成本管理外文文献及翻译
成本管理外文文献
China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and Countermeasures
Abstract: With the progress and China's traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost Management.
Keywords:: Cost Management measures
In a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise
profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an
inevitable choice for the survival and development.
First, the reality of China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis Cost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China's Cost Management has
also exposed some new problems, mainly in the following aspects: (A) Cost Management concept behind the
Chinese enterprises lag behind the concept of Cost Management in pervasive
phenomenon, mainly in Cost Management of the scope, purpose and means from
time to biased. Many enterprises will continue to limit the scope of Cost
Management within the enterprise or even only the production process at the expense of other related companies and related fields cost behavior management. We supply side, for example. The supply side of the price of the product cost of doing business, one of the most important motives. As the supply side of the price of the product and its cost plus profit, so the supply side of price in the form of its own costs to the enterprise. However, some enterprises to the supply side too much rock bottom price, as their source of high profits, without considering each other's interests, resulting in supply-side to conceal their true costs, price increase in disguise. This increase in procurement costs, thereby increasing commodity costs, making goods less competitive. The purpose of Cost Management from the point of view, many enterprises confined to lower costs, but less from the perspective of cost-effectiveness of the effectiveness of the means of cost reduction mainly rely on savings, can not be cost-effective. In traditional Cost Management, Cost Management purposes has
been reduced to cut costs, saving has become the basic means to reduce costs. From the perspective of Cost Management to analyze the
Cost Management of this
goal, not difficult to find cost-reduction is conditional and limits, and in some cases, control of costs, could lead to product quality and enterprise efficiency decline.
In addition, the vast majority of enterprises in the overall concept of lack of Cost
Management. Most companies have a common phenomenon, that is, to
rely on finance staff to manage costs. In the implementation of Cost Management process,
some companies focus only on cost accounting; some business leaders only concerned about the financial and cost statements, using the number of statements to management costs. Although such an approach to reduce the cost to a certain role, but the final analysis, cost accounting, or ex post facto control, failed to do in advance of cost control and occurrence of process control, can not be replaced costing Cost Management.
(B) Cost Management obsolete
First of all, from a Cost Management in general and ways of looking at, not really
formed, the system's Cost Management methodology, from speaking, we have
proposed the establishment of including cost projections, the cost of decision-making, cost planning, cost accounting, cost control, cost analysis, etc. In the within the new Cost Management system, but how to make this methodology
in a scientific, systematic, forming an organic links there are many problems. Secondly, the specific method of Cost Management perspective, According to the
survey, 55.7% of the enterprises use varieties of France, 42.8% of companies use sub-step. The development trend of current world production of many varieties of small batch production mode, this mode of production batches law applies to product cost. Currently, only 6.2% of China's enterprises to adopt this method to calculate, which indicates that the organization of production in China is still relatively extensive, paid insufficient attention to the consumer's personality.
Finally, from a Cost Management tool to see, even though some enterprises to
enter the computerized stage, but the cost of application management module level is not high, and many enterprises are still the manual accounting, in a modern way of technology, Information, and this is bound to constrain business
further enhance the level of Cost Management, it is difficult to meet the modern Cost
Management of cost Information provided by the timeliness, comprehensiveness,
accuracy requirements.
(C) the cost Information, a serious distortion of
In China, there are a considerable number of enterprises there is
the cost of the case Information is untrue, and this situation is
getting worse. Cost Information
distortion is mainly caused by the following reasons:
First, costing only a focus on materials, labor, manufacturing overhead, ignoring the growing increase in the modern enterprise product development, the middle of testing and trial-and after-sales service on a small group of input costs associated with the content of the product was incomplete, does not correctly evaluate the products in the the whole process of life-cycle cost-effectiveness. The second is distortion caused by improper costing methods. A high degree of labor-intensive enterprises in the past years, the accounting of the simple assumption (that is, the number of direct labor hours or production basis for the allocation of indirect costs), usually do not cause serious distortions in product costs. But in a modern manufacturing environment, the proportion of direct
labor costs declined significantly, a substantial increase in the proportion of manufacturing costs, and then use the traditional method of cost computation will produce irrational behavior, the use of traditional costing will lead to serious distortions in product cost
information to enable enterprises to operate the mistake of choosing the direction of products.
Third, to achieve the purpose of artificially adjust the cost of a number of hidden losses caused by a serious, corporate virtual surplus real loss. In China, some enterprises do not increase because of Cost Management, but in order to achieve
improper goals or interest to do so at the cost of the external disclosure of false information. Study its causes and performance: business managers in order to gloss over its management performance, to investors, especially medium and small shareholders have a good explanation to take virtual cut costs, inflated benefits, such as Joan China source event, Guangxia event; some private enterprises do not even pay taxes in order to tax less, false purchase invoices, virtual offset value-added tax; inflated costs, pay less corporate income tax; a number of enterprise Cost Management is in chaos, infrastructure work is not solid, it is difficult to accurately account for product costs, and thus disclosed the cost of information is not accurate. (D) internal Cost Management of the establishment
of the main mistakes
Cost of production and operation activities, a comprehensive index covering all aspects of management, but also involves all levels of personnel. However, a long time, people have been the existence of a bias, the Cost Management as a
finance officer for a small number of managers patents, that the
cost-effectiveness should be handled by business leaders and finance
staff and to all workshops, departments, teams and groups of workers
only as a producer, resulting in control costs, understand technology, understand technology, understand the financial, the majority of the workers as to which costs should be controlled, how to control problems have no intention also were unable to say in the cost-conscious indifference. Workers that Ganhaoganhuai a sample, feel market pressures, cost control initiative can not be mobilized, serious waste, mainly in energy and materials, the next material without careful planning, the next corner does not make full use of materials, energy and run , risk, dripping, and leak is serious. Cost Management of the main mistakes made to establish the
Cost Management business has lost the management of large groups of promise, of course, Cost Management work is not really achieve good results.
Second, strengthen enterprise Cost Management measures
Cost Management for Chinese Enterprises in the problems, we should start the following efforts to strengthen Cost Management:
(A) the introduction of new ideas - the use of strategic Cost Management
Strategic management is central to the sustained competitive advantage for businesses, competitive advantage is the core of any Strategy, it ultimately comes
from enterprises to create value for customers, this value must exceed the costs of enterprises to create it. An enterprise to gain a competitive advantage need to make a choice, that is, enterprises must strive for what would be an
advantage, and to what extent the problem for superiority to make a choice. This requires the introduction of strategic management of Cost Management
thinking, to achieve a strategic sense of the extensions to form a strategic Cost Management. Strategic Cost Management refers to management of the specialized
approach provides an analysis of the enterprise itself and its competitors information to assist managers and evaluation of the formation of corporate Strategy, thereby creating a competitive advantage in order to meet enterprises to effectively adapt to
constantly changing external environment. (B) establish a new concept 1, establish a system management concepts, the implementation of a comprehensive, whole process of Cost Management
The content and scope of the cost of doing business should not be confined to areas of production, management needs to be with the change, and as the development of management development. Cost Management should be
comprehensive, the whole process, and at the design stage till the development planning stage should begin to reduce the cost of activities. Modern enterprise Cost Management should include the impact on cost
changes in all aspects of the projections to penetrate the enterprise, decision-making, technology, sales and other areas in all aspects of the enterprise expansion.
2, establish the concept of cost-effectiveness, cost forecasting and decision-making levels
Enterprises can not succeed in the market for greater profits, they must establish the cost of determining the market concept, give full play to the cost of policy-making functions. Cost Management and enterprise's overall effectiveness
should also be linked to the concept of dynamic cost-effective approach to cost and control issues, from the comparative analysis of input and output to look into the necessity and rationality of the enterprise from the perspective of efficiency to determine the increases or decreases in order to conduct a cost benefit as the center of the dynamic management.
3, establish a sense of innovation, technology and insist on combining The vitality lies in its continued innovation, and enterprises should seize the pulse of the market, seeking mechanism innovation, vibrancy, increase scientific and technological input, and the effective use of new technologies, new equipment, new processes and new materials, relying on technology to reduce product cost. Meanwhile, cost accounting should be considered in the scientific and technological content of products, including the cost to go to facilitate enterprises to the
correct decision. The formation of the product cost, the technical factors, plays an important role, to improve Cost Management, we must implement the technology-driven economic principle of combining. 4, establish a people-oriented concept, create a cohesive force in enterprise People do not simply a tool for wealth creation, but an enterprise's largest capital, assets, resources and wealth, the main body of the enterprise, is the main Cost Management is to determine the cost of key factors. Therefore, to establish a people-oriented management thinking, and arouse people's
intellectual factors, train and develop people's ability to work, so that employees and managers on an equal footing and enjoy the same participation in power, the humanistic, democratic management thinking throughout the enterprise management process from beginning to end, so that enterprises can truly become a democratic, humane organizations, from the human heart in order to stimulate everyone's sense of responsibility and willing to devote themselves masters of the spiritual power.
(C) the introduction of advanced Cost Management - activity-based costing and
cost-planning method
Since the cost of the early 20th century inception, he has appeared
'standard cost', 'budget control', 'difference', 'cost-of-state
analysis', 'variable cost method', 'volume-profit analysis',
'responsibility accounting', etc. a series of traditional cost
accounting methods. However, in today's increasingly competitive market economy, the traditional cost accounting methods have fatal defects,
thus creating an activity-based costing and cost-planning method. 1, Activity-Based Costing
Activity-Based Costing is based on 'cost driver' as the fundamental basis of a cost-accounting methods. Its basic principle is that consumption of output operations, operations consume resources. In the product cost, it will be the focus from the traditional 'products' move to 'work' on to work for the accounting object, and the first motivation of resources based on resource allocation of costs to the job, and then tracked by the activity driver products, the final product obtained costs. It is customer-oriented chain, to the value chain as the center
of the business 'operational procedures' fundamental and thorough reform, emphasizing the coordination of corporate internal and external customer relations, starting from the enterprise as a whole, coordinating the various departments and links the relationship between the ask enterprises to material supply, production and marketing aspects of the operations form a continuous, synchronous's 'workflow', the elimination of all can not increase the value of the operation, so that enterprises
in the state continued to improve and promote enterprise-wide optimization, establishing competitive advantage.
2, cost planning method
The cost of planning the basic ideas: (1) to full life-cycle-based, market-oriented development of target cost. Basic formula is: target
cost = expected market price - target profit. (2) product design stage the cost of
squeezing. This process can be expressed as the cost of the
'Settings - decomposition - to achieve - (re-setting) - (re-decomposition) - (another achievement) - ... ...', and repeatedly as well as endless, until it reaches target cost. (3) the cost of production at the manufacturing stage decomposition and pressure transmission. The target cost pressures refined to teams and groups, and even individuals and vendors. (4) pre-production phase of the feedback control. Through trial and feedback from the production process and timely leak fill a vacancy, strengthen internal management, improve cost control
management through a variety of incentive measures to make the cost of the ideological objectives of planning can be the greatest degree of implementation. (5) The target cost optimization. Product to meet the needs of market competition must be constantly adjusted and optimized so that the cost of setting goals to keep up with the pace of technological and market changes, so that the cost of the entire planning process to form a complete cycle, continuous improvement, and constantly perfect, and always be able to adapt to the changing market.
(Iv) computer technology in Enterprise Cost Management
At present, the computer is an indispensable tool for economic life, to modern information technology-based Cost Management Cost Management information system
has become a symbol of modernization.
1, the software application
LOTUS, EXCEL and other spreadsheet software has a powerful form processing, database management and statistical charts processing functions, is commonly used office automation software. They do not have programming, flexible and convenient, the use of low cost, high efficiency, use of these software can be easily and quickly assist management in cost projections, decision-making, and can control the process of implementation of the monitoring analysis, received good results. Businesses can combine their own characteristics, commissioned by software developers for their costs of developing a more professional management software.
2, the application of
The network has a strong scalability, enables the sharing of resources, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Internal and external Internet connection of the timely transmission of a variety of cost information, and can interactively communicate with the outside world, learn from each other and promote the application of various Cost Management techniques to achieve Cost Management
objectives.
(E) to take measures to ensure cost-effective information
Companies should establish a sound internal control system, through accounting and other business processes control, help reduce the occurrence of the phenomenon of accounting information Cuobi to a
certain extent, the accounting and other information to ensure true and reliable. For example, a good internal control system, required documents must be recorded against previous audit, the certificate of transfer must follow certain procedures, to the reconciliation table cards and checking accounts. Through these means of control, it is possible to reduce the incidence of errors to ensure the accuracy and reliability of accounting information and thus the basis for cost accounting and management information is reliable.
Enterprises also need to improve the management and accounting staff of professional ethics. The main body of the implementation of the system is the enterprise managers and decision-making participation in the operation of accounting personnel, in the generation and provision
of relevant information,
on one hand to enhance the legal awareness, on the one hand to enhance the sense of moral self-discipline, strengthen the moral sense
of responsibility and sense of responsibility to maintain professional conscience, economic objectives of enterprises and managers to enhance the double moral standards. In addition to strengthen the market
research and information feedback in the Cost
Management applications. Information as a business activity is an important factor in the cost management an integral part of. With economic development, enterprise cost management level, with the development of the situation can improve, operation can proceed smoothly, to a large extent also depends on the level of the cost of feedback.
Therefore, the enterprise cost management must also adapt to this objective, continually improve the level of information management, seize the opportunity to truly become the strong market competition.
下面是赠送的励志文档需要的朋友可以好好欣赏，不
需要的朋友可以下载后编辑删除～～谢谢～～
不想穷，就好好读懂这些话～一言惊醒梦中人～
1、成功的人，就是那种能用别人扔向他的石头来铺设路基的人。
2、批评你的人是你今天的敌人，明天的朋友;吹捧你的人是你今天的朋友，明天的敌人。
3、Nothing is impossible、只要选择了目标，不要再想太远，每天脚踏实地，风雨兼程。生命不息，战斗不止。
4、你和你的朋友会一起在将来打造一个可能很辉煌的事业。很好听是吗,记住，你们都要努力。
5、后悔是一种耗费精神的情绪，后悔是比损失更大的损失，比错误更大的错误，所以不要后悔。
6、别怕丢人，追求丢人是一种成功的尝试，至于为此笑话你的人，你可以把他们从你将来人生对手的名单中排除了，你也要为每一位上台唱歌的人鼓掌。
7、人生在世，需要不断地为心灵除尘，自省、自责、自悟、自重……。
8、永远不要对可能是坏事的事好奇，否则可能要了你的命。永远不要在痛苦的时候做决定，否则你以后一定会后悔。
9、别为你自己和别人下定论，你所看到听到的可能只是一面。
10、如果周围有人嫉妒你，那么你可以把他从你的竞争者之列排除了。
11、很多事情别人通知你了，要说谢谢，没有通知你，不要责怪，因为那些事你其实应该自己弄清楚。
12、一个人最大的痛苦，莫过于被圈在自己设定的圈子里出不来。就像一只蚕，丝吐的越多，对自己捆绑得越紧，直到最后完全把自己包上，想出也出不来。
13、善良是一种智慧，是一种远见，一种自信，一种精神力量，是一种文化，一种快乐。
14、一个人的脚步再大，也永远无法丈量完脚下的道路。人生有限，道路无限，要想在有限的生命中多走一程，就时刻别停下脚步，别浪费分秒时间。
15、遇到再大困难的时候，不要惊慌，千万要学会冷静;不要去想着求别人，以前有家人帮你，现在需要你一个人面对挑战，从绝望中寻找希望，人生终将辉煌。
16、学会说谢谢，但谢谢并不是随便敷衍，是对别人帮助的肯定和回报;更要学会说对不起，但对不起不是借口，是对自己过错的弥补和内疚。
17、处事不必求功，无过便是功;为人不必感德，无怨便是德。
18、有时你的快乐是你的微笑之源，但是有时候你的微笑却可能是你的快乐之源。
19、不论男人还是女人，如果还把容貌当作重要的东西而过分重视的话，可能不会吃亏，但是早晚会吃亏、可能，很可能。
20、放假的时候，要么留在家里多陪陪父母，帮他们做点事，远走高飞的你能像以前天天守在他们身旁的时间已不多;要么多去社会中体验生活，因为你不但要懂得生活，还要学会如何去生活。
21、心烦意乱或者无聊闲着的时候，多到图书馆去泡泡，书中有现实中难得的纯明和清静;多看些书，生活会渐渐少一些迷茫，多一些追求。
22、一个人如果心中时刻能够想着别人，别人也一定会时刻想着你。多替别人着想，就等于给自己铺设一条道路。你付出的越多，你得到的也会越多，这就叫做感情投资或感情积累。
23、你可输给任何人，但不能输给自己。
24、经常给家里打个电话，即使嘴上都说不想对方，其实内心早已情动于中;有了女(男)朋友，也不能忘了爹和娘。
25、多笑笑，会慢慢让自己真的快乐起来。
26、好好利用公开场合锻炼、展示自我，哪怕只是一次课堂上的发言，别怕尴尬，更别怕丢人，也不要笑话在公众面前丢脸的人。
27、小的眼睛里没有君子，君子的眼睛却可以识破小人。
28、屈原说:“路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。”这种精神可贵，但在现实之中却很少有人能这样执着了。如果有人能够做到，他一定会是最成功的人。
29、永远别渴望做个任何人都不得罪的人，有人反对有人支持然后自己做出决定是精彩的人生。
30、一个生命完结，另一个生命诞生，世界就是在这种循环中得到永恒。用不着为死去的过于悲哀，也用不着为新生的过分高兴。生命都是一种相同的过程，关键在于能否使它辉煌。如果一个人能活得无愧无悔，坦坦荡荡，虽未轰轰烈烈，但这仍可算作是伟大的一生。 31、后悔是一种耗费精神的情绪、后悔是比损失更大的损失，比错误更大的错误、所以不要后悔。
32、你的确要学的有心计，但是记住，永远记住，在社会上要胜利的唯一的方法永远只是一个，那就是实力，永远不用怀疑。
34、人生百态，不要对新的看不惯的东西生气，无所谓的。
35、我们确实活得艰难，一要承受种种外部的压力，更要面对自己内心的困惑。在苦苦挣扎中，如果有人向你投以理解的目光，你会感到一种生命的暖意，或许仅有短暂的一瞥，就足以使我感奋不已，所以我们要学会感激。
36、冷静，有大事时，能安静并能快速想出办法的人，很厉害。
37、社会充满竞争，赢得竞争靠的是自己的实力。
38、一种对工作和学习的冲击力及持久力会让你有特殊的魅力和个人实力。
39、父母给我们生命，生活给我们智慧。智慧产生于社会实践，这是千真万确的真理。因此，不仅要珍惜生命，珍视生活，更要重视社会实践。不经历风雨就无法见到彩虹，没有实践就无法得到智慧。
40、积水成渊，积土成山。不积跬步无以致千里，做事万不可心急，必须从一点一滴做起，必须从每一件小事做起。现在的人常是小事不做，大事做不来，到头来空活一场，空耗一生。
41、水涨船高，勿怕他人强于己。水落石出，别羡乌云压枝低。
42、你可以选择坚持，也可以选择放弃。没有对错。我是说对爱情来说，但是重要的是坚持你的选择。
43、如果老是去琢磨哪些人你讨厌，哪些人与你志趣相投，那么你就大错了，要想着如何让别人接纳你，而不是你能接受什么样的人。
44、对陌生人，或者把对方当做一张白纸，或者把对方当你的朋友，总之别当做敌人，即使你听到再多的关于他(她)的不好的传闻。
45、爱你的人，不管你接不接受，你都应该感谢对方，这是对他们的尊重。
46、坚持在背后说别人好话，别担心这好话传不到当事人耳朵里，有人在你面前说某人坏话时，你只微笑。
47、抽时间出来锻炼身体。
48、不管现在你对未来多困惑，多迷茫，都不要忘了树立一个目标。一个人过去或现在的情况并不重要，将来想要获得什么成就才最重要。除非你对未来有理想，否则做不出什么大事来。
49、不要把过去的事全让人知道，尊敬不喜欢你的人。
50、成大事的方法多种多样，别不接受你看不惯的方法。
51、一切以健康为中心,遇事潇洒一点，看世事糊涂一点。
52、气不鼓不能前进，气太足可能爆胎。
53、三个忘记:忘记年龄，忘记过去，忘记恩怨。
54、乐观的人看见问题后面的机会，悲观的人只看见机会后面的问题，机会是从来不会主动敲响你的门，无论你等待多少年。它也只会如一阵风一样拂面而过，需要你的反应能力和追随速度。朝着一个目标前进，尽量使用你的潜能，才华横溢的你会发现机会的存在。风虽然没有颜色，可是拂过之后却是绿意一片。
55、很多事情当你再回忆时会发现其实没什么。所以，不管当时你多么生气都告诉自己不必这样，你会发现事实真的没啥大不了。
56、人生唯一不会落空的等待是注定的死亡，世间唯一保持恒久不变的就是变化。
57、最难战胜的敌人，是自己;最可怕的敌人，是朋友;最防不胜防的敌人，是欲望;最迷惑人的敌人，是感情。
58、生活是一种经历，也是一种体验;生活是一种感受，也是一种积累。生活没有答案，生活不需要答案。当生活即将不属于你时，你才会发现:生活仅仅是一个过程，而这个过程无论多么复杂，最终结局都是一样的。生活注重的是过程，而不是结局。
59、奋斗人生的诀窍就是经营自己的长处。经营自己的长处能给你的人生增值。经营自己的短处必然使你的人生贬值。
自己的路自己走
自己的路自己走，谁都无法代替你，无论别人如何成功你如何失败。即使是一个失败的自己你也要好好的珍重自己的失败，因为这是你人生的经验，是你来到这世界上的你全部的报偿和收获。
我们也可以说适合自己的就是最好的，你之所以这样做之所以这样走到今天，一定是有你的理由和依据。人与人没有可比性关键是要找到自己。我曾经以为自己已经找到了自己却发现寻找的工作还是要一直继续下去，活一天就得去寻找一天。
追求是要追求的哪怕这样的追求显得是很虚弱很无力很无奈，甚至它像是一块遮羞布但是我仍然需要它，因为只有这样才能看见自己感觉到自己。人生的路曲曲弯弯已经走成了这
样，墓志铭已经提前写就。失败已经注定但追求的脚步并没有停下，内心的不屈渐渐已成为一种信念，成为自己人生的支撑。
孤独人生里，无尽天涯路，始终不放弃自己的努力，自己的路走成了自己，这或许也是值得自己自豪的吗?或许也不敢这样说，因为现实是残酷的，生存是艰难的，我们身上的力量也是有限的，不会无止境的挥洒下去，总有油灯熬过的一天。唯一能告慰自己的就是没有放弃自己，一直以来坚守了自己，哪怕是一个晦暗的失败的自己。
努力可以，但已看不到成功的希望了，内心的欲望也在渐渐变得虚无。在平凡的生活中，走完自己平凡的一生，风雨中，小草也可以纪念自己，因为你曾经为自己的生命不屈歌吟过，你也为自己的人生努力拼搏过，在你的身上留有伤痛的记忆和烙印，在你的眼神里有沉郁和悲伤，在你的心志里还有不屈的火种，自己的生命随时准备为它点燃。精神越孤寂，就越需要支撑，需要理想、热情、力量和信念的支持。
别无选择，既然生活这样选择了你，你也只能成就这样的自己。别无退路，只有坚持往前走，哪怕是把失败当作一条人生的出路。有的时候，失败也是一种力量，激发人斗志的力量，你要向上拼搏才有希望，才有前途。
为自己的梦想而奋斗
企业成本控制外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 在价值链的成本控制下减少费用和获得更多的利润 摘要： 根据基于价值链的成本管理理念和基于价值的重要因素是必要的。首先，必须有足够的资源，必须创造了有利的价值投资，同时还需要基于客户价值活动链，以确定他们的成本管理优势的价值链。其次，消耗的资源必须尽量减少，使最小的运营成本价值链和确保成本优势是基于最大商业价值或利润，这是一种成本控制系统内部整个视图的创建和供应的具实践，它也是一种成本控制制度基于价值链，包括足够的控制和必要的资源投资价值的观点，创建和保持消费的资源到合理的水平，具有价值的观点主要对象的第一个因素是构造有利的价值链，从创造顾客价值开始；第二个因素是加强有利的价值链，从供应或生产客户价值开始。因此它是一个新型的理念，去探索成本控制从整个视图的创建和供应的商品更盈利企业获得可持续的竞争优势。 关键词：成本控制，价值链，收益，支出，收入，成本会计 1、介绍 根据价值链理论，企业的目的是创造最大的顾客价值；和企业的竞争优势在于尽可能提供尽可能多的价值给他们的客户，作为低成本可能的。这要求企业必须首先考虑他们是否能为顾客创造价值，和然后考虑在很长一段时间内如何创造它。然而，竞争一直以“商品”（或“产品”）作为最直接的载体，因此，传统的成本控制方法主要集中在对“产品”和生产流程的过程。很显然，这不能解决企业的问题，企业是否或如何能为客户创造价值。换句话说，这至少不能从根本上解决它。 因此，企业必须首先投入足够的资源，以便他们能够创建客户值取向，然后提供它以最少的资源费用。所以在整个视图中对价值创造和提供整体的观点来控制成本，它可以为客户提供完美的动力和操作运行机制运行成本的控制，也可以从根本上彻底克服了传统的成本控制方法的缺点，解决了无法控制的创造和供应不足的真正价值。基于此，本文试图从创作的整体观讨论成本控制提供价值并探讨实现良性循环的策略，也就是说，“创造价值投资成本供应价值创造价值”。 2、成本及其控制的基于价值链理念 2.1基于价值链的成本观念 根据价值链理论，如果企业是要被客户接受，它必须创造和提供能满足其客户的价值。因此，成本（价值或资源支付费用）这不离为创造和提供顾客价值的活动，其活动的价值链。因此，我们应该从价值链角度看成本的重要。
成本管理外文文献 China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and Countermeasures Abstract: With the progress and China's traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost Management. Keywords:: Cost Management measures In a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an inevitable choice for the survival and development. First, the reality of China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis Cost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China's Cost Management has also exposed some new problems, mainly in the following aspects: (A) Cost Management concept behind the Chinese enterprises lag behind the concept of Cost Management in pervasive phenomenon, mainly in Cost Management of the scope, purpose and means from time to biased. Many enterprises will continue to limit the scope of Cost Management within the enterprise or even only the production process at the expense of other related companies and related fields cost behavior management. We supply side, for example. The supply side of the price of the product cost of doing business, one of the most important motives. As the supply side of the price of the product and its cost plus profit, so the supply side of price in the form of its own costs to the enterprise. However, some enterprises to the supply side too much rock bottom price, as their source of high profits, without considering each other's interests, resulting in supply-side to conceal their true costs, price increase in disguise. This increase in procurement costs, thereby increasing commodity costs, making goods less competitive. The purpose of Cost Management from the point of view, many enterprises confined to lower costs, but less from the perspective of cost-effectiveness of the effectiveness of the means of cost reduction mainly rely on savings, can not be cost-effective. In traditional Cost Management, Cost Management purposes has been reduced to cut costs, saving has become the basic means to reduce costs. From the perspective of Cost Management to analyze the Cost Management of this goal, not difficult to find cost-reduction is conditional and limits, and in some cases, control of costs, could lead to product quality and enterprise efficiency decline. In addition, the vast majority of enterprises in the overall concept of lack of Cost
中英文翻译 原文 Logistics costs and controlling Abstract Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002). Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002).
外文翻译 原文 Cost Control Material Source:Encyclopedia of business,2 and ed. Author:Anthony, Robet N 1 Cost Control Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of peripheral activities, mass layoffs, or outsourcing, cost control strategies were seen as necessary to preserve—or boost—corporate profits and to maintain—or gain—a competitive advantage. The objective was often to be the low-cost producer in a given industry, which would typically allow the company to take a greater profit per unit of sales than its competitors at a given price level. Some cost control proponents believe that such strategic cost-cutting must be planned carefully, as not all cost reduction techniques yield the same benefits. In a notable late 1990s example, chief executive Albert J. Dunlap, nicknamed "Chainsaw Al" because of his penchant for deep cost cutting at the companies he headed, failed to restore the ailing small appliance maker Sunbeam Corporation to profitability despite his drastic cost reduction tactics. Dunlap laid off thousands of workers and sold off business units, but made little contribution to Sunbeam's competitive position or share price in his two years as CEO. Consequently, in 1998 Sunbeam's board fired Dunlap, having lost confidence in his "one-trick" approach to management. A complex business requires frequent information about operations in order to plan for the future, to control present activities, and to evaluate the past performance of managers, employees, and related business segments. To be successful,
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：研究建设项目的工程造价 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：工程管理 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
科技文献翻译 题目：研究建设项目的工程造价 研究建设项目的工程造价 摘要 在工程建设中，中国是拥有世界最大投资金额和具有最多建设项目的国家。它是一 项在建设项目管理上可以为广泛的工程管理人员进行有效的工程造价管理，并合理 确定和保证施工质量和工期的条件控制施工成本的重要课题。 在失去了中国建筑的投资和技术经济工程，分离的控制现状的基础上，通过建设成 本控制的基本理论为指导，探讨控制方法和施工成本的应用，阐述了存在的问题在 施工成本控制和对决心和施工成本的控制这些问题的影响，提出了建设成本控制应 体现在施工前期，整个施工过程中的成本控制，然后介绍了一些程序和应用价值工 程造价的方法在控制建设项目的所有阶段。 关键词：建设成本，成本控制，项目 1.研究的意义 在中国，现有的工程造价管理体系是20世纪50年代制定的，并在1980s.Traditional 施工成本管理方法改进是根据国家统一的配额，从原苏联引进的一种方法。它的特 点是建设成本的计划经济的管理方法，这决定了它无法适应当前市场经济的要求。 在中国传统建筑成本管理方法主要包括两个方面，即建设成本和施工成本控制方法 的测定方法。工程造价的确定传统的主要做法生搬硬套国家或地方统一的配额数量 来确定一个建设项目的成本。虽然这种方法已经历了20多年的改革，到现在为止，计划经济管理模式的影响仍然有已经存在在许多地区。我们传统的工程造价控制的
外文翻译 原文 Cost-Containment and Cost-Management Strategies Material Source: Author: Alan f. Goldberg ,William P. Fleming The leadership and boards of trustees of all healthcare organizations are the ultimate stewards of the limited resources available to best meet community needs. The strategic planning process leads the organization down a clear path of setting priorities, making choices, and taking action. The day a new cancer center opens or the latest technology arrives is an exciting one for the community. After the ribbon cutting, these new programs become the responsibility of the hospital's service line directors or clinical managers. Their staffing is based on projections and other assumptions that may or may not be on point but have a direct impact on the operations and finances of the organization. As part of normal decision making for a hospital's new initiatives, a payer mix and revenue stream were predicted. Now two significant environmental events have made projections more uncertain and put aggressive cost management on center stage: the economic downturn and payment reform. The economic downturn affecting hospitals began in the fall of 2008. Its broad impact on the organization was described by Goldberg and Petasnick (2010): With credit markets drying up, unemployment rising, consumer confidence eroding, and employee morale shaken, healthcare system executives had their hands full. The combined result of the turmoil made the old adage "cash is king" truer than ever. As consumers pulled back and individuals lost health insurance, hospitals experienced losses in volume for elective, nonemergent healthcare. Financial operating results suffered. Meanwhile, losses in investment values eliminated the safety net reserves created by nonoperating income. Many hospitals and healthcare systems were forced to consider or enact layoffs and postpone or cancel capital-intensive projects. All were required to rethink their strategic plans. Because of the economic downturn and high unemployment, which led to income declines and individuals losing job-based healthcare coverage, Medicaid enrollment is projected to increase 10.5 percent in fiscal 2010.
项目成本控制 1施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 1.1成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 1.2全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 1.3动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动 态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确定成本目标、编制成本计划、制订成本控制的方案，为今后的成本控制作好准备。而竣工阶段的成本控制，由于成本盈亏已基本定局，即使发生了偏差，也已来不及纠正。 1.4目标管理原则。目标管理的内容包括：目标的设定和分解，目标的责任到位和执行，检查目标的执行结果，评价目标和修正目标，形成目标管理的计划、实施、检查、处理循环，即 PDCA 循环。 1.5责、权、利相结的原则。在项目施工过程中，项目经理部各部门、各班组在肩负成本控制责任的同时，享有成本控制的权力，同时项目经理要对各部门、各班组在成本控制中的业绩进行定期的检查和考评，实行有奖有罚。只有真正做好责、权、利相结合的成本控制，才能收到预期的效果。
Reference for business,Encyclopedia of Business.2nd ed,Cos Des Cost control Roger J. Binder Abstract Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. Control of the business entity, then, is essentially a managerial and supervisory function. Control consists of those actions necessary to assure that the entity's resources and operations are focused on attaining established objectives, goals and plans. Control, exercised continuously, flags potential problems so that crises may be prevented. It also standardizes the quality and quantity of output, and provides managers with objective information about employee performance. Management compares actual performance to predetermined standards and takes action when necessary to correct variances from the standards. Keywords: Cost control；Applications；Control reports；Standards；Strategic Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of
成本管理外文文献及翻译-译国译民译国译民翻译公司: 成本管理外文文献 China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and Countermeasures Abstract: With the progress and China's traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost Management. Keywords:: Cost Management measures In a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an inevitable choice for the survival and development. First, the reality of China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis Cost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China's Cost Management has
餐饮业成本控制方案 成本控制是餐饮管理的主要内容之一，对餐厅餐厅的经营具有决定性意义。 一、成本控制的重要性 1．餐饮成本控制关系到产品的规格，质量和销售价格，因产品的售价是以食品成本和规定的毛利率来计算的，成本的高低直接影响其售价，因此搞好成本控制是餐饮工作的必需。 2．成本控制有利于满足宾客需要并维护宾客的利益。宾客到餐厅就餐，不仅希望能够享受到精美的菜点和热情的款待，更希望餐饮产品物美价廉，而为保证这一点，就必须进行成本控制。 3．成本控制直接关系到餐厅以至于整个餐厅的营业收入和利润。餐厅在满足宾客的餐饮需求的同时，还担负着为餐厅提供盈利的任务。如果成本失控，就会影响餐厅的经营成果，甚至造成不应有的亏损。因为，为保证餐厅的既得利益，就必须加强成本控制。 4．成本控制可以改善餐厅的经营管理。成本控制的关键取决于餐厅的经营管理水平，经营管理水平越高，成本控制就越好，反之就会产生成本失控现象。因此，搞好成本控制也既改善了餐
厅的经营管理。 二、成本控制 餐饮成本，包括食品原料成本、劳动力成本和设备折旧费用。而餐饮成本控制主要是控制原料成本，原料成本随着营业收入的变化而变化。营业收入增加，原料成本也随之增加，营业收入降低，原料成本也随之减少，如果没有营业收人，也就没有成本可言。 而劳动力成本和设备的折旧费用等等，不随营业收入的变化而变化，因此在这里只介绍食品、酒水的成本控制。 (一)食品成本控制 在餐厅的营业收入中，除去成本即为毛利。食品成本与营业收入之比，或减去毛利率，就是食品成本率，用公式表示为：食品成本率=食品成本/营业收入×100% 或：食品成本率=1-毛利率 所以说，在确定毛利率的同时也就决定了食品成本率。餐厅的食品成本率一旦确定，餐饮管理人员就应以此为依据，努力控制食品成本。 餐厅的业务活动从食品原料的采购，验收、库存，发放、粗加工、切配，烹饪、服务到收款，其经营环节较多，且每一环节都会影响到食品成本。因此，餐厅必须加强餐饮产品生产，服务，销售全过程的成本控制。
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。
原文： Information systems and cost control The purpose of this paper is to consider how the key concepts of management information systems might be integrated with accounting concepts relating to the managerial process of cost control to form a coherent module for a business school curriculum. Perhaps the best place to start is with some definitions. Cost control, as seen by the writers of cost accounting texts, is the set of processes by which management secures and monitors adherence to cost standards. It is thus narrower than cost management, which encompasses both cost adherence and cost reduction and, according to some, includes actions which direct an organization away from activities which have low benefit-to-cost ratios. There is much less agreement about the definition of management information systems. The information systems field draws from many disciplines ., computer science, management science, organizational behavior, and even accounting -- and information systems texts and courses usually include discussions of concepts and issues from these other disciplines. Many HIS definitions focus on the computer hardware and software which are important components of most formal systems, Other definitions take a broader perspective and focus on the task which the HIS is to accomplish. EIN and SEGEV for example, suggest this definition: A management information system is a system for collecting, storing, retrieving, and processing information that is used, or desired, by one or more managers in the performance of their duties. This definition sounds strangely like many common definitions of managerial accounting, which may be why we prefer it. It also has the advantage of allowing us to consider the broad range of issues which are important to understanding information systems, not just the physical elements from which they are built. In our discussion, however, we shall try to limit our attention to those issues