英语专四语法句子成分
(必须的成分：主语和谓语。可能有的成分：宾语、补语、修饰语「定语、状语、同位语」)主语
(1)主语(Subject)一般在句子开头，是句子的“陈述对象”，通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、相当于名词的词组或从句、引用充当。如：
The students all love their English teacher.
这些学生都喜爱他们的英语老师。
They go to school by bus.
他们乘公共汽车上学。
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
看太多电视对你的眼睛是有害的。
What we need is a good rest.
我们需要的是好好休息一下。
“I love you”is often heard on Valentine's Day.
情人节时，经常听到有人说“我爱你”。
(2)形式主语与真实主语(Formal Subject and Real Subject)
主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时，常会放在句尾，用it代替它原来的位置，这个it 称为形式主语，放在句尾的原主语为真实主语。如：
It is very hard to get to sleep.入睡很难。(不定式短语为真实主语，it为形式主语。)
It's a pity that you can't come.
你不能来真是件遗憾的事。(句子为真实主语，it为形式主语。)
谓语
全部倒装和部分倒装:
如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面:
Here are some registered letters for you.
In came a man with a white beard.
在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:
Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.
I couldn’t answer the question. Nor could anyone else in our class.
Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.
以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前.
“We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.”
I am quite willing to help and so are the others.
He didn’t drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary.
“I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”
如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒.
“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”
“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”
当句首状语为never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.
No longer are they staying with us.
No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.
Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.
表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:
There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.
The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.
There comes the bus!
Now comes your turn.
1.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:
There comes your turn.
有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装:
Here is China’s largest tropical forest.
Here are some picture-books.
2.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:
Here we are. This is the new railway station.
“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”
3.表语和系动词提前:
介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.
Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.
形容词: Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report.
Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.
副词: Below is a restaurant.
Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.
分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.
Standing beside the table was an interpreter.
6) 句首状语若由only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装:
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.
Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装:
Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.
宾语
(1)宾语(Object)是行为动词的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名
词、代词、名词化的形容词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或句子。如：
I bought a ticket for Milan.
我买了一张去米兰的车票。
They decided to close to the border.
他们决定封闭边境。
We hoped that all would come well.
我们相信一切都会好转。
(2)直接宾语与间接宾语(Direct Object and Indirect Object)
英语中的授予动词(Dative Verb，有“给予”、“告知”、“拒绝”等类似意义的动词)要求接双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指所给予或告知的“事物”;间接宾语指接受或被告知事物的“人”。间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后，但前面须加介词to或for。
Please show me your passport.
请把护照给我看一下。(me为间接宾语，your passport为直接宾语。)
The arrangement saved lots of time for us.
这个安排省了我们很多时间。(lots of time为直接宾语，us为间接宾语。)
(3)形式宾语与真实宾语(Formal Object and Real Object)
作宾语用的短语或从句之后接有宾语补语时，必须将用作宾语的短语或从句放在补语之后，用it代替它原来的位置;这个it称为形式宾语，放在补语之后的宾语为真实宾语。如：
I think it wrong to waste time.
我认为浪费时间是不对的。(不定式短语是真实宾语，it是形式宾语，wrong是宾语补语。)
补语
补语(Complement)是起补充说明作用的成分，用于弥补主语或宾语意义之不足。补语可分为主语补语(Subject Complement)和宾语补语(Object Complement)，一般由名词、动名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式、分词充当。如：
They considered that a downright lie.
他们认为那是彻头彻尾的谎言。(宾语that的补语)
I found everything in good condition.
我看到一切都井然有序。(宾语everything的补语)
※后跟名词作宾语补语的动词有call,name,think,make,choose等，后跟形容词作宾语补语的谓语动词有keep,find,get,think,make等。动词不定式作宾语补语时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如feel,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listen to,look at等)、使役动词(如let,have,make等)，动词不定式不带to。
定语
定语(Attribute)起修饰限定名词或代词的作用，单词用作定语时，一般置于所修饰的名词之前;短语和从句用作定语时，一般置于所修饰的名词之后。可分为前置定语和后置定语。可用作定语的有名词、形容词、代词、数词、动名词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等。His father is a doctor.
他父亲是一名医生。
The girl under the tree is Kate.
在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。
That's the way to do it.
那正是做此事的方法。
状语
状语(Adverbial)是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度和伴随状语等。如：
I often get up at 5：30 in the morning.
我常常在早上5：30起床。
You should put the book where it was.
你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。
It rained heavily,causing severe flooding.
大雨滂沱，造成洪水泛滥。
同位语
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置，其中一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分时，前者就叫做后者的同位语(Appositive)。同位语一般紧跟在其所说明的名词之后。可以用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语和句子等。
His brother John is a famous musician.
他的哥哥约翰是一个有名的音乐家。
Their plan,going abroad,did not come true.
他们出国的计划没有实现。
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到消息说我们队赢了。