线部分用how long提问。 一、since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点。 如： 1. Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。 2.He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。 二、for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段。 如：1.We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。 2.I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。 三、习题 (一）用since或for填空 1. I have been waiting ____________ two hours. 2. The woman has been playing with the dog __________ this morning. 3. He has been learning a foreign language____________ eight months.. 4. Mr. Liu has been teaching in this school ____________ 1994. 5. The telephone has been ringing _____________ two minutes. 6. The man has been collecting shells ______________many years ago. 7. I have been reading the novels _______________ yesterdays morning. 8. It has been raining __________ late last night. 9. My stomach has been aching__________ several days. 10. The boys have been playing soccer ___________ the whole afternoon. 11. The baby has been crying ____________ early this morning. 12. The teachers have been sitting here ___________ we started about an hour ago. 13. I have been playing tennis ___________ I was seven years old. Key: 1. for 2.since 3.for 4.since 5.for 6. since 7.since 8.since 9.for 10,for 11. since 12.since 13.since (二）短暂性转换延续性