第七章英汉句子互译中的词序
英语和汉语词序差别很大。下面我们先看看这两种语言在词序排列上各自的特点，然后再针对这些特点讨论一下英汉互译中词序的处理方法。
7.1 英汉句子词序的差异
汉语是语义型语言，英语是形态型语言，这便决定了两者在词序安排上有着本质的区别。汉语组词造句时，词序主要由语义的搭配决定，即语义团块的先后次序是由人的思维逻辑来决定的。汉语是一种逻辑性很强的语言，其逻辑性主要表现在以下几个方面：
1 在时间上，英语句子的词序主要是根据语境的需要安排，而汉语通常按事情发生或出现的先后顺序排列。例如：
1 He went to bed after he finished his homework.
他做完作业后便上床睡觉了。
2）They started as soon as he came .
他一到他们就开始干了起来。
3）Calmly Mother looked around before she turned back fearlessly, closing the door behind her and dashed to the window.
母亲镇定地环顾四周，然后毫不畏惧地转身回到屋子里，顺手关上门，一个箭步
奔到门口。
4）A loud applause exploded from the audience when the actress went on the stage.
当女演员登上舞台时，观众中爆发出一阵掌声。
5）The invaders will not surrender until they come to the end of their tether.
侵略者不到走投无路的时候是不会投降的。
6）He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.
天快黑了，人家给了他一把椅子，请他坐下来等一会儿。忽然电灯全亮了，照出
了整个大桥的轮廓。
7）老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻找一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门立住了。（鲁迅，《药》）
Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the cross road lying
distinctly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop
in front of its closed door.（连淑能，p.72）
8）那只老狼从灌木丛里窜出来，惊魂未定地喘息，伸出舌头。它扭头望着那片灌木林，声响渐渐消失了，慌乱中毫无目的地转了一阵。它累极了，便卧在地上。然后它又坐起来，可是它突然像被咬了一下似地跳起来，那只猛禽的铁爪还留在它身
上。（周涛，《猛禽》）
The old wolf runs out of the bush, still badly shaken, panting with its tongue lolling. It
turns its head to look back at the bush; the terrifying sound has all but died out. Still in
panic, it limps aimlessly for a while, then, exhausted, it crouches down to rest, As it sits
up, a biting pain hurts its back: the eagle’s iron-like claw is still attached to its body.
上面第1至第6例在时间上都采取“倒叙”的手法，其中after, as soon as, before, when，until和as 引导的从句所表达的事件或动作都在主句动词表达的动作之前发生。但是翻译成汉语时，句子完全是按照时间顺序排列的。第7例和第8例的汉语原文也是典型是“顺”序句。句中虽然动词很多，但排列时显得有条不紊。
二、在事理上，英语的词序比较灵活，但通常开门见山，直奔主题，然后再作解释。在表示因果关系时，一般先讲结果再说明原因；在表示假设时，往往先说结果再说条件；而汉语的词序则比较固定，通常按照先原因后结果、先假设后可能、先条件后结果的顺序
来排列。这一点，当句中的关联词省略不用时尤其如此。例如：
9）I can’t trust her, because she is not honest.（连淑能，p.54）
比较：Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her.
她不老实，我不能信任她。
10）I think we should have been told if there was anything up.
比较：I think if there was anything up, we should have been told.
我想要是真发生了什么事，他们应该通知我们的。
11）(His assignment in the interim was to choose and develop his own replacement.) He chose Larry, who had an excellent record in sales and had held a management position
prior to joining the company.
（在这段过渡时期，他的任务是选择和培养他自己的接班人。）他选择了拉里，
（因为）拉里有出色的销售业绩记录，并且在调入本公司之前就担任过管理职
务。
12）The moon is a moon still, whether it shines or not.
<谚> 不管是明是暗，月亮总归是月亮。
13）抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。（先假设后可能）
Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.（连
淑能，p.55）
14）这些斗争和探索，每一次都在一定的历史条件下推动了中国的进步，但又一次一次地失败了。（江泽民，《在庆祝中国共产党成立八十周年大会上的讲
话》）
All the attempts ended in failure one after another, although they helped promote
progress in China under given historical conditions.
从上面的例子可以看出，英语句子对因果关系等逻辑顺序比较灵活，而汉语的词序则比较固定，通常按先——后，因——果，条件——结果的顺序排列。
当然，汉语句子语序的排列也有例外，那就是，当把原因、条件等看成是补充说明的情况时，也可以把它们放到句子的后半部分，这时，往往需要使用各种形式标记，也就是说，需要使用表示各种关系的关联词语。例如：
15）我觉得真扫兴，因为我一分神钓索颤动了，拉迟了落了空。（刘白羽，《海峡风雷》）
In that moment as my concentration wavered, my line wobbled, I pulled back at the
wrong moment and ended up with a tangled mess of line, hook and weed.
16）不，我昨天没有来，因为我的姐姐病了。
No, I didn’t come yesterday, because my sister was not very well.
三、在对某事发表评论时，英语通常先评论或表态，然后再说明有关情况。汉语则正好相反，通常先叙述（即事实或描写）后表态（即判断或结论）。例如：
17）I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.
我强烈地认为，英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中一个积极而充满活力的成员，这
是符合我国人民利益的。（连淑能，p.12）
18）It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (From Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice)
凡有产业的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
19）It is important that everyone does his duty.
每个人各司其责，这一点是很重要的。
20）It’s no use telling him that he’s wrong. He will realise it himself later.
告诉他他犯了错误，这是毫无用处的。他以后会明白的。
从以上可以得知，英汉语在语序的排列上有相同之处，也有相异之处。翻译时，相同之处可以照搬过来（即顺译）；相异之处则需要对语序进行调整，使之在整体上符合汉语的表达习惯（即逆译）。
7.2 调整词序的方法
根据英汉两种语言的差异，我们在英汉对译时常常需要根据实际情况在语序上作一些调整。以下是译者们经常采用的方法。
7.2.1 按照时间顺序进行调整
英汉语序虽然有很大差别，但也有很多相似或相同之处。语序相同便顺译，不同则逆译，有时则顺译、逆译皆可。
一、顺译
顺译的情况很多，主要有以下几种：
（一）多个表示连贯动作的动词并列时，英语和汉语往往都可以按照动作发生的先后顺序来安排词序。因此，英汉互译时通常可以采取顺译法。例如：
1）He would drive a rental truck loaded with his belongings and I would follow him in his sedan, then fly back.
到时他将开租来的卡车拉上全部家什，我跟在后面帮他把小车开过去，然后乘
飞机返回。
2）I follow the group to the fifth row and directly against a tree I place my ladder so its legs hit the dirt sturdily.
我跟随大家到第五行树，把梯子直接靠在一棵树上，梯子的两只脚牢固地插进
土里。（刘世同，p.84）
3）I closed my eyes and said a prayer of thanks before putting the car in gear and returning to the highway.
我合上双目，感谢上苍，然后挂挡上路。
4）Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou En-lai. (from Agnes Smedley, The Great Road)
一九二二年十月下旬，这两位朋友坐火车来到柏林，一下车便径直去周恩来的
住处。
5）She had spent a sleepless night, and rising early, had stood, wrapped up, at her window, with the cool air blowing on her face, to watch the dawn.
她一宵无眠，早早起身，披上毯子，迎着拂面的凉风，凭窗眺望黎明。（方梦
之，pp. 301-2）
6）In the blue of the morning that fragile soldier and servant breathed his last, and when the other children awoke they cried bitterly, and begged Sissy to have another pretty
baby.
(from Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’urbervilles)
在晨光熹微中，那位脆弱的兵士和仆人就喘了他最后一口气，别的孩子们醒过
之后，一个个哭得伤心极了，他们恳求苔丝姐姐再给他们生一个漂亮的娃娃。
（张若谷译,《德伯家的苔丝》）
7）（如今，台儿沟的姑娘们刚把晚饭端上桌就慌了神，她们心不在焉地胡乱吃几口，扔下碗就开始梳妆打扮。）她们洗净蒙受了一天的黄土、风尘，露出粗
糙、红润的面色，把头发梳得乌亮，然后就比赛着穿出最好的衣服。（铁凝，
《哦，香雪》）
（But now, the girls of Terrace Gully served dinner in a flurry, absent-mindedly
grabbed a quick bite and, soon as they put down their blows, went straight to their
dressers.） They washed off the dust and stains of the day, revealing their rough
and ruddy complexions, combed their hair, and then vied with one another in
wearing their best outfits.
8）它先是离我较远，见我不去伤害它，便一点点挨近，然后蹦到我的杯子上，俯下头来喝茶，再偏过脸瞧瞧我的反应。（冯骥才，《珍珠鸟》）
First it kept its distance from me, then hopped nearer, then stood upon my glass and
eventually lowered its head to drink my tea.
（二）英语中表示时间的状语从句多位于句子的后半部分，但有时为了强调也可将其提到句首，并用逗号与主句隔开，这时，可采用顺译法进行翻译。同样，汉语中有些按照时间先后安排语序的复合句译成英语时也可采用顺译法。例如：
9）Where there is a will, there is a way.
<谚> 有志者，事竟成。
10）If anyone comes, tell him to wait a few minutes. (I won’t be long.)
如果有人来，请他等一会儿。（我很快就会回来的。）
11）As we crossed some high bridges near the Blue Ridge Mountains on the first leg of our trip, a kind of breathlessness gripped me, a sinking, rolling sensation in the pit of
my stomach.
上路后的第一程，我们就碰上了蓝脊山脉附近高悬的大桥。我简直紧张得透不
过气来，心头发紧，有种人仰马翻的感觉。
12）After he went to bed that night, I quickly took his shoes and went out to the woodshed.
当天晚上，在他就寝之后，我马上把他的鞋子拿到柴棚里。
13) When the infant had taken its fill the young mother sat it upright in her lap, and
dandled it.... (from Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’urbervilles)
小孩吃足了奶以后，那位年轻的母亲就把他放在腿上，叫他坐直了，逗弄他
……（张若谷译）
14) When Tom stood face to face with his persecutor, and heard his threats, and thought in
his very soul that his hour was come, his heart swelled bravely in him, and he
thought he could bear torture and fire, bear anything.... (from H.P.Sone, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin)
汤姆站在他的迫害者对面，听着他威吓的话，心想自己的时刻已经到来。这
时，他反而觉得勇气百倍，觉得赴汤蹈火，在所不辞了……（黄继忠译,《汤
姆叔叔的小屋》）
15）传说秦始皇来到泰山封禅的时候，遇上了暴风雨，他就躲在一棵很大的松树下避雨。
It is said that when the First Emperor of Qin came to Mount Taishan to perform the
rites of worshipping Heaven and Earth, he was caught in a storm, and found shelter
under a giant pine tree.
16）当老狼嗅至这只小白狗的颈上时，突然小狗猛烈地抖动起来。（周涛，《猛禽》）
When the wolf moves its nose to sniff the dog’s neck, the little creature suddenly
begins to shiver violently.
（三）英语中有些介词短语、副词短语、分词短语或“介词+动名词”结构置于句首表示时间，翻译时可采用顺译。例如：
17）Pulling one of the leafy branches downward, I hang the bucket on it with the hook.
我拉下一根多页的树枝，用钩子把桶挂在上面。（刘世同，p.84）18）Having finished the painting, he decided to sell it in order to buy a new piano for his daughter.
那幅画画完后，他决定把它卖掉，为女儿买架新钢琴。
19）A few minutes later, Zoe sat sipping coffee and watching the girl eagerly attacking
a large omelet, stacks of buttered bread and a cup of milk.
几分钟后，左伊坐下来，一边啜饮着咖啡，一边看着女孩迫不及待地向一大
块煎蛋饼、好几块黄油面包和一杯牛奶发起进攻。
20）In four weeks I was my old self again.
四个星期后我就彻底康复了。
21）With what seemed my last hope frustrated, I slipped into a deep lethargy.
随着最后一线希望的破灭，我不知不觉地掉进一种懒怠冷漠，意气消沉的
状态。（陈定安，p. 243）
22）On arriving at the spot, he found that the gypsies had gone. (Wilde)
他赶到那里时发现那些吉卜赛人已经走了。
二、逆译
逆译多用于以下几种情况：
（一）如上所述，在时间上汉语往往是按照动作或事件发生的先后顺序进行排列，先发生的事先说，后发生的事后说。英语虽然有时也按动作或事件的先后次序来组句，但它更多的却是通过使用各种表示时间的连词、关系代词或介词将动作或事件的先后次序打乱。翻译这类英语句子时，往往需要将原句语序打乱，按时间顺序重新组织译文语序。例如：
23）I shall answer his letter as soon as I have a moment to spare.
我一有空就会给他回信。
24）Turn off the light when you leave the classroom.
离开教室时请把灯关掉。
25）There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。
试比较：关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事可以
讲。（连淑能，p.68）
26）Mama Torres, a lean, dry woman with ancient eyes, had ruled the fame for ten years, ever since her husband tripped over a stone in the field one day and fell full
length on a rattle snake. (J.Steinbeck)
托里斯妈妈是个阅世较深的干瘦女人。有一天，她丈夫在耕地里绊上石头摔
了一交，正巧跌在一条响尾蛇身上。从那天起，她掌管这片农场已长达10年
之久。（但汉源：pp. 67-68）
实际上，有很多时候，顺译、逆译都可以，这时主要还要看上下文语境的需要，从更大的语境去决定究竟该顺译还是逆译。例如：
27）The poor ballet dancer must devote years of incessant toil to her profitless task before she can shine in it.
译文一：可怜的芭蕾舞演员在芭蕾舞上大放异彩之前，必须长年累月地将自己的辛勤劳动奉献给无益的苦差事。
译文二：可怜的芭蕾舞演员必须长年累月地将自己的辛勤劳动奉献给无益的苦
差事，之后才能在芭蕾舞上大放异彩。
该例“译文一”采用逆译法；“译文二”则将“before”译为“之后”，采用顺译法，不改变原文的语序。单独来看，两种译文都是符合汉语的行文习惯的，但究竟采用哪种译法，还得参考更大的语境。
28）We must sow before we reap.
译文一：我们必须在收获之前播种。
译文二：收获之前须先播种。
译文三：我们必须先播种，然后才能收获。
译文四：播了种才会有收获。
该例四种译文都符合汉语的语法规范。“译文一”和“译文二”均取顺译法，其中，“译文二”行文简洁，取得了和原文一样的警句效果，因而较“译文一”更佳；“译文三”和“译文四”均采用逆译法，同样，“译文4”由于行文简洁而比“译文三”要好。
（二）英语中表示手段的“by+动名词”短语常常要置于表示结果的谓语动词之后，译成汉语时则要进行调整，将该短语移至原谓语动词之前。这也是与汉语思维“先发生的事先说，后发生的事后说”的基本规律是一致的，因为手段总是出现在结果之前。例如：
29）(While he was awaiting trial and certain hanging, Sheppard broke out of Newgate Prison.) He accomplished this by getting rid of the irons with which his wrists and
ankles were shackled, cutting through a double grille of oak and iron bars, descending
twenty-five feet by a knotted sheet and blanket, and climbing a twenty-two-foot wall.
（在等候受审和确定无疑的绞刑时，谢泼德逃出了纽格特监狱。）他砸开了手铐脚镣，弄断了双层的橡木栅栏和铁条，用系在一起的床单和毯子从95英尺高处
跳下，爬过了22英尺的高墙，从而逃了出来。
30）He even got a receipt for the money by buying himself another book at the same secondhand bookstore.
他甚至在同一家旧书店又买了一本书，以此弄到一张发票。
31）Taking unilateral actions by bypassing the Security Council is dangerous and against the will of all member states.
绕过安理会单方面采取行动，是十分危险的，也是与安理会各成员国的意愿相
违背的。
32）The difficulty was overcome by Russelll’s selling some furniture which Wittgenstein had left in Cambridge. (A.J.Ayer, Wittgenstein)
后来罗素变卖维特根斯坦留在剑桥的部分家具，这才解决了盘缠问题。（沈园
译）
7.2.2 按照逻辑顺序进行调整
上面讲过，汉语语序主要靠逻辑思维而定，多按逻辑顺序由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论、由条件到结果进行排列；特别是在不用关联词的时候，句中的语法关系更需要通过语序方可辨认得出；但有时，汉语也会通过使用各种关联词语按照相反的顺序来组织句子。相对而言，英语语序较为灵活，其状语从句的位置可前可后，有时还可置于句中。也就是说，英汉语在按照逻辑思维组句时有同有异，因此，翻译这类句子时也可相应地采用顺译法和逆译法。例如：
33）I won’t go there unless you go, too.
译文一：你不去，我也不去。
译文二：我不去，除非你也去。
34）I cannot drink coffee unless it is well made.
译文一：咖啡煮得不好，我是不能喝的。
译文二：我不能喝咖啡，除非煮得好。
35）I’m sure you’ll be able to pass the exam as long as you keep working like this.
译文一：我可以肯定，你这样努力下去，一定能通过考试。
译文二：我可能肯定你能通过考试，只要你这样努力下去就行。
36）I wouldn’t work for them even if they paid me one million dollars.
译文一：我决不为他们工作，给一百万美元也不干。
译文二：即使他们给我一百万美元，我也不会为他们工作。
37）The doctor is not available because he is handling an emergency.
译文一：医生在处理急诊，现再没空。
译文二：医生现在没空，因为他在处理急诊。
38）When I called home, I would exaggerate the accomplishments of other people in show business, because I knew my mother would have like to see me in a steadier
line of work.
译文一：我知道母亲希望我从事比较稳定的职业，每次给家里打电话，我都要把演艺界其他人士所取得的业绩夸耀一番。
译文二：每次给家里打电话，我都要把演艺界其他人士所取得的业绩夸耀一
番，因为我知道，母亲希望我从事比较稳定的职业。
39）知已知彼，百战不贻。
译文一：You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as
well as yourself.
译文二：If you know the enemy as well as yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without defeat.
40）到上海不去豫园和城隍庙商场不算来过大上海。
译文一：You cannot claim to have been to Shanghai without visiting the Yu Yuan
Garden.
译文二：Those who have come to Shanghai but missed Yu Yuan Garden and the
City God Temple Bazaar cannot claim that they have been to the city.
上面第33至第38例的“译文一”都没有用关联词，而且除了第36例都按时间顺序翻译，比较符合汉语的表达习惯；“译文二”都使用了关联词，但除了例36的“译文二”以外，其余都略为逊色。第36例的“译文一”为顺译，用重复的手法强调说话者的意图；“译文二”逆译，且用了关联词“即使……也”，是按动作发生的先后译出，是汉语的常序句。例39和例40的“译文一”都是开门见山，先主后从，也更符合英语的表达习惯。
7.2.3 根据信息重心进行调整
一般而言，句子通常由已知信息和新信息构成，新信息是指信息发出者（如说话者）想要信息接受者（如听话者）了解的信息，因而构成句子的信息重心。英汉都有表示信息重心的特殊手段，如，英语常用“It is/was… that…”、“not（that）…but（that）…”等强调句型，汉语也通常使用“……的是……”、“之所以……是因为……”、“不是……而是……”这样的句型来强调说话者所要表达的重要信息；在口语中英汉语都可以利用语气对信息重心加以强调。这类信息重心由于带有很明显的形态标志，因而很容易辨认，翻译时也很容易处理。
此外，英汉两种语言还都可通过语序的安排来标明信息重心，但在运用这一手段标明信息重心时，二者又存在一些差别。因此，为了突出句中的信息重心，翻译时通常要改变原句语序，把原句中的某个成分提前或置后。例如：
41）I owe it to you that I am still alive.
我能活到现在，真得谢谢你。
42）In London I was born and in London I shall die.
译文一：我生于伦敦，也将死于伦敦。
译文二：伦敦，是我的出生之地，也将是我的葬身之地。（或：伦敦，我生于斯，也将葬于斯。）
43）Defiantly they have spoken, but submissively they will accept the terms.
尽管他们嘴巴很硬，但是最后他们一定会乖乖地接受条款。
44）Everything—or nearly everything—that the Labour movement exists to stop the Tories from doing Labour will be asked to support the Cabinet in doing.
现在工党试图阻止保守党做的一切——或者差不多一切，人们很快就将要求保
守党支持内阁去了。
45）The two neighbouring countries, China and India, with the largest populations in the world, are bound by thousands of years of civilisation and achievements.
中国和印度，这两个世界上人中最多和邻国，几千年的文明和成就把它们连结
在一起。（方梦之，p. 303）
46）Those conflicting but complementary voices of my childhood echo down through the years— wonderful…lousy…wonderful…lousy—like two opposing winds battering
me.
原译：我年少时拥有的两种既互相冲突又互相补充的声音，多年来一直在我的脑海里回响——太精彩了……太糟糕了……太精彩了……太糟糕了——
就像两股方向相反的风猛烈地冲击着我。
改译：“太好了……太糟了……太好了……太糟了”，童年留下的这两种声音既相冲突又相补充。这些年来，它们一直在我的脑海回响，就像两股逆
风猛烈地冲击着我。
47）有了这一条，中国就大有希望。（邓小平南巡讲话）
译文一：Then, there will be great hopes for China. （《北京周报》译文）
译文二：Then, the prospects for China will be excellent. （外文出版社译文）48）八十年前，在中国各族人民反帝反封建的壮阔斗争中，在世界无产阶级革命的澎湃运动中，中国共产党成立了。（江泽民，“在庆祝中国共产党成立八十周
年大会上的讲话”）
译文一：Eighty years ago, amidst the torrential anti-imperialist and anti-feudal
struggle of the people of all ethnic groups of China and in the tempestuous
movement of the proletarian revolution in the world, the Communist Party
of China was founded. (《北京周报》2001年７月１２日)
译文二：Eighty years ago, the Communist Party of China was founded amidst the
torrential anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle of the people of all
ethnic groups of China and in the tempestuous movement of the
proletarian revolution in the world。
上面第41例原文的信息重点是 that I’m still alive, 但译成汉语时必须调整词序，把“我能活到现在”提前。第42例原文强调 in London, “译文一”在词序上做了调整，比较符合汉语的表达习惯，但是在书面语中“译文二”在风格上更接近原文。第43例的原文将两个方式副词放在句首突出的位置，但是汉语不允许这样做，只好作相应的调整。原文中的信息焦点，在译入语中主要通过语音语调得到体现。第44例中的信息重点Everything—or nearly everything 是doing 的宾语，译文中只能放在宾语位置。第45例与第46例中的同位语China and India与wonderful…lousy…wonderful…lousy 原来都在句中，但由于它们是句子的信息焦点，译成汉语后提至句首，充分照顾到了汉语的特点。其中第45例的原译仍把同位语放在中间，显得结构臃肿，读起来也不像读英语原文那样通顺流畅。第47例两种译文都正确，但“译文二”较“译文一”略胜一筹，因为原文中的“大有希望”位于句末，是该句的信息重心。“译文二”把句子重心安排在“excellent”一词上，与原文吻合。第48例中的信息重心是在两个并列的短语“在中国各族人民反帝反封建的壮阔斗争中，在世界无产阶级革命的澎湃运动中”上，整个句子译成英语时应将它们放在句末，这正好符合英语端末重量的原则（the principle of end-weight）。
7.2.4 根据搭配的需要进行调整
英译汉时常常会遇到这样的情况：原句各成分之间搭配贴切自然，但译成汉语后，若保留原句语序，按原句原封不动的译出，则可能搭配不当。这时，就需要调整译句中相关成分在句中的位置，使其尽量符合汉语的表达习惯。例如：
49）That was a principle that Apple tragically failed to understand when it backed off from licensing its graphic computer interface, assuring that its market share would be
savaged by Microsoft’s more open Window operating system.
原译：“苹果”电脑公司悲剧性地未能理解这一原则，它放弃了它的图形电脑界面的销售许可，因为担心自己的市场份额会被微软更开放的视窗操
作系统无情地侵占。
改译：可悲的是，“苹果”公司未能理解这一原则。它放弃了图形电脑界面的销售许可，放心大胆地任由微软公司更为开放的视窗操作系统无情侵
占自己的市场份额。
50）I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child.
原译一：我把头埋在悲惨的被单和毯子下面，像孩子样地哭了起来。
原译二：我把头埋在那仿佛感染了我的悲惨心情的被单和毯子里，像孩子样地哭了起来。
改译：我非常难过，一头扎进被单和毯子里，像孩子一样哭了起来。（《中国翻译》1997年，第5期，pp.45—46）
这里第49例原文中“tragically”置于谓语动词“failed”之前，但实际上是修饰整个句子的。所以译成汉语时应将它放在句首。第50例“原译一”将“the miserable sheet and rug”译为“悲惨的被单和毯子”，在汉语中属搭配不当，“原译二”译为“那仿佛感染了我的悲惨心情的被单和毯子”则显得十分罗嗦，因而需要将其从句子中分离出来，提到句首单独译出。请再体会下面的例子：
51）Formulas can present, in a neat form, information which might otherwise take a long sentence.
公式可以简练地说明问题，如果不用公式，就可能要用很长的句子。（《中国翻译》1990年，第2期，第19页）
52）What is surely and identifiably unique about the human species is not its possession of certain faculties or physical characteristics, but what it has done with them—its
achievement, or history, in fact.
可以肯定而且一致确认的是，人类的独特之处不在于它拥有某些官能或生理特
征，而在于它用这些官能和特征做了些什么，即它的成就，实际上，也就是它的
历史。
53）George Osborne looked at the two young women with a touched curiosity.
乔·奥斯本觉得感动，细细地端详着这两个姑娘。（杨必译）
54）American prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels and write censored letters.
允许美国俘虏领取红十字会的包裹和写信，不过信要受到检查。
现代汉语中形容词和名词这样搭配的情况不多见，但是词与词之间的修饰关系也很复杂，有时甚至捉摸不定，译成英语时必须先理清这种关系。例如：
55）那谈谈文学的通俗问题，这次我来北京就参加这问题的讨论的，请黄老谈谈。
（楼适夷，《夜间来客》）
Would you like to talk about literature going pop, then? This is the theme of the
symposium this time. Could you air some view on that? (刘士聪译) 56）他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打电话去了，听说明天就能回来。
He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said will be
back tomorrow. （连淑能，p.37）
第55例中的“文学的通俗问题”指文学创作中的通俗化倾向，显然不能译为 the popular problem of literature。这里译成literature going pop，符合说话者的原意。第56例中“女儿”是“打电话”的逻辑宾语，而不是主语，所以这里必须变换结构。
上面的例子表明，翻译时必须先搞清楚句子各成分之间的逻辑关系并在译文中作相应的调整。不然的话，就可能译出莫明奇妙的句子来。
练习
I.试译下列各句，并按照时间顺序对译句语序进行调整：
1．For example, a young woman who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed.
2．Lynx（山猫）used to prowl the forests along the Continental Divide, all the way into Canada, until trapping and poisoning put them into retreat.
3．A fresh cover of snow lightly blankets the tracks of yesterday, where my children have made snow angels and rolled down Grandpa’s back-yard hill, spreading winter’s magical frosting from head to toe.
4．When I heard that Eleanor Roosevelt（埃利诺·罗斯福）would be speaking on Friday evening in Providence（普罗维登斯）, R. I., I delighted Eleanor
Dowling（埃利诺·道林）by managing to get the last two seats in the house.
（提示：Eleanor Roosevelt埃利诺·罗斯福；Providence, R. I.罗德岛州普罗维登斯市；Eleanor Dowling埃利诺·道林）
5．The music world and the world at large became poorer places on April 8, when Marian Anderson, the great alto from Philadelphia, died at 96.
6．Some researchers had also suggested that intense volcanic activity and geologic processes could play an important role in these tilt fluctuations by altering the planet’s mass distribution sufficiently to change its spin and cause large shifts in its tilt angle.
7. She published her first collection of short stories in 1963, two years
after she had received her master’s degree from the University of Wisconsin and become an instructor of English at the University of Detroit.
8. It’s been nearly 45 years since a “little round-headed boy” named Charlie
Brown first bared his soul.
9．Now, a British brewing company has acquired his name as the trademark for their new beverage which has taken British pubs, bars and supermarkets by storm since it was launched early in 1995.
10．In terms of human achievement, McMenamy’s duckboat ranks with Leonardo d a Vinci’s helicopter which was designed four hundred years before the engine which could have made it fly.
（提示：McMenamy麦克默纳米）
11．他不善谋生，但在艺术上却走出了自己的道路，虽然到死后很久，才为人们所承认。12．父亲刚去世，我就迁往1,500里以外的兰州，成了自己的家并开始了自己的事业。13．突尼卡县(Tunica)曾经是密西西比州最贫困的县，现在它却拥有八个赌场和一个大型娱乐中心。
14. 警察发现那女人在商店偷衣服时，他欲擒故纵，并不马上捉住她。
15．竞选运动后，他获得了一份薪水高的轻松工作。
II.试译下列各句，并按照逻辑顺序对译句语序进行调整：
1．The family from whom she rented her room and bath ignored her activities so long as her rent was promptly paid.
2．There are countless summer fish stories about the big one that got away, but none can outdo the catch of Jose Rojas Mayarita, who was stabbed by a Pacific swordfish at the end of his line.（提示：Jose Rojas Mayarita乔斯·罗贾斯·马亚里塔）
3．Blood does not always mean colon cancer, and colon cancer can occur without bleeding, he said, adding that whether a home test shows positive or
negative, it is wise to have an annual physical examination after age 50;
earlier if there are risk factors such as polyps or a family history of the disease.
（提示：colon cancer结肠癌；polyps结肠息肉）
4．A reader’s perception of the loose, slangy, colloquial, shirt-sleeved quality of much modern prose will be sharpened if he has experienced the conscious elegance of eighteenth-century writers and the solemn lecture-hall pronouncements of the Victorians（维多利亚女王时代人）.
5．If science would discover rather than apply—if, in other words, men were more interested in knowledge than in power—mankind would be in a far safer position, the stability statesmen talk about would be a possibility, there could be a new order based on vital harmony, and the earthly millennium might approach.
6．A photograph would give the unessential and the essential; an artist picks out important aspects; the portrait-painter’s work, though manifestly less exact, is incomparably finer because of its spirituality; though less
technically correct, it has acquired the imaginative sentiment of the mind of the artist.
7．Of course, he would wish to be remembered for the Declaration of Independence, which not only gave birth to the new American nation but gave it a democratic creed and gave a philosophy of human rights to the world. 8．This preface must necessarily be short and modest, for I cannot claim to be an expert in painting, merely an ardent lover of the art.
9．The new business group targets electronic commerce and aims to work with governments worldwide to police on-line commerce and avoid government
intervention that could lead to “draconian” regulation of the industry. 10．Christine Varney, who headed the United states Federal Trade Commission till August, 1998, and Ira Magaziner, who till recently coordinated the e-commerce strategy for the Clinton administration, have both warned the
industry to follow through with promises to protect consumer privacy.
（提示：Christine Varney克里斯廷·瓦尼；the United states Federal Trade Commission美国联邦贸易委员会；Ira Magaziner艾拉·马格仁纳）
11．花园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺，时建时停，二十年以后才建成。
12. 他那天身体不太好，加上街上不断地传来车子的喇叭声(honking)，他无法集中注意力
看书。
13.东西越小，地心引力对它的引力就越小，重量也就越轻。
14.她刚刚毕业，虽然英语很糟糕，可是由于那时劳动力缺乏，她终于在当地图书馆里谋得
一份工作。
15.因为工作繁忙和三个年幼的孩子，除了家人聚会以及节假日之外，我从未花更多的时间
去探望她。
III.试译下列各句，并根据信息重心对译句语序进行调整：
1．Human error is not the only concern. Even some professionally performed tests are not considered foolproof.
2．A quarter of century ago the General Assembly and the Security Council symbolized, especially for the small countries, the supreme guarantee of a new international order based on peace and justice.
3．Willy Loman（威利·劳曼）, the salesman, is struggling to hang on to his life, but his belief that it is very important not just to be liked, but to be well liked proves false.
4．Chinese scholars also make thorough studies and scientific investigations on the economic theories of American winners of the Nobel Prize for
Economics such as Paul A. Samuelson, Lawerence R. Klein and James M.
Buchanan.
（提示：Paul A. Samuelson保罗·萨缪尔森；Lawerence R. Klein劳伦斯·克莱茵；
James M. Buchanan詹姆斯·布坎南）
5．Everywhere you look, in newspapers and on television, issues are presented using the terminology of war and conflict.
6. They went for lunch, and he would have felt awkward except that she knew
completely how to take care of herself.
7．He felt a qualm in his stomach, and it was more in memory of his own loneliness than anticipation of hers.
8．She noted with a returning sense of helplessness how much he enjoyed being in control.
9. For a moment he was stunned into silence by this new learning.
10. China can take the experiences of western countries as a reference, but
not copy them. This is common knowledge for the Chinese people, including economists.
11. 我打电话给她，建议同她一块出去吃晚饭并在饭后看电影，她既惊讶又怀疑，问我：
“出什么事了？”
12．在姹紫嫣红的花卉世界里，牡丹自古以来就素有“花中之王”的美誉，深受中国人的喜爱。
13．是的，对现在这场人人皆知、但其结果还难以预料的灾祸，我们是负有责任的。
14. 大概是那一年，有个小伙子在那儿摆了个货摊，卖些廉价首饰。
15．在这种国际秩序中要保持稳定只有两条途径：一是霸权，一是均衡。
IV.试译下列各句，并根据搭配的需要对译句语序进行调整：
1．The word “gift” has got dangerously devalued of late.
2．Men leave cleaner hotel rooms—men were voted tidier travelers than women by staff and management at the international chain of hotels—but they make noisier guests, usually caused by watching the television with the sound turned up loudly.
3．This man fished alone in a small boat, just like the protagonist of Ernest Hemingway’s the Old Man and the Sea, and endured a struggle just as epic, but lo s t the battle and his life.
4. Based on national realities and taking reasonable aspects of foreign
economies, Chinese economists are working to establish socialist market economy, which ensures economic activities follow the requirements of the law of value and the changing relationship between supply and demand.
5. The idea that my father had managed a Christmas present for me in spite of
everything filled me with a sudden peace and lightness of heart I had not known in months.
6．那家旅行社正在筹划一条游览泰国的新的旅游线路。
7．中国必将实现现代化，这使西方某些人越来越不安。
8．1972年我在乡下务农的时候，根本想不到还有今天。
9．香格里拉（Shangri-la）美似仙境，不是亲历其境是无法想象的。
10. 公元前551年在今天的山东省曲阜诞生了中国古代著名的思想家和教育家孔子。
[标签:标题] 篇一：2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养 的时候，我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！ Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”
高中英语汉译英 1稍等一会儿，我会帮助你的。 请尽早做出决定,不然你会坐失良机.(or) 2他们作了自我介绍。(introduce) 3请去查询下班火车什么时候开。(find out) 4昨天下午2时到4时你在做什么？(过去进行时) 5我正在吃晚饭，电话铃响了。 6不仅我，而且汤姆和玛丽都喜欢游泳。(be fond of) 7他今天感到身体好多了。(a lot) 8礼堂里早已挤满了高中学生。(be full of) 9我在街上走时，看到了一些古老的建筑物。(while) 10我走近花园时，几个男孩子在爬树。(用过去进行时) 11请脱下你的旧上衣，穿上这件新的。(take off, put on) 12这件事是什么时候发生的？（happen） 13他去办公室查询课程表.(ask abut) 14当我们到达车站时，火车已开出了。(过去完成时) 15他服药后，开始感到好些了.(过去完成时) 16 我观看体育节目你有意见吗? (mind) :介意做某事 17我还没有读完那本有关伦敦的书.(finish) finish doing:完成做某事 18 他没有跟我说一声就离开了山村。(without) 19我告诉她我已把餐具洗好了。(过去完成时) wash up 20汤姆上楼去他的卧室时，他的姐姐已把他的上衣改短了一英寸。(过去完成时) 21我和汤姆都盼望早日见到您。(look forward to). 22全世界的人都在电视上观看奥运会.(all over the world) 23我听说这场比赛将延期。(put off). 24这里要讲英语.(被动) 25这座体育馆将于明年建成.(被动语态) 26过马路时要小心.(be careful) 27这次车祸是什么引起的?(cause) 28她总是乐于助人.(be ready to). 29这个女孩由于不遵守交通规则，在车祸中受了伤。(被动). 30到时候会通知你的.（被动语态） 31我根本不喜欢这个铜的框架。(not…at all) not…at all:一点都不 32他把玫瑰栽在花园中间.(in the middle) 33他不知道她为什么在练习中有这么多的错误.(wonder) 34他告诉我一切都会好的。(过去将来时). 35谁也不知道我们什么时候举行下次会议. 36在新学校里有这么多的东西要学。 37当老师进来的时候，我们正在愉快地交谈。 38我们一读完初中就进入高中。 39我的老师比我想象的要年轻得多。 40晚饭后，我总是在厨房里洗碗碟. 41我们将在明天下午举行班会.(用被动语态) 42 老师看见他的学生们在教室里做功课。(…doing…) 43她说鲁宾逊先生将不得不为那张画付高价. 44我的母亲说我们将在北京逗留两个星期。(过去将来时)
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
一、翻译下列句子，注意选词： 1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。 2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。 3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。 4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。 5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 6.湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将 受到威胁。 参考译文： 1.Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. 2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. 3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people. 4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. 5.China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. 6.Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. 二、物称与人称（翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法） 我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 参考译文： The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.
1. 主语的确定 ?主语的三种处理方法： ?①以原句主语作译文主语 ?直接法 ?②重新确定主语 ?间接法 ?③增补主语 ?添加法 ?①直接法 ?例句1：我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。 ?Our house was built over a hundred years ago. ?例句2：我是地球人。 ?I come from the earth. ?例句3：如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 ?Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. ?例句4：如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。 ?If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing. ?例句5：中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。 ?China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words. ?例句6：人有失错，马有漏蹄。 ?As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes. ?非常简单
?文化差异 ?应用有限 ?②间接法 ?中英文表达的习惯不同 ?语言地道，句式多样 ?例句7：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ?译法1（直接法）：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ?译法2（间接法）：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. ?例句8：1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 ?译法1：In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world significantly. ?译法2：China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. ?例句9：胎又瘪了。 ?译法1：We’ve got another flat tire. ?译法2：Our tire is flat again. ?例句10：人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 ?译法1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. ?译法2：We cannot judge people from their appearance, just as we cannot measure the ocean by pints. ?回忆：海纳百川，有容乃大。 ?③增补法 ?推敲语境 ?考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。
B5M1(句子翻译) 1.It_doesn’t_matter_whether you will attend the party or not. 你来不来参加派对并不重要。 2.Many students are hot on playing computer games, while Wang Chen likes playing Weiqi. 许多学生热衷于电脑游戏，而王琛却喜欢下围棋。 .They have a lot in common and get along well with each other. 3.他们有很多相同之处，相处得很融洽。 .They are twin sisters, yet they have_little_in_common in their hobbies. 4.她们是孪生姐妹，但是她们的业余爱好几乎没有相同之处。 .In_common_with other companies, they advertise widely as well. 5.和其他公司一样，他们也广泛地做广告。 .One false step will make a great difference. 6.失之毫厘，谬以千里。 .The twins look so similar that you can hardly tell_the_difference_between them. 7.这对双胞胎看起来太像了，你简直无法把他们区分开来。 .It might be obvious to you, but it isn’t to me. 8.这对你来说也许很容易理解，但对我却并非如此。 .It_is_obvious_that the two Englishes have much in common. 9.很显然，这两种英语有很多共同之处。 .Obviously (obvious), American spelling is simpler than British spelling. 10很显然，美式拼写要比英式拼写简单。 .Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news gets around quickly. 11.好事不出门，坏事传千里。 .It’s time I got down to some serious work. 12.我该认真干点正事了。 .I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn’t get through. 13.昨天我试着给你打过几次电话，但是没有打通。 .A man in confusion (confuse) cannot focus on the required work. 14.思绪混乱的人不可能集中精力做他被要求做的工作。 ③The confused look on his face suggested that he was confused about the confusing questions asked by his parents.(confuse) 15.他脸上迷惑的表情表明他对父母问的那些令人迷惑的问题感到困惑。 They confused me by asking so many confusing questions. I was totally confused, standing there in confusion, not knowing what to do.
汉译英 句子的翻译专题 1. 主语的确定 ?主语的三种处理方法： ?①以原句主语作译文主语 ?直接法 ?②重新确定主语 ?间接法 ?③增补主语 ?添加法 ?①直接法 ?例句1：我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。 ?Our house was built over a hundred years ago. ?例句2：我是地球人。 ?I come from the earth. ?例句3：如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 ?Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. ?例句4：如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。 ?If vocabulary is the “building materials”for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts”of writing. ?例句5：中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。 ?China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words. ?例句6：人有失错，马有漏蹄。 ?As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes. ?非常简单
?文化差异 ?应用有限 ?②间接法 ?中英文表达的习惯不同 ?语言地道，句式多样 ?例句7：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ?译法1（直接法）：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ?译法2（间接法）：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. ?例句8：1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 ?译法1：In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world significantly. ?译法2：China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. ?例句9：胎又瘪了。 ?译法1：We’ve got another flat tire. ?译法2：Our tire is flat again. ?例句10：人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 ?译法1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. ?译法2：We cannot judge people from their appearance, just as we cannot measure the ocean by pints. ?回忆：海纳百川，有容乃大。 ?③增补法
1. 她生气了吗？ 2. 你在和谁说话？ 3. 今天早上他离开了这里。 4. 今年暑假你打算做什么？ 5. 为什么我们不听听音乐呢？ 6. 树上的鸟儿在歌唱。 7. 当我回来时，我会给你打电话。 8. 我要为他举行一次大聚会。 9. 你的寒假怎么样？ 10. 你在北京多久了？
11. 去年暑假我去了那儿。 12. 对我来说说好英语很难。 13. 昨天下午你为什么不在家？ 14. 这里经常下雨，因此我很少出门。 15. 昨天下午我看到他和他的朋友在树林里玩。 16. 商店里有很多新玩具。 17. 他去哪儿了？ 18. 树上的苹果又大又红。 19. 昨天的英语课怎么样？ 20. 你读完这本书了吗？
21. 这些天你在做什么？ 22. 今天早饭你吃了什么？ 23. 如果我步行去那儿，我会迟到。 24. 第一次到达这个小岛时，我什么都没有。 25. 我有太多的作业，因此我没有时间做我喜欢的事情。 26. 商丘是一个拥有悠久历史的城市。 27. 我不知道该怎么办。 28. 自从我生病，他就对我精心照顾。 29. 你的生日是什么时候？ 30. 广场上有很多人在跳舞。
31. 这个人我认识。 32. 这个周日有一场关于如何学好英语的报告。 33. 这恰恰是我所需要的。 34. 许多孩子擅长打电脑游戏而对学习不感兴趣。 35. 这是一个例子。 36. 老师让我们尽可能认真地写作业。 37. 做听力练习是学好英语的秘诀之一。 38. 如果你不能清楚地看到黑板上的每一个单词，你可以坐到前面。 39. 你喜欢在业余时间里做什么？ 40. 对他来说做出一个决定很难。
汉译英的几种常用技巧（一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置） 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换 1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达 方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。 英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。 总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到
2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 5. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 6. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 7. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 8. 班门弄斧 Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 9. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
1)这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要 显现。 2)凭窗站了一会，微微的觉得凉意侵入。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱， 屋子里的别的东西，都隐在光云里；…… 3)这架收音机该有多大的重量啊！它载着解放区人民的心，载着全 中国人民的希望，载着我们国家的命运。 4)看着信，林震不禁独自笑起来了，他拿起笔把“中于”改成“终 于”，准备在回信时告诉他们下次要避免别字。 5)人无千日好，花无百日红。 6)除了我这间房，大院里还有二十多间房呢。一共住着多少家子， 谁说得清住两间房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬走。 我没那么好的记性。大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗”透着和气。 7)肝炎是全球关注的健康问题。亚洲是全世界肝炎患者最多的地区。 8)特别是比较偏僻落后的农村，还残存着少数包办买卖婚姻的陋习。 9)于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路的身影，雨里、雾里、 风里、雪里，只盼着早些回家…… 10)判断我们各方面工作的是非是失，归根到底，要以是否有利于 发展社会主义社会的生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。 11)小路两边，是两行小柳树。树枝细细的，柳叶沙沙响。嫩叶上 刷着一层白色的绒毛。 12)密蜂是在酿密，又是在酿造生活；不是为自己，而是为人类酿 造最甜密的生活。 13)几件小摆设，每一件都代表着一个故事，珍藏着它们就象珍藏 着一份份美好的回忆。 14)我听了他的话，试着站直了身子，突然视野开阔了，天地变大 了，只见身前是水，身后是水，水连着天，天连着水。
15)在那里，古树摇曳春秋，山花自谢自开，植被茸茸生烟。 16)我厂生产的地毯图案新颖、色调雅致、美丽大方富丽堂皇。 17)天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。 18)我们要培养出适应社会主义现代化建设需要的一代“四有新 人”。 19)花朵虽然看上去可爱，但风吹不得，日晒不得。 20)她虽是女流，但不受旧思想约束，担任了一家进步杂志的编辑。 21)语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。 22)为此我拼命干活，连春节也不例外。 23)他见到你连魂都丢了。 24)我突然发现童稚是一种最机智最完美的智慧，甚至这种智慧隐 寓着深刻的哲理。 25)素以能“吃苦耐劳”而著称的中国人，现在竟自觉不如“西洋 人”或“东洋人”能吃苦了。 26)搞环境保护的同志真马虎，昨晚下那场大雪，竟没有校园巡 视。…… 27)有一位歌手，有一次地唱完了歌，竟没有一个人鼓掌。 28)她双眼无一丝表情，人们简直以为她根本没有看见对方。 29)人们啊，往往如此，有时在一起工作几十年，却依然形同陌路， 有时，才碰头，就好象几辈子之前就相知了。 30)他个子足有二米，每进屋门必须低头，才能躲过门框子的拦击。 31)唉，和前一辈做父亲的一比，我觉得我们这一辈生命力薄弱得 可怜。 32)节日的高潮是除夕夜，在旧年与新年交替之时，家庭全体成员 要聚在一起吃年饭，菜中有道菜是鱼，而且有人讲究不能把它吃守，图个“年年有余”的吉利。 33)对于爱恋中的情人来说，这不是雾，是晶莹温暖的初雪，是撩
汉译英（二）句子翻译技巧 主语选择 汉语：话题式主语，不一定是动作的执行者，作主语的词性很灵活。 英语：主语是动作的执行者，词性很固定，只可以是名词，代词，非谓语动词（doing, to do), 主语从句等。另外，英语表达侧重于多样性，可以用不同的单词作为主语。汉译英时，不同的句子起始点，结构完全不同，我们要尽可能变化思路，使译文句式多样。 例1：中国人民的生活水平近年来得到很大提高。 思路一：Chinese people’s living standard has been improved a lot in recent years. （语序未调整，句子起始点没有变化。） 思路二：There has been great raise in the living standard of the Chinese people in recent years. (以“提高”作主语，原文动词作谓语，现变为名词，作主语) 思路三：These years have witnessed great improvement in the Chinese people’s living standard. （以“近年”作主语，原文时间状语变为主语） （还有其他思路吗？仔细想想。记住：汉语中名词皆可以充当英语句子中的主语，只看你想不想的到，当然句子有优劣之分。） 以上三个版本，第三句应该评分最高。用时间或者地点作主语，不仅强调了时间观念，而且句子简洁、生动，符合西方人的思维模式和英语表达习惯。类似的动词有：see, witness, find 等。 拓展练习：（1）这个运动会首先在北京兴起。 Beijing first saw the rise of the movement.（地点作主语） (2) 在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。 Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.（地点作主语） (3) 近十年来，中国教育发生了重大变革。 The past decade has witnessed great changes in Chinese education.（时间作主语) China has witnessed enormous changes in education in the past ten years.(地点作主语） (4) 中国在2012年成功发射了“神州九号”飞船。 2012 saw the successful launching of China’s “the Ninth Shenzhou Spacecraft”. （地点作主语） 主语选择还必须符合逻辑关系。 例2：我们国家的建设事业不仅需要工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。 难点一：选词：能工巧匠：talents, skilled workers, craftsmen, artisan, gifted people. 应该选哪个？建设：building-up, construction, development应该选哪个？） 难点二：主语的选择。我们国家，建设事业，应该选择哪个？ 译法一：Our country’s construction not only needs engineers and scientists, but also various craftsmen. (字对字翻译，不符合逻辑） 译法二：In her development, our country needs not only engineers and scientists, but also various skillful craftsmen.（主语选择正确，与need照应） 译法三：Our country in her development needs not only engineers and scientists, but also talents of various kinds. 换个思路：以工程师，科学家，能工巧匠做主语怎么改？ 译法四：Engineers, scientists, as well as craftsmen play a vital role in our national development. 记住：多积累地道的英文好词好句，不要拘泥于中文形式“亦步亦趋”，“东施效颦”，“闭门
在从前的农业社会里，中国人最重要的节日就是过年。对过去的一年来说，这是结束；对未来的一年来说，这是开始。一进入腊月，街头巷尾就充满了过年的气氛，这种气氛要持续一个半月之久。大家通过各种游乐节目来调剂一年来的辛劳，在游乐中流露着一种乐观进取的精神。过年时，每家门上都贴上了春联，耀眼的红纸给人们带来了喜气，优美的字句提供了勉励。 In previous/former agricultural society, the Spring Festival was the most important holiday in China.It is the end of the past year and the beginning of the next. As soon as the twelfth month of the lunar year begins, streets are filled with an atmosphere of celebrating the Spring Festival for a month and a half. People relax and get rid of the past year’s hard work by a variety of entertainment with a sense of optimism and enterprise. During the holiday, Spring Festival couplets are put on the door of every household. The shining red paper brings happiness to people, and the elegant/graceful words offers encouragement. 上海是一座朝气蓬勃、充满活力、多姿多彩的国际化大都市。改革开放以来，上海变化之大令世人瞩目。经济高速发展、社会秩序稳定、人们安居乐业，呈现出一片繁华景象。今天，尽管上海色彩斑斓的过去还值得留恋和回味，但城市日新月异的面貌却使越来越多的人折服。浦西展示了上海的辉煌岁月，浦东则展现了上海的美好前景。上海就像一轮红日，光芒四射，鲜艳夺目。 Shanghai is a dynamic, vigorous and diversified international metropolis. Since the reform and opening-up to the outside world, Shanghai has witnessed tremendous changes that attract worldwide attention. With rapid economic development, stable social order as well as peaceful and contented life and work of its people, Shanghai presents a scene of great prosperity. Today, though Shanghai’s glorious past is still worth remembering and savoring, its ever-changing image has filled more and more people with admiration. Puxi represents Shanghai’s splendid past, while Pudong unfolds its bright future. Like a rising sun, Shanghai is shining strikingly with great brilliance. 古时候的读书人，闲暇时间以琴棋书画自娱自乐。在中国人看来，艺术品的好坏反映了作者人格的高低。因此，弹琴、下棋、书法和绘画，都代表了一个人的修养。弹琴不是要做音乐家，而是进入一个辽阔的世界，净化自己的心灵。下棋不是为了胜负，而是磨练耐性，使人目光眼大。书法不仅要把字写得漂亮，也是为了陶冶情操。绘画则是通过简单的线条，展现自己想象的世界。 In ancient times, scholars enjoyed themselvesby music, chess, calligraphy and painting at their leisure/in their spare time. In the eyes of Chinese people, the quality of artwork is a reflection of the character of its creator. Therefore, playing music, playing chess, practicing calligraphy and painting show one’s culture. By playing music, one does not aim to be a musician but to broaden his horizons and purify his soul. By playing chess, one does not aim to win but to test his patience and sharpen his foresight. By practicing calligraphy, one aims not only to write beautifully but also to cultivate his mind. By painting, one creates his imaginary world with simple lines.