考研英语阅读理解文章的结构特点研究
对于一篇完整的英文说明文或者议论文来说，不论其形式看上去有多么复杂多样，但是每个作者都有自己的写作目的。为了达到写作目的，一般考研阅读的文章都是采取特定的篇章结构模式，仔细分析历年考研阅读理解的篇章结构特点，发现命题人在编排文章时通常采用五种结构模式。
一、考研阅读理解常见篇章结构模式分析
（一）层层递进型
全文论述从抽象到具体，从简单到复杂，文章开始是对有关主题的一般介绍，然后一步一步将主题具体化。这类文章的各段开始常出现表示递进关系的副词，如in addition to，furthermore，moreover等，文章的主题一般可以通过综合各段首句得出。
（二）一枝独秀型
全文围绕一个核心概念展开，文章围绕着这个概念、中心思想或者现象，从各个方面进行分析和解释说明，最后对文章进行总结，并再一次对该概念、中心思想进行阐述。
（三）花开两朵型
文章开始提出两个核心概念，随后分段论述。把握这种文章的关键是注意这两个核心概念的定义，以及它们的区别和联系。这种结构分为两类，一种是两个概念是并列的，另一种是两个概念形成对比，对于后一种文章要注意两个概念之间的区别，以及作者对各自的态度。
（四）现象——解释型
在现象——解释型的文章中，作者在文章开始给出一个现象，相当于提出一个问题，然后对现象进行
解释或分析现象或问题产生的原因，存在的因数以及可能解决方案，作者可能提到几个不同的解决方案，但是之后作者自己认可的那种解决方案才是文章的重点和主题；在文章最后对现象或问题进行总结说明并进一步强调作者支持的那种解决办法。
（五）问题——解决方案型
在这类文章中，作者首先提出一个问题，然后针对这一问题给出解决方案。如果有多个解决方案，作者认可的才是主题。
除了文章结构外，对于报刊杂志体文章时文的一般特点也应有所了解，因为这种文章在考研阅读中占有极大比重。报刊杂志体文章的主要特点有：
1．引人入胜。通常以一个有趣或吸引人的故事或背景开始。
2．抛砖引玉。讲故事或交代背景的目的在于引出主题。所以，时文的主题常出现于首段的最后一句话或第二段的首句。
3．假装客观。作者开始不说出自己的观点，貌似客观地陈述各派观点，最后才表达自己的观点。在确定作者态度的时候，主要根据所举的例子进行判断。如果例子表现一种正面态度，说明作者对这一事物持正评价；反之持负评价。
二、阅读理解文章结构分布情况统计分析
表一：近10年阅读理解篇章结构模式分类统计
年份层层递进型
一枝独秀
型
花开两朵型现象—解释型问题—解决型
2000 Text 2
Text 3；
Text 5
Text 1；Text 4
2001 Text 5 Text 1 Text 4 Text 2；Text 3
2002
Text 1；
Text 2；Text 4
Text 3
2003 Text 3 Text 1；Text 4 Text 2
2004
Text 1；
Text 2
Text 4 Text 3
2005 Text 1；Text 3；
Text 4
Text 2
2006
Text 1；
Text 3
Text 2；Text 4
2007
Text 2；
Text 4
Text 1；Text 3
2008 Text 2 Text 1；Text 3；
Text 4
2009 Text 2；Text 4 Text 1 Text 3
2010 Text 2 Text 3；Text 4 Text 1
2011 Text 2 Text 3；
Text 4
Text 1
2012 Text 3 Text 1 Text 2 Text 4
2013 Text 3 Text 2 Text 4 Text 1
总计（篇数）7 17 6 17 7
【分析结论】
由上述的统计分析可知，对于一篇完整的英文说明文或者议论文来说，不论其形式看上去有多么复杂多样，但是套用一句老话：“万变不离其宗”即文章都遵循了特定的篇章结构模式，在这些模式中采用频率最高的是“现象—解释型”型模式。这种模式的特点即提出问题(提出说明的事物或者现象)、分析问题(对事物或者现象进行说明)、解决问题(对说明的事物或者现象进行总结)。可见，如果我们熟悉了文章的篇章结构模式特点，对读懂文章和把握主题帮助极大，一般来说，
我们阅读文章的目的是为了获取信息。文章体裁不同，其结构特点就会各异。因此，我们获取信息的最有效方法之一就是去学习和了解文章的结构，以便更加准确、快速地定位我们要找的信息。
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三) Passage 11 Dream is a story that a personwatchesor even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening. Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams. Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams. Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind. They
一．考研阅读的基本解题思路：（四步走） 第一，扫描提干，划关键项。 第二，通读全文，抓住中心。 1.通读全文，抓两个重点： ①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）； ②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读） 2.抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题： ①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ ②文章中有无提到核心概念？ ③作者的大致态度是什么？ 第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩）定位原则： ①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等） ②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 ★要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文） 1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。 2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由（高中的时候大家都这样做的） 二．阅读理解的解题技巧 1.例证题： ①例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。 ②返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。 ③搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。 注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 ④找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。 ⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。 要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。 2.指代题： ①返回原文，找出出题的指代词。 ②向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远）。 ③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。 ④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。 3. 词汇题：“搜索代入”法
Integrity Integrity is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right. The concept of integrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations. Individual integrity is vital to society, one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection, does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other. Besides, societies can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Individual integrity can lift up the spirits of the entire society. It can shape the lives of people living in a particular society, the lives of all fellow people and, in its broadest sense, even the destiny(命运) of a nation. By contrast, if those living in the society are corrupt, it could have bad effects, jeopardizing the healthy morality of the society. On the other hand, a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Society expects and requires integrity. A society consisting of people of integrity, and people who never compromise on their principles, could have a positive mark on the personal development of its members. Being a part of such a morally lively community could serve as a basis for absorbing traits of good character. This could be of a distinct advantage to any individuals in the society. However, some social structures are of the wrong sort for some individuals to pursue(追求) integrity. If that is the case, we have to ask questions about the moral nature of society first before raising questions about individual integrity. Questions about integrity may turn out to be about what kind of society it is, rather than about the relationship between individual interests and characteristics of a society. The pursuit of adequate individual integrity often depends, not so much on understanding who one is and what one believes and is committed to, but rather understanding what one’s society is and imagining what it c ould be. Under no circumstances can we underestimate the importance of human integrity in a society. People, who are honest, trustworthy, compassionate and caring, are the factors decisive in the growth of individuals as well as the development of a society. 70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage? A. B. C. D. CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C：Conclusion 参考答案：A
1.主旨题 (考察理解文中具体信息和概念性的含义的能力） ?识别：题干中出现：subject，summary，topic，title等表达方式的为主题句?实质：对论点和论题提问 ?解题方法： 寻找主题句，主题句通常出现在文章首段首句，或出现在文章开头的转折处或文章开头结束处 主题句特征：主体句通常是一个概括总结性的结论或者判断 寻找主题词：主题句首段末段或全文中多次出现 解题原则：正确选项不能描述太细节，不能包含无依据的信息，应该包含主题词或同义替换词 优先考虑议论文的标题 2.例子证明题（主要考察区分论点和论据的能力） ?识别：题干中出现example，case，illustrate等词 ?解题思路：例子为观点和结论服务，寻找到例子对应观点和结论，通常往上或往下寻找 ?错误选项特征：就事论事，自我总结 ? 3.推理题 ?识别：题干中出现infer，learn,conclude等词 ?分类 a.细节性的推理题(题干中包含具体的定位信息） 理解文中具体信息和概念性的含义的能力 b.段落性的推理题（题干中包含具体段落） 理解文中单句之间，段落之间关系的能力，进行有关的判断，推断和引申的能力 c.全文性的推理题（题干中包含主体词或无定位信息） 理解文章总体结构的能力 ?常考出题点：段落首末段，主题句，观点句，转折处，强调或递进关系的地方
?实质和解题原则：考研推理题本质上还是一种同义改写，推理通常为正反推理和归纳总结 解题原则重在推理原文依据，特别关注转折，选择答案方面，主体大于细节，观点大于论据（意思就是选择原文中对应的总结性句子，而不是论据） 4.细节题：题干中不包含提起题型特征的题为细节题 （考察理解稳重的具体信息和概念性的能力，理解文章的总体解雇以及单句之间，段落之间的关系能力） ?事实识别：问题中出现文章相关的具体信息，可以用相对明显的本文词汇定位 ?因果关系：问题中除了有相对具体的定位信息词外，还有表示因果关系的词汇，要重点把握 ?观点识别：与观点结论有关，通常有suggest，found等引导的宾语从句 ?which题型：问题中没有具体的定位词只出现which提问 解题思路： a.识别题型 b.定位：寻找题干定位词（具体的定位词，因果词，观点词，比较词，原文词汇的替换词）与包含定位词的句子 c.读取： ?分析线索句主干与其他各项的对比（表达方式不同，意思最为接近的为正确选项） ?必要时需要分析线索句的上一句和下一句（支持句） ?当线索句为段落首末段时，支持句为段落的其他句子 d.注意事项：顺序原则（出题顺序和行文顺序基本一致）段落原则（一个段落通常只出现一个细节题，细节题通常不跨段（除非段落间存在指代或明显的逻辑关系） 5.词汇题 (考察上下文推测词义的能力） a.识别：要求对题干中的某个单词，词组或句子的含义进行推测 b.实质：通过上下文确定单词含义 c.解题流程： ?返回原文确定题干位置 ?根据上下文推测含义 ?代入原文，确定答案
2020年考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（4） It is a startling claim， but one that Congresswoman Deborah Pryce uses to good effects： the equivalent of two classrooms full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day. Mrs. Pryce lost her own 9-year-old daughter to cancer in 1999. Pediatric cancer remains a little-understood issue in America， where the health-care debate is consumed with the ills， pills and medical bills of the elderly. Cancer kills more children than any other disease in MERICA. 1） although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades， the proportion of children and teens diagnosed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001. 2） Grisly though these statistics are， they are still tiny when set beside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer （41，000 each year） and lung cancer （164，000）。Adbocates foor more money for child cancer prefer to look at life-years lost， the average age for cancer diagnosis in a young child is six， while the average adult is diagnosed in their late 60s. Robert Arceci， a pediatric cancer export at Johns Hopkins， points out that in terms of total life-years saved， the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast cancer. There is an obvious element of special pleading in such calculations， all the same， breast cancer has attracted a flurry of publicity， private fund-raising and money from government. Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash. Pediatric cancer， a term which covers people up to 20
考研英语：阅读理解精选练习 在考研英语的学习中，阅读理解占到60%的分值（包括阅读理解A、B、C三部分）。其重要性不言而喻。如何提高阅读理解得分能力，将是决战考研英语成败的关键一环。而想要有效提升阅读能力，唯有在实战演练中不断磨砺、体会并归纳总结做题的经验教训，才能有所成效。下面，就跟着都教授每天学一点，每天进步一点吧！ Consumers should celebrate that; the firms’losses are their gains. But there is a catch. Comparisonsites, whether for insurance or something else, introduce a new layer of costs,including their own splashy advertising campaigns. In theory, competition in the market for comparison sites ought to keep those costs down. But in a recentpaper, David Ronayne of Warwick University argues that consumers often lose outfrom comparison sites. They earn a commission for each shopper who uses them to buy insurance. That referral cost is incorporated into the price the consumer ends up paying. If the increased costs outweigh the saving the comparison enables, consumers end up worse off. 1. Why consumers often lose out from the comparison sites? (A) The referral cost will be increasedby splashy advertising campaigns. (B) Consumers may not earn the commissionwhen buying the insurance. (C) The new layer of costs may increasethe price of insurance. (D) The insurance company may spend moreon comparison sites. 题目解析： 1. Why consumers often lose out from the comparison sites? (A) The referral cost will be increased by splashy advertising campaigns. referral cost和splashy advertising campaigns之间是没有关系的（看译文你就知道了） (B) Consumers may not earn the commission when buying the insurance. 这个干扰项就是我从文中随便找了几个词拼凑在一起的。Commission你都不知道是什么就瞎选！ (C) The new layer of costs may increase the price of insurance. Comparison sites, whether for insurance or something else, introduce a new layer of costs. 这句话看的明白吧：新的成本是会加到保险价格上的，羊毛出在羊身上啊！ 正确答案C！！！） (D) The insurance company may spend more on comparison sites. 保险公司才没有花更多呢。 定位其实两个句子都是可以的： That referral cost is incorporated into the price the consumer ends up paying. Comparison sites, whether for insurance or something else, introduce a new layer of costs.
英语阅读理解文章（作者）意图解题指导教学设计 I．设计思路 《高中英语新课程标准》明确指出：“高中英语课程要有利于学生优化英语学习方法，使他们通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，充分发挥自己的学习潜能，形成有效的学习策略，提高自主学习的能力。” 高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求：要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能： 1、理解主旨要义； 2、理解文中具体信息； 3、根据上下文推断生词的词义； 4、作出简单判断和理解； 5、理解文章的基本结构； 6、理解作者的意图和态度； 7、根据所读，用恰当的词语补全文章提纲、概括关键内容 或作要词词语转换。 因此有关阅读理解题目主要有以下四种： 主旨大意型 事实细节型 词义猜测型 推理判断型 让我们比较一下近两年江苏高考卷阅读理解题的分类题量。
2010年高考阅读理解推理判断题型中要求考生能把握文脉逻辑关系—句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。 推理判断题 英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，而是要求阅读者根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义，这就是判断推理题。判断推理题在阅读测试中属于难题。 判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。判断推理题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵。①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深。从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。③要忠于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，预测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。 推断题分类 1.推断隐含意义 2.推断作者观点或态度 3.推断写作目的 4.推断文章出处 5.推断文脉逻辑关系 那么，该如何掌握对推断作者观点态度题以及写作目的题的理解呢？ 人物性格、态度及观点判断题： 高考阅读测试中有些是考查对作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要注意：由表及里的准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点；特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词；能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
Text 4 In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption?conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell.?But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government. The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on “specific”and “unsettled”issues related to his duties. Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found. The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful”and “nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”. The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.”The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,”assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.” But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or
2014考研英语阅读冲刺练习模拟测试 及答案(3) Passage Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑
Passage 10 The poverty line is the minimum income that people need for an acceptable standard of living. People with incomes below the poverty line are considered poor. Economists study the causes of poverty in order to find solutions to the problem. As the general standard of living in the country rises, the poverty line does, too. Therefore, even with today's relatively high standard of living, about 10 percent of the people in the United States are below the poverty line. However, if these people had stable jobs, they could have an acceptable standard of living. Economists suggest several reasons why poor people do not have jobs. For one thing, more than half of the poor people in the United States are not qualified to work. Over 40 percent of the poor people are children. By law, children less than 16 years old cannot work in many industries. A large number of poor people are old. Many companies do not hire people over 65 years old, the normal retirement age. Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons: they are sick, they do not have any motivation(动力). they have family problems, or they do not believe that they can find a job. Other poor people look for a job but cannot find one. Many poor adults never went to high school. Therefore, when they look for jobs, they have few skills that they can offer. At the present time, the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways. First, if the national economy grows, businesses and industries hire more workers. Some of the poor who are qualified to look for jobs may find employment. Then they will no longer be below the poverty line. Second, if society invests in the poor, the poor will become more productive. If the government spends money on social programs, education, and training for poor people, the poor will have the skills to offer. Then it is more likely that they can find jobs. Finally, if the government distributes society's income differently, it raises some poor people above the poverty line. The government collects taxes from the non-poor and gives money to the poor. These payments to the poor are called welfare. In 1975 over 18 million people in the United States received welfare.
英语阅读理解题特点及技巧 一、阅读理解题的选材与命题特点 近几年的英语试卷保持了“稳中有变，变中求新，立足语篇”的基本命题思路。在阅读理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断词义、根据短文判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构以及理解作者的意图与态度等方面的能力。现以卷I为例，谈谈阅读理解题的选材及命题特点。 1. 对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点 英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力、根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中，涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性考题的比例虽呈上升趋势，但词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概括等深层次试题仍占很大比重。 2. 选材更趋多样化、现代化和生活化，突显语言与文化相结合的特点 就体裁而言，阅读材料所选择的文段涉及叙述体、论说体和应用体等多种文体；选材风格保静予连续性，既注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化，又较为综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，贴近生活，贴近时代，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。 3. 阅读材料更趋于“原汁原味”，设问方式更加深入 阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，文章的展开不再是平铺直叙，而是兼有倒叙、插叙等多种方式；一词多义、熟词生义、多种时态的混用、结构复杂的长句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象比较常见。阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的行文风格更具英语语言的特点，文章的遣词造句也更加地道，许多考生通常要反复阅读几遍才能读懂。 二、阅读理解题答案与干扰项关系的分析 正确的选项往往是命题人员把阅读材料的内容或信息用不同的语言形式再现出来。一般而言，答案项的设置有以下几种方法： (1) 选用原文中的词句； (2) 使用原文词句的同义词或相似结构； (3) 使用原文词句的反义词或相反结构； (4) 答案项是对生词、长句或难旬的解释； (5) 答案项是对原文词句或段落的归纳、推理或演绎； (6) 使用原文的上下义结构，如用“科学”涵盖“计算机、航天、发明、电子”等概念。 干扰项的设置通常有以下几种方式： 1. 张冠李戴 命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。 以题“The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City______.”为例。此题乍看C项“to pay at the cash register”和D项“to have more gas for his car”都对，因为原文中有这么一句“While I Was standing in line at the cash register，I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas”。很明显作者是停下来付款加油时，偶遇一对老夫妇并问好，似乎选项C和D本身都没错，但题干问的是“作者计划在俄克拉荷马市逗留的原因”，如果考生没有理解题干，就会误选C项或D项。正确选项应为A项“to visit a friend”。
考研英语阅读理解试题解题方法及步 骤 考研可以说是人生的一个转折驿站，一次改变命运的艰辛历练。作为考研路上的重要科目--英语，也成为不少考生脚下的牵绊石，而占分数比重的阅读理解，自然也是考试中的重头戏，能否巧妙的用对技巧，灵活应答，成为考生研路中的棘手问题，下面我们就层层推进，分析一下阅读的方法技巧和步骤攻略，揭开这层久未露面的神秘面纱。 一、阅读方法 阅读文章基本方法有3种，一是略读，二是精读，三是寻读。略读是一种快速阅读方法，在非常短的时间内浏览全文获得文章的中心思想和主要事实。精读则是仔细阅读每句话，理解分析其含义，弄清句与句之间的逻辑关系，进而理解整个段落的意思。而寻读则是通过目光扫视，迅速确定你所期望得到的信息的位置。考试中3种基本方法可以用在不同的情况。 通过略读，我们可以了解材料的结构安排和主要信息，利用精读我们可以针对考题中的某些信息或难点做具体细致的解析，而寻读则在解题过程中起着一个定位的作用。 二、阅读步骤 第一步：略读短文把握方向 用尽量短的时间扫视短文，特别留意每段的第一句和末段的最后一句。因为各段的主题句往往在句首，而文章的最后一句很可能是概括总结。略读的目的是掌握短文的主旨大意，做到对全文的内容心中大致有数，有一个思考的方向。 第二步：浏览问题有的放矢 浏览5个问题，揣测出题者出此题的目的并侧重阅读短文相关部分。由于对所问问题及文章主旨都已了解，在阅读时自然会知道哪些地方得细读哪些地方可一带而过甚至跳过不读。
所有问题都是根据文章内容提出的，基本反映并覆盖了文章的主要内容。先阅读问题再阅读全文，这种方法的优点是：可在较短的时间内有针对性地阅读相关内容，便于给相关问题定位，有的放矢，事半功倍。 第三步：分析判断确定答案 在完成上面两步的基础上，对5个问题逐一解答。需要注意的是：要是文章内容涉及自己熟悉的题材和知识范畴，在选项时绝对不能单凭自己的主观判断解决问题。因为文章考的是你对该篇的阅读理解能力，而不是你的某种知识，因此选项不能脱离文章的题意。 对于英语水平相对较低，阅读速度较慢的考生来说，我们建议不妨直接从第二步开始：先浏览所有5道题的题目，对文章所涉及的内容有个粗略的估计或了解，然后逐一解答。先寻读文章的相关部分，然后选择正确答案。如遇到有关文章主旨大意或需要推理的题，可先放一放，等做完其他题再做这类题。先难后易，各个击破。 另外，在阅读过程中，不妨在自己认为比较重要的某些句子或词语（主题句，关键词）下面划线，标上符号，这样有助于突出重点，活跃思维，同时也便于阅读，节省时间，使阅读更加积极，并且对于记忆力稍差的考生而言，记住几个重要句子和信息要比记住全文容易得多了。所以，我们建议对阅读文章中的主要句子和关键词标出记号并重点阅读。 总之，英语水平的提高在于日积月累，冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，一分耕耘就有一分收获！考生一定要多探索，选择适合自己的学习方法，以便更快更全面的提高自己的知识容量及做题方法，从容应对，你就是最后的赢家。