Section 2 Components of Power Systems
第2节电力系统的组成部分
Modern power systems are usually large-scale, geographically distributed, and with hundreds to thousands of generators operating in parallel and synchronously. 现代电力系统通常规模大，地域分布广，成百上千的发电机同步并联运行。
They may vary in size and structure from one to another, but they all have the same basic characteristics: 他们可能从规模和结构上不尽相同，但它们都具有相同的基本特征：（1）Are comprised of three-phase AC systems operating essentially at constant voltage. 由运行在恒压的三相交流系统组成。Generation and transmission facilities use three-phase equipment .发电和输电设施使用三相设备。Industrial loads are invariably three-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system. 工业负荷总是三相，居民和商业单相负荷在各相中均匀分配，从而有效地形成一个平衡的三相系统。
（2）Use synchronous machines for generation of electricity. 使用电力同步一代机器。Prime movers convert the primary energy (fossil, nuclear, and hydraulic) to mechanical energy that is, in turn, converted to electrical energy by synchronous generators.原动机将一次能源转换为机械能，紧接着，发电机将机械能转化为电能。
（3）Transmit power over significant distances to consumers spread over a wide area. This requires a transmission system comprising subsystems operating at different voltage levels. 远离输送功率到的分布广泛的用户。这就要求传输系统由运行在不同电压水平的子系统构成。
The basic elements of a modern power system in USA are shown in Fig.6-1. Electric power is produced at generating stations (GS发电厂) and transmitted to consumers through a complex network of individual components, including transmission lines, transformers, and switching devices. 美国现代电力系统基本元件如图6-1。电功率产生于发电厂并且通过由传输线路，变压器，开关组成的复杂网络传输到用户。It is common practice to classify the transmission network into the following subsystems(子系统): Transmission system; Subtransmission system; Distribution system. 通常将传输网络分为以下子系统：输电系统; 二次输电系统;配电系统。Fig.6-1 图6 - 1 Basic elements of a power system 电力系统的基本元件
The transmission system interconnects all major generating stations and main load centers in the system. 该传输系统互连电力系统中所有主要发电厂和主要负荷中心。It forms the backbone (主干)of the integrated power system and operates at the highest voltage levels (typically, 230 kV and above in USA). 它是电力系统的主干网络，运行在最高的电压水平（在美国，通常为230千伏及以上）。The generator voltages are usually in the range of 11 to 35 kV. These are stepped up to the transmission voltage level, and power is transmitted to transmission substations（输电变电站）where the voltages are stepped down to the subtransmission level (typically, 69 to 138 kV). 发电机的电压范围通常在11至35千伏。然后逐步升压至输电电压水平。当功率传输至输电变电站时，电压降压至二次输电系统水平(通常是69至138千伏。) The generation and transmission subsystems are often referred to as the bulk power system.
发电和传输子系统通常称为大容量电源系统。
The subtransmisson system transmits power in small quantities from the transmission substations to the distribution substations. 二次输电系统将小部分功率从输电变电站传输到配点网络。Large industrial customers are commonly supplied directly from the subtransmission system. In some systems, there is no clear demarcation(界限) between subtransmission and
transmission circuits. 大工业用户通常直接由二次输电系统供电。在一些系统中，没有明确划分输电线路与二次输电系统。As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function. 随着系统的扩展和更高电压等级输电成为必需的，旧的输电线路往往归为二次输电系统。The distribution system represents the final stage in the transfer of power to the individual customers. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 4.0 kV and 34.5 kV. Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level. The secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial customers at 120/240 V. 配电系统代表了功率传输至用户的最后阶段。一次配电电压一般为4.0千伏和34.5千伏。小型工业负荷由一次馈线供电。二次配电馈线供应住宅和商业用户，供电点在在120/240 V Small generating plants(发电厂) located near the load are also connected to the subtransmission or distribution system directly. Interconnections to neighboring power systems are usually formed at the transmission system level. The overall system thus consists of multiple generating sources and several layers of transmission networks. This provides a high degree of structural redundancy(冗余) that enables the system to withstand unusual contingencies without service disruption to the customers. 负荷附近的小型发电厂连接到二次输电网或配电系统。相邻电力系统的通常在输电电压水平上互联。因而整个电力系统包括多个电源和若干层次的输电网络。这提供了高度的结构化冗余，使系统能够承受罕见的意外事故而不会中断对用户的供电
翻译成中文
Instability may also be encountered without loss of synchronism. 失稳未必是失去同步
For example, a system consisting of a synchronous generator feeding an induction motor load through a transmission line can become unstable because of the collapse of load voltage. 例如，同步发电机通过传输线对感应电动机负荷供电时，该系统可能由于的电压崩溃导致系统失稳。
Maintenance of synchronism is not an issue in this instance; instead, the concern is stability and control of voltage. This form of instability can also occur in loads covering an extensive area supplied by a large system. 此例中维持同步不适问题所在，而是电压的稳定与控制。这种不稳定的形式可出现在大系统供给的大面积负荷中。
This kind of stability is referred to "voltage stability". 这种稳定性种被称为“电压稳定”。Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines(同步电机) of a power system to remain in synchronism. 转子角稳定是一个电力系统的互联同步电机保持同步运行的能力。
It is most important to power system
system. 稳定问题涉及到电力系统的研究中固有的机电振荡。
A fundamental factor in this problem is the manner in which the power outputs of synchronous machines vary as their rotors oscillate. 在这个问题最根本的因素是同步电机的功率输出会随转子振荡而变化。
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原
Aspen Plus常用词汇中英文对照表 A adiabatic 绝热的 adsorption 吸附 aircooler 空冷器 algorithm 算法 alias 又名，别名 align 使……排成直线 ambient temperature 环境温度 analysis 分析 annotation 注释 apparent component approach 表观组分方法approach 方法 aqueous 水溶液的，水的，含水的 assay化验（油品分析） ADA (assay data analysis)化验数据分析assign 指定 attach连接 attr-comps 组分属性 attr-scaling属性标量 available可用的 B backup (降液管内的清液层）高度 baffles 挡板 balance 平衡模块，平衡 base components 基准组分 base method 基本方法（包含了常见物性方法）batch 批量处理，一批 BatchFrac 间歇精馏 binary interaction 二元交互作用 blank simulation 空白模拟 block模块 Block-Var 模块变量boilup ratio 再沸比 bottoms rate 塔底产品流率 bottoms to feed ratio塔底产品流率与进料流率比brake power 轴功率 Broyden 布洛伊顿拟牛顿法 built-in 内置 C calculator 计算器 capacity 通量 capacity factor 通量负荷因子 cascade 层叠 case study 工况分析 category 类别，种类 chemical equilibrium 化学平衡 Chem-Var 化学变量 class分类 clearance 间隙 co-current 并流 coefficient 系数 column 塔 CGCCs (column grand composite curves)塔的总组合曲线 column specifications 塔设定 Compattr-Var 组分变量 component 组分 composition 组成 Compr 压缩机或涡轮机模块 comps-groups 组分分组 conceptual design 概念设计 condenser 冷凝器 condenser specification 冷凝器设定 configuration 配置
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
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Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
黄冈师范学院 2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷 考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思 考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points） 1.过滤 2.浓缩 3.结晶化 4.吸附 5. 蒸馏6．超临界的 7.二氯甲烷 8.热力学平衡 9.亲电性 10.表面张力 11.共轭的 12.酮 13.平衡常数 14.丙基 15.丁基 16.亚甲基 18.环己酮 19.同位素 20.标准熵 二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points） 1. methyl propanoate 2. rate constant 3. ethyl methyl ketone 4. free energy 5. radical intermediate 6. isobutyl methyl ether 7. 3-chloropropene 8. primary radical 9. n-propyl bromide 10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons 12. local magnetic fields 13. tetramethylsilane 14. mass to charge ratios 15 phenylamine 16 amide 17. amine 18. nucleophile 19. perchlorate 20. carbocation 三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points） A卷【第1页共 3 页】
桥梁结构 桥梁起源 第一座人工桥梁是由横架在河流上的树干或者平石而形成的。毫无疑问，它比基督的诞生还要早几千年建成。甚至在此之前，古人一定惊讶于，在Ardeche 会有跨度为194英尺、高度为111英尺的Pont d’Arc这样的天然拱桥横跨河流。但是随着时间的流逝，一些先驱者将两块石头横跨狭窄的小溪并堵在一起形成倒置的“V”形，从而建成了第一座拱桥。 据degrand所言，有所记载的最早的桥是在大约公元前2650年，由埃及的第一任国王Menes在尼罗河上修建的，但是没有更多的细节描述。Diodorus Siculus提供了另外一座5个世纪后建成的桥梁的详细资料，它是由巴比伦皇后Semiramis在幼发拉底河上建成的。Herodotus将这座桥视为女王统治Nitocris5个世纪的原因。首先，河流在经过城市时转向流入一个人工湖，使桥墩可以修建在干燥的河床上。桥墩的石头采用铁条焊接在一起。甲板是由不低于30英尺宽的木材、雪松、松柏、棕榈修建的，部分甲板是可移动的，每晚拿掉用来防止土匪。当桥建成后，河水再被引回到原来的河道。因此今天还存在一些记录，多少是真实的，多少是随着时间的流逝使我们永远不知道的，但毫无疑问，在4000年前的巴比伦有一座不同寻常的桥。 桥梁类型 我们只能推测这些起源。我们知道古代的吊桥是用扭曲的藤蔓绑在峡谷两侧的树干上形成的，就像一张充满危险的悬挂着的蜘蛛网。但是桥梁型式什么时候得到发展，或者第一座桥是什么型式的，我们都不能肯定。我们只知道三种桥梁类型：板梁桥（在河流上架设一根树干）、拱桥、吊桥，它们在有所记载的早期就开始被建造了。最常见的板梁桥被称为跨桥，如果两个或者更多的梁相连修建在桥墩上就会连在一起形成跨桥，或者是修建成悬臂桥。然而，他们仅是不同类型的板梁桥而已，并不是其他类型的桥梁。改变梁、拱、悬架这三种型式并使其相互结合来共同适应建筑物结构的受力要求，数年来，建筑材料已经越来越普及，涉及到木材、石头，人工材料如砖、水泥、铁和钢材。 板梁桥 一个简单的单跨桥可能是钢结构（可能是板梁），钢筋混凝土或预应力钢筋混凝土。一个钢结构简支桥梁的最大跨度通常约为100英尺（虽然更成长跨度的桥梁已经建成）。然而，当跨度很大时，通常采用连续梁。在德国有一个中央跨度为354英尺、边跨为295英尺的板梁桥。 对于约150英尺的支墩之间的梁，通常采用桁架，并且钢材是必不可少的。1917年，在伊利诺斯州的俄亥俄河上修建了一座跨度为720英尺的简支桥。 无论有没有悬跨，悬臂桥的布置原则就是在桥墩建成后，在桥墩上架设桥梁。两个桥墩之间的部分称为悬跨，通常是先放在一个预制单元，再架在适当位置。因此，这种型式的桥梁是从悬臂的两端用两条锚固的悬臂来支撑桥梁的。桥墩中间的弯矩和剪力最大，在这些位置通常要求桥墩埋设的更深。 当桥的跨度很大时，就要求桥要有更好的强度，悬臂桥通常采用钢桁架结构（桁梁）。这种型式可以使桥墩间的跨度达到约1800英尺。尽管这座桥看起来像是拱桥，事实上它是双悬臂桁架梁。我们会注意到悬臂桥上的最高强度设计在主墩处，因为这些地方可能有最大应力产生。
仅供参考 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. Sources of Organic Compounds The major sources of organic chemicals are coal, petroleum, and agricultural products. Both coal and petroleum were formed through the geologic processes of changing animal and plant remains into carbon-containing residues. About one-third of all organic chemicals are derived from coal and about one-half from the petroleum industry 有机化合物的来源 有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的，一般来自于石油工业。 2. The Methods and Objectives of Organic Chemistry Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds, it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive[prE5hibitiv]. Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds. 因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大，而且还在逐日合成更多的品种，所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物，而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。显然，以前的方法是不可取的，一旦典型的一类特殊化合物被认识，这些结构特征将适用于这类化合物，甚至是一些未知的化合物， For each group or family of compounds often called homologous series of compounds, structural features are important. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know the identities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More importantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form
Unit10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons碳氢化合物的命名 Alkanes烷烃 理想的，每一种化合物都应该由一个明确描述它的结构的名称，并且通过这一名称能够画出它的结构式。为了这一目的，全世界的化学家接受了世界纯粹与应用化学会（IUPAC）建立的一系列规则。这个系统就是IUPAC系统，或称为日内瓦系统，因为IUPAC的第一次会议是在瑞士日内瓦召开的。不含支链的烷烃的IUPAC命名包括两部分（1）表明链中碳原子数目的前缀；（2）后缀－ane，表明化合物是烷烃。用于表示1至20个碳原子的前缀见表 表中前4个前缀是由IUPAC选择的，因为它们早已在有机化学中确定了。实际上，它们甚至早在它们成为规则之下的结构理论的暗示之前，它们的地位就确定了。例如，在丁酸中出现的前缀but－，一种表示在白脱脂中存在的四个碳原子的化合物（拉丁语butyrum白脱（黄油））。表示5个或更多碳原子的词根来源于希腊或拉丁词根。 含取代基的烷烃的IUPAC名称由母体名称和取代基名称组成，母体名称代表化合物的最长碳链，取代基名称代表连接在主链上的基团。 来源于烷烃的取代基称为烷基。字母R－被广泛用来表示烷烃的存在.烷烃的命名是去掉原烷基名称中的－ane加上后缀－yl。例如，烷基CH3CH2－称为乙基。 CH3－CH3乙烷（原碳氢化合物）CH3CH2－乙基（一个烷基） 下面是IUPAC的烷烃命名规则： 1. 饱和碳氢化合物称为烷烃。 2. 对有支链的碳氢化合物，最长的碳链作为主链，IUPAC命名按此主链命名。 3. 连接在主链上的基团称为取代基。每一取代基有一名称和一数字.这一数字表示取代基连接在主链上的碳原子的位置。 4. 如果有多于一个的相同取代基，要给出表示支链位置的每个数字。而且，表示支链数目的数字由前缀di－，tri－，tetra－，penta－等表示。 5. 如果有一个取代基，主链碳原子编号从靠近支链的一端开始，使支链位号最小。如果有两个或多个取代基，支链从能使第一个取代基位次较小的一侧编号。 6. 如果有两个或多个取代基，它们按字母顺序排列。当排列取代基时，前缀iso－（异）和neo－（新）也按字母排列，前缀sec－（仲）和tert－（特）在字母排列中忽略 此外，按字母排列取代基时，表示倍数的前缀2，3，4等也被忽略。 Alkenes烯烃 烷烃的碳原子间只有单键。烯烃在两个碳原子间有双键（两个键）。考虑到两个碳原子间以双键相连。因为双键用去了两个碳原子的共4个电子。所以只剩下4个电子以供成
atm 1atm为一个标准大气压 Bar 巴压力单位 BaseMethod 基本方法包含了一系列物性方程 Batch 批量处理 BatchFrac 用于两相或三相间歇式精馏的精确计算 Benzene 苯 Blocks 模型所涉及的塔设备的各个参数 Block-Var 模块变量 ChemVar 化学变量 Columns 塔 Columnspecifications 塔规格 CompattrVar 组分变量 Components 输入模型的各个组成 ComponentsId 组分代号 Componentsname 组分名称 Composition 组成 Condenser 冷凝器 Condenserspecifications 冷凝器规格 Constraint 约束条件 Conventional 常规的 Convergence 模型计算收敛时所涉及到的参数设置 Databrowser 数据浏览窗口 Displayplot 显示所做的图 Distl 使用Edmister方法对精馏塔进行操作型的简捷计算 DSTWU 使用Winn-Underwood-Gilliland方法对精馏塔进行设计型的简捷计算 DV精馏物气相摩尔分率 ELECNRTL 物性方程适用于中压下任意电解质溶液体系 Extract 对液体采用萃取剂进行逆流萃取的精确计算 Find 根据用户提供的信息查找到所要的物质 Flowsheetingoptions 流程模拟选项 Formula 分子式 Gasproc 气化 Heat Duty 热负荷 HeatExchangers 热交换器 Heavy key 重关键组分 IDEAL 物性方程适用于理想体系 Input summary 输入梗概 Key component recoveries 关键组分回收率 kg/sqcm 千克每平方厘米 Lightkey 轻关键组分 Manipulated variable 操作变量 Manipulators 流股调节器
本科毕业设计（论文） 专业外文翻译 专业名称：土木工程专业（道路与桥梁）年级班级：道桥08-5班 学生姓名： 指导教师： 二○一二年五月十八日
Geometric Design of Highways The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel. It is made of the roadbed, the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility. The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder, side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding. The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture. The road surface require being smooth, having enough intensity, good stability and anti-slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic. Highway geometry designs to consider Highway Horizontal Alignment, Vertical Alignment two kinds of linear and cross-sectional composition of coordination, but also pay attention to the smooth flow of the line of sight, etc. Determine the road geometry, consider the topography, surface features, rational use of land and environmental protection factors, to make full use of the highway geometric components of reasonable size and the linear combination. 1.Alignment Design The alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is common to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves. Alignment must be consistent. Sudden changes from flat to sharp curves and long tangents followed by sharp curves must be avoided; otherwise, accident hazards will be created. Likewise, placing circular curves of different radii end to end (compound curves) or having a short tangent between two curves is poor practice unless suitable transitions between them are provided. Long, flat curves are preferable at all times, as they are pleasing in appearance and decrease possibility of future
１０级应用化学（2）班郑禄春 B2０1０06３224 Lessｅn ２4 ChemicａｌＲeaｃtionｓ Conseｒvation of mａｓs ａnd ｅｎergy(质量与能量守恒) Ｔwo ｃonseｒvaｔｉｏn laws（定律) apｐlｙｔo aｌｌｃhemical reaｃtionｓ: E ｎergy can neitheｒ be cｒｅated nｏr deｓtroｙed, anｄｍａｔteｒｃaｎneither ｂｅ created nor deｓtｒｏyed. Thus the ａtoms taking part in a chemical reactioｎ may be reａrrangｅd, bｕt all ｔhe atoms preseｎt ｉn the reacｔan ｔs must also be preｓent in ｔhe prodｕctｓ, and the tｏtaｌｍasｓ oｆ tｈe ｒeactants muｓt equaｌ thｅｔotaｌｍａss ｏｆthe prｏducts. 化学反应 质量守恒和能量守恒 两个守恒定律(定律)适用于所有的化学反应:能量既不能创造也不能消灭,物质也不能创造也不能消灭。因此原子参与化学反应可能重新安排，但所有的原子出现在反应物必须包含在产品,反应物的总质量必须等于生产物的总质量。 What is ａ chｅmicaｌ reaction? A chｅmicaｌreaｃtiｏn occｕｒs whｅn sｕbsｔａnｃes (tｈe ｒｅactantｓ) colｌide (碰撞）ｗiｔh ｅnouｇｈ energｙ tｏｒearｒａnge to form difｆerent c ｏｍpounds (ｔhe ｐrｏdｕcts）. The changｅ iｎ enerｇy that occurs wheｎ a reaction take pｌａｃe ｉs deｓcriｂed by therｍｏdｙｎaｍics（热力学）anｄt ｈe ｒａｔｅ oｒ speed at which a reacｔioｎocｃurｓis descｒibed by kiｎeticｓ (动力学) . Reacｔions in ｗhiｃh ｔｈe ｒeaｃtａnｔｓaｎd ｐrｏductｓcoｅxist arｅ coｎｓidｅｒed ｔo be in equilｉｂriuｍ(处于平衡）. A chｅｍiｃａl ｅｑuaｔion ｃonsｉｓts ｏf the ｃhemｉｃal fｏrmｕｌａ（化学式)of thｅ rea ｃｔants, and ｔhe cｈemical fｏｒmｕla of ｔhe ｐrodｕcts. The twｏａre separateｄ bｙａn → uｓually read aｓ“yｉelｄs”ａnｄeach ｃhemicａl forｍula is sｅpａｒatｅd frｏm otheｒs by ａ plus sｉgn (加号）． Sometime ｓ a trｉangｌe is dｒawｎ over ｔhe arrow symbol tｏｄenotｅ enerｇy ｍuｓt ｂe addeｄｔo ｔｈe subsｔances ｆor ｔhe ｒeａcｔiｏn to beｇｉn． Eａch ｃｈemiｃaｌ formula may be pｒｅｃeded by a sｃalaｒ（数量的) ｃoｅｆficienｔｉndicatｉng thｅ proｐorｔion (比例) ｏｆ that substaｎce nｅｃｅssary to ｐｒoｄｕce ｔhe rｅacｔion in forｍulａ. Foｒinstanｃe， thｅｆoｒmｕla ｆoｒ the buｒning of mｅthane(CH4 + 2O2 →ＣO2 + 2H2O） iｎdｉｃates that twｉce as much Ｏ2 aｓ CH４ iｓ nｅｅded, and wｈen tｈey reａct， twicｅas ｍuch H2O as ＣO2 wｉll be produceｄ. This is ｂecａuse durｉng tｈe reａctiｏｎ，each atom ｏｆ cａrbon needｓ eｘａctlｙ two atoms ｏf oxygen ｔo combｉnｅ with, to ｐroduｃe the CO2, and ｅvｅry twｏaｔｏms of ｈydrｏgen need an atｏm ｏf oxygen tｏcombine wiｔｈｔo proｄuce ｔhｅH２O． If thｅ pｒｏportiｏns ｏf thｅ reactaｎtｓarｅ nｏｔ reｓpecｔed, when ｔhey arｅ foｒｃｅd ｔｏreacｔ, eitheｒ not all oｆｔhe ｓuｂstance used wilｌparticipate in tｈe re ａｃｔion, or the reａctiｏｎ that wｉll take pｌace ｗilｌbｅ dｉｆfｅｒent ｆｒom tｈe ｏne noteｄin ｔhｅ equatｉon.. 什么是化学反应 一个化学反应发生在物质（反应物）碰撞有足够的能量去重新排列,形成不同的化合物(产品）。当反应发