IELTS Writing
雅思写作
课程教案
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department
Heilongjiang University
Chapter One
雅思学术类（A类）写作考试简介
I.Teaching Objectives
On completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:
1.have some information about IELTS Writing
2.have some insights into the procedure of the exam.
II.The Points to Be Highlighted
雅思写作要求考生60分钟内完成两篇作文。A类、G类小作文不同，大作文相同。
Task 1要求考生在20分钟内完成一篇至少150词的文章。G类要求考生针对题目要求写一封信（投诉信、请求信、建议信、寻找失物信和邀请信）；A类要求考生针对题目要求写一个报告，对图表或表格进行描述或说明。小作文一般180－200词左右为宜。
Task 2要求考生在40分钟内完成一篇至少250词的议论文。G类一般比A类简单些，有时G类作文曾是A类作问题。Task 2要求考生对某个观点发表支持或反对意见，或者讨论对立的一组观点，或者解释某种问题出现的原因并提出相应的解决办法。字数以300词左右为宜。III.T eaching Approaches and Facilities
Approaches: 1. Discussion 2. Questions and answers
Facilities: blackboard; on-line research;
IV.Teaching Procedures and Contents
1.Lead-in
要求学生回答问题：
为什么想要参加雅思考试？你认为雅思考试和我们国内的考试有何不同？
2.Specific Contents
1 雅思写作考试简介
雅思考试共2小时55分钟，写作是笔试最后一项（一般是周六上午），考查英语笔头综合表达能力，包括思维、逻辑、知识和经验。雅思写作一直被认为是难度较大但通过有针对性的训练后成绩提高最显著的一项测试。（在听说读写四项考查内容中，中国学生的阅读和听力
较好，但中国考生平均成绩明显低于全球总平均成绩，口语成绩为各项目最低。）
1.1 雅思写作分类
雅思写作考试分为两类：培训类（General Training Module）和学术类（Academic Module), 简称G类和A类。
G类（培训类）适合计划申请移民、国外培训或出国工作的考生，A类（学术类）适合计划申请到国外高校攻读本科或研究生课程的考生。
雅思写作要求考生60分钟内完成两篇作文。A类、G类小作文不同，大作文相同。
Task 1要求考生在20分钟内完成一篇至少150词的文章。G类要求考生针对题目要求写一封信（投诉信、请求信、建议信、寻找失物信和邀请信）；A类要求考生针对题目要求写一个报告，对图表或表格进行描述或说明。小作文一般180－200词左右为宜。
Task 2要求考生在40分钟内完成一篇至少250词的议论文。G类一般比A类简单些，有时G类作文曾是A类作问题。Task 2要求考生对某个观点发表支持或反对意见，或者讨论对立的一组观点，或者解释某种问题出现的原因并提出相应的解决办法。字数以300词左右为宜。
1.2写作评分方式——9分制
Task 1 和Task 2 分别评分，分值从1分至9分，两部分的分数在总分中各占一个百分比。基本上Task 1占三分之一，Task 2占三分之二。从2006年7月份开始，雅思写作、口语设半分，值得庆幸。考官采取总体评分法，根据总体印象给分，在一定程度上受考官主观看法的影响。一般考生分数集中在5——7分：
7：文章易于理解，有条理，语言错误较少（句型丰富、偶尔出错）
6：文章理解起来不太困难（通过四、六级基本可达到）
5：文章勉强可以理解，但表述不清楚
（其中，5分相当于及格的分数）
总体目标应定在保6争7。
1.3备考原则
“不抄、不背、不译”三大原则+“我思故我写”的应考思路：“不抄”即不要抄袭范文；“不背”即不要死记硬背套句；“不译”即不要逐字逐句进行汉译英；“我思故我写”，即用自己的头脑去思考问题，用自己的语言去表述自己的观点。
(1) 雅思考试要求的是用英语思考问题与表达思想的能力，而不是仅仅检验词汇、语法、套句。背记的句子很容易被考官识别而不计入成绩，这种所谓的“诀窍”或“捷径”会成为考生的负担，甚至可能是个“陷阱”。曾出现过一次考试中十多名考生的作文因如出一辙而
全部计为零分的事件，其原因是这些考生都是由某一培训班“教”会背诵范文的。所以，死记硬背决不是明智的备考方法。
(2) 要注意研究东西方思维模式、语言表述方式及写作模式的差异。
(3) 要进行广泛的阅读，形成对事物的理解力和判断力，能够以较成熟的思维来认识事物的规律，这样才能在思考问题及发表观点时较为全面深入。
阅读报刊杂志，关心社会问题和最新动态。《二十一世纪》比较有用，许多单词有中文译文和解释。
看英语新闻和记录片节目，听英语广播。特别是DVD和VCD，有字幕。
上网：英语聊天室，探讨有用的话题；访问英语新闻网站；https://www.doczj.com/doc/f63075041.html,无忧雅思网，了解雅思最新动态。
(4)不要养成用电子词典的习惯，一是因为电子词典通常无法充分解释词语的用法与搭配，更不能提供语言使用的语境，使考生无法真正扩大单词量；二是一旦养成对电子词典的依赖性，就无法摆脱逐字汉译英的不良习惯，难以用英语进行思维。
(5)准备一个词汇本，按话题对词汇进行分类，词条后写上相关短语、介词和搭配。
(6)练习限时写作文。根据评分标准，比较自己的作文和范文在行文、内容、衔接方面的不足。
1.4重要提示
1.4.1备考提示：
(1) 再次提醒：不要死记硬背！
(2) 时间与字数的训练：由于考试时间紧张而字数要求多，对时间与字数的训练是非常必要的。方法是：以正常写作的速度与笔迹在模拟答题卡上写几行，数一下总字数，除以行数，就会得到每行的正常字数，再看一下所用时间，则得出自己写作的速度，如每100字用多少分钟，或每分钟写出多少字；以总时间1小时来衡量，将知道自己的速度是否足够快。数出完成Task 1和Task 2各需要多少行，在预计的段与段之间留出空行，并在最后一行做出标记, 这样就知道完成Task 1和Task 2所需的长度。平时有意识地按照所需长度写作，并调整自己的速度，考场上就不会出现因时间估计错误而手忙脚乱的情况了。
1.4.2写作提示：
(1)首先将两部分的题目浏览一遍。建议先从Task 2开始做起，因为Task 2
分值高、时间长、字数要求多。当然并没有硬性要求。如果从Task 2做起，要确保留出足够的时间完成Task 1。
(2) 不用对写作涉及的话题过分担心，因为考试不是为了检测知识面，而是要检查考生的书面表达能力。
(3) 要按要求的字数写，否则文章太短，不足以表达深入、完整的思想，会影响成绩。（字数不够的文章一定会比达到最低字数的文章得分低。）
(4) 阐释观点和表达清楚比少犯错误更重要。
(5) 考查的主要内容是运用语言的能力，所以如果只使用简单的英语，虽然不会犯错误，也不会得高分。
(6) 两个作文均不用写题目，因为写题目或原封不动地抄题，既占用时间，又有凑字之嫌。
(7) Task 2中可以运用自己的经验，并采用I，my，me等代词，但要避免人称指代混乱，以及非正式语言的表达，如I’m，you’ve，he’s等缩写。
(8) 绝对不要使用死记硬背的套句和段落。
1.5.3考场提示：
(1) 考试时只能用铅笔，不能用钢笔。
(2) 考试中没有打草稿的时间，也不准带草稿纸进考场，可以在试题边的空白处设计简要的大纲，但试题不许带出考场。
(3) 绝对禁止携带、使用任何形式的字典，否则将被清出考场。
(4) 字迹虽不是评分的标准之一，但不清晰的字迹会影响考官对文章内容的理解，进而影响成绩。
(5) 注意考场规则。考试中不得携带或使用任何电子设备，不许换座，不许交头接耳，决无抄袭之可能。考试进行20分钟、30分钟、以及结束前5分钟时, 考官会提示时间。考试结束，考官叫停笔时，考生务必停笔，并把所有试卷、试题及答题卡一并交回，不得早退，否则考生的准考证号将被记下，影响成绩的评定。
1.6关于答题卡的填写
展示答题纸。
1.7 IELTS Task 2 Writing band descriptors (public version)
3.Task design
主要以问答和讨论的形式为主
3课时
V.Assignments
写作练习：
Should old people stay at home or be placed in nursing homes?
VI.Reference Material
《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析1》外语教学与研究出版社、剑桥大学出版社《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析2》外语教学与研究出版社、剑桥大学出版社
《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析3》外语教学与研究出版社、剑桥大学出版社《雅思攻略系列丛书雅思考试（IELTS）学术类高分作文详解》复旦大学出版社
Chapter Two
英汉写作对比及英文写作标准
I．Teaching Objectives
On completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:
1. understand the difference between the two languages
2. have some insights into the four standards of writing in English.
II. The Points to Be Highlighted
英汉思维方式及语篇结构对比（中文：迂回式，具体一般型；英文：直线型，一般具体型）英汉段落结构对比（中文：螺旋形上升，通过反复强调提出主题；英文：直线型，有明显的主题句）
英汉句子结构对比
英文写作四个标准
III. Teaching Approaches and Facilities
Approaches: 1. Discussion 2. Questions and answers
Facilities: blackboard; on-line research;
IV. Teaching Procedures and Contents
1. Lead-in
要求学生翻译几个句子，通过学生的错误展示英汉句子结构的不同。
1.我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。
2.我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
3.他先前在南方参加某项工程建设。完工后，就去乔治岛度假，享受高加索的阳光。他是
昨天才回来的。
2. Specific Contents
I 英汉句子结构对比
要想写出地道的英文句子，应该首先掌握英语三种基本句子结构：
(1)简单句（Simple Sentences）——一个主语，一个动词
i. 一个谓语动词和一个单数主语
Computers make life easy for many people.
ii. 两个并列谓语动词和一个单数主语
Computers cost a lot of money and require regular maintenance.
iii. 两个并列谓语动词和一个复数主语
Businesses and individuals buy computers but use them mostly for correspondence.
iv. 一个谓语动词和一个复数主语
His teeth and his eyes hurt.
(2)并列句（Compound Sentences）
并列句包括两个或两个以上独立句，它们用以下三种方式连接在一起：
i. 用分号连接
Some people like computers; others are afraid of modern technology.
ii. 用逗号和括号内七个连词之一（并列连词and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet---boy fans）Students usually write with a computer, but I like writing by hand.
iii. 用分号和连接副词，如furthermore, moreover, therefore等
Students usually write with a computer; however, I like writing by hand.
连接副词：
●常见位置：句首，表示解释的可以位于句中
●用连接副词连接并列句时，在第一个分句后用分号，而在连接副词后用逗号
表示让步：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, still
表示列举和补充：first(ly), second(ly), etc; finally, last; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, next, then, in addition
表示总结和结果: thus, therefore；as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly
表示总结：namely
转换话题：meanwhile
否定的条件：otherwise
表示对比：instead
完成第14页的练习
(3) 复合句（Complex Sentences）
复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成。英语中一共有三种基本类型的复合句：
i. 从句相当于副词——状语从句
Although computers can save time, they take a long time to understand.
because/so, although/but不同时出现
ii. 从句相当于形容词——定语从句
Database software is essential for companies which need to maintain records.
iii. 从句相当于名词——主，宾，补，同位语从句
Most experts insist that computers are essential in schools.
2.4 竹竿与大树
英文写作强调句子结构的变化和丰富性。在雅思考试中，考生应避免使用重复的句子结构，而应采用变化的方式来表达自己的观点。其实，练习使用变化的句型最好的方法就是注意观察其他的作者是如何构造句子的，并且模仿他们。另外，考生需要做大量的练习才能写出有意义的、富有变化的、准确的句子。
汉语的句式结构借助自然语序，按动作发生的顺序或因果逻辑关系来排列，各个分句逐步交代，呈线性递进，来表达复杂的思想。可以说，汉语的句子结构如同竹子一样一节节地延伸。而英语则不同。英语的句子就像一棵大树。句子中的主句就是大树的主干，各种从句，短语以及独立结构则是大树的树枝。
e.g.
我原先打算七月一日去香港旅游，后来不得不取消，这使我很扫兴。
It was keen disappointment that I had to cancel the visit I had intended to pay to Hong Kong on July 1st.
我又一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
考虑到上届政府遗留下来的危机，我们在过去七年时间里所取得的成绩也就尤为显著，这是没有人可以否认的。
No one will deny that what we have been able to do in the past seven years is especially striking in view of crises which we inherited from the previous Government.
第一句中有三个动作：原先打算不得不取消使我很扫兴。
第二句中有三个动作：弄不懂请教回答。
第三句中有五个动作：考虑到遗留下来所取得的尤为显著没有人可以否认。
很显然，汉语句子是按照时间和事理发展顺序，运用词汇手段顺畅表达而出的。而所对应的英语句子却打破了汉语的顺序，每个句子以主句为主干，利用从句等结构来完成英语句子的树型结构。
由于汉语句子呈线性递进，竹竿型延伸，没有英文中树枝状的从属句结构，因此中国学生常常习惯用简单句和并列句，而不是用复合句来表达思想。但是，地道的英文写作中却要求大量使用从属结构。中国学生要改变在英文写作中大量使用简单句、并列句的倾向，就要善于利用英语中的从句、分词和短语等语言形式，构筑英语句子的树型结构。这是改变竹竿型简单句，写出地道英语的关键。
再请看如下例句：
（1）他先前在南方参加某项工程建设。完工后，就去乔治岛度假，享受高加索的阳光。他是昨天才回来的。
(a) He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking
in Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job in which he had been engaged in the South.
(b) In the South he had been engaged in a construction job. After he completed the work he
went to spend his vacation in Georgia. There he basked in Caucasian sun. And he had flown in just the day before.
(a)句为英语树型结构，(b)句为汉语竹竿形结构。
此句中，“他昨天才回来”是本句的主句, 整个句子借助from, where, basking, after, in which 等词构造结构。
（2）上海的字面意思是“位于海之上”。它位于黄浦江岸。黄浦江是长江流入大海之前的最后一条支流。
(a) Sh anghai, which means “above the sea”, is on the Huangpu River,
the lower tributary at the mouth of the Yangze.
(b) Shanghai means “above the sea”. It is on the Huangpu River. The
Huangpu is the lower tributary at the mouth of the Yangze.
此句中，“上海位于黄浦江岸”是本句的主句，这个树形结构的复合句还包括一个非限定定语从句以及一个同位语。
英汉段落结构对比
由于英语和汉语的思维模式不同，人们写作时，段落的结构组织、内容安排、语义层次发
展等方面都会表现出很大的差异。其中最主要的差异是—在段落发展方面英语采用直线性思维，而汉语呈现出螺旋型思维模式。
汉语段落的语义发展是螺旋型的，也就是说，一个段落针对一个意思或几个意思进行阐述，而这种阐述是顺着思想自然发展的，如螺旋形式向前运动。在汉语段落中，主题句可有可无，段落的中心思想由读者来体会。一个段落里包括的内容较多，甚至有的内容和段落中心思想没有密切的关系，比如作者突发的感想。由于汉语文章的许多段落没有主题句，一段里包括的内容观点就没有什么限制了。在写作过程中，作者对中心思想的发展是通过不断重复来实现的。在一个段落中，前面已谈论过的内容，后面还会提到，或强调，或借以引出新的内容，所以说是螺旋式的。下面的例段就是典型的汉语段落：
伟大的精神方能造就伟大的人。古往今来，凡成就一番事业者，无不有着巨大的精神力量作后盾。伟大的精神造就伟大的事业。对一个人是这样，对一个社会也是如此。不可想象，一个没有精神追求的人可以成就一番事业。精神有着神奇的作用。它一旦被人民群众所掌握就会变成巨大的物质力量。同时它也有之不可小视的销蚀作用。这些年，在社会政治生活中出现的忽视精神文明建设的倾向，在忽视精神的正效应的同时，无形中也助长了精神的负效应。目前社会现实中一些人政治信念的淡漠，道德支柱的倾斜，价值追求的扭曲，精神世界的苍白，行为方式的变态，日常生活中种种不文明，不道德的行为，社会上屡禁不止的腐败现象，我们已经尝够了苦果。
在这一段例文中，“伟大的精神方能造就伟大的人”可以说是主题句。但是只有接下来第二句是直接说明这一点。而第三句马上转到精神与事业的关系方面：“伟大的精神造就伟大的事业”。接下的第四句“对一个人是这样，对一个社会也是如此”使读者期待作者从个人和社会两方面来说明这一点。但接下来的三句作者只说明对个人的作用，而没有对社会作用的说明。第八句又引出新的观点“同时它也有着不可小视的销蚀作用”。整个段落涉及到四个内容：
(1)伟大的精神造就伟大的人。
(2)伟大的精神造就伟大的事业。
(3)精神有着神奇的力量。
(4)同时精神也有着不可小视的销蚀作用。
与汉语段落相对比，英语段落呈线性发展，也就是说，段落的内容是循着一条直线发展的。典型的英文段落是由三部分组成的：
Description 描写 Description is a mental process, a way of perceiving objects in space and time. As it pertains to composition, description is a way of picturing images verbally in speech or writing and of arranging those images in logical or associational pattern. Generally, description is concerned with people, places, and things. But in academic writing, especially in IELTS, you have to write a simple description of an object, a process or some data. According to this requirement, two writing techniques are mainly concerned in IELTS when writing a description. They are: static description and process description. Static Description (静物描述) Very often we have to describe the appearance or layout of something. We shall refer to this as static description. In IELTS, you may be required to write a description about an aerosol container, a camera or a microwave oven. When describing such things a number of features may be contained: shape, size, color, location of parts and condition. Usually in writing static description the following principles should be observed: (1)Your description should be well organized, eg general to particular, more important to less important, front to back, top to bottom, etc. (2)You should offer the reader a clear picture in his mind of what you are describing (3)The details must be correct (4)You ought to stick to the important parts. A Relay A relay is a switching device for opening and closing one or more electrical circuits on receipt of an electric signal. A simple kind of relay consists of two parts: a switch in high voltage circuit which is operated by a spring loaded armature and a low voltage electro-magnetic circuit The electro-magnet comprises a soft iron core shaped like a horseshoe. Each arm of the core has a coil would around it. The coils are connected to each other and to a battery through an on\off switch. In writing static description, the following words are quite useful: above below over underneath at the front of at the back to the left to the right in the middle near close to apart on top of at the foot of at the base of at the bottom of on the side on the other side within inside circle vertical line hyperbolic curve Process Description (过程描述) A process is a series of actions ,changes ,functions, steps, stages, procedures, or operations that bring about a particular end or result. Like narration, process suggests ongoing movement and continuous action. The rhetorical structure of a process may be conveyed by a simple pattern: Introduction (thesis) Step 1 Step 2 Conclusion ( summary and so forth) Describing How to Do Something In describing how to do something the main thing is to arrange the information so that
Distance learning and online computer courses would replace traditional classroom learning. Descriptions of the changes wrought by the information revolution have scientifically proven how advanced and civilized our society is becoming. Recently, New York Times published a lengthy article on the University of Phoenix --- a virtual university that offers accredited degrees for coursework performed entirely on the Internet. However, some people doubt if this trend will bring us benefits. Admittedly, from an enlightened and pragmatic perspective, I, personally, would assert that it's the time for alternative teaching methodologies to take the leading position from traditional classroom learning. Not only the supporters of alternative learning, but also, I suppose, all of us could not deny the time-effectiveness and individualization that it brings to us. Unlike the traditional classroom learning which requires students to physically participate in class , distance learning and online computer courses allow students who for various reasons could not come to the classroom to customize their class schedules. For instance, a single working mother, who has to work full-time in order to pay checks, cannot fit the curriculum schedule in a real classroom, but might have a larger possibility to enroll some courses through distance learning and online computer courses. That is, alternative learning styles turn the "mission impossible" in old days into a real and practical action right now. Besides, it is alternative learning styles that enhance the quality and efficiency of individual learning. In most cases, alternative learning styles outweigh traditional classroom learning for one noticeable success that problem-solving process where most students have learning difficulties and problems is highly highlighted. In traditional classrooms, class time is given so limited for teachers to identify students'
On the Delay of Geographical Caching Methods in Two-Tiered Heterogeneous Networks
Abstract We consider a hierarchical network that consists of mobile users, a two-tiered cellular network (namely small cellsand macro cells) and central routers, each of which follows a Poisson point process (PPP). In this scenario, small cells with limited-capacity backhaul are able to cache content under a given set of randomized caching policies and storage constraints. Moreover, we consider three different content popularity models, namely fixed content popularity, distance-dependent and load-dependent,in order to model the spatio-temporal behavior of users’ content request patterns. We derive expressions for the average delay of users assuming perfect knowledge of content popularity distributions and randomized caching policies. Although the trend of the average delay for all three content popularity models is essentially identical, our results show that the overall performance of cached-enabled heterogeneous networks can be substantially improved, especially under the load dependentcontent popularity model. Besides, Because of the limitation of research conditions, the total network delay, network cost and optimization of network parameters are not analyzed. Keywords: edge caching, Poisson point process, stochastic geometry, mobile wireless networks, 5G Introduction It is known that content caching in 5G heterogeneous wireless networks improves the system performance, and is of high importance in limited-backhaul scenarios. Most existing literature focuses on the characterization of key performance metrics neglecting the backhaul limitations and the spatio-temporal content popularity profiles. In this work, we analyze the gains of caching in heterogeneous network deployment, and consider the average delay as a performance metric. Firstly we use passion point process (PPP) method to build the model. This heterogeneous network consists of mobile terminals (users), cache-enabled s mall base stations (SBSs), macro base stations (MBSs)
雅思写作-地图 第一段：改写题目 主要句式：图表名称+动词+描述主题+时间 图表名称：The diagram/map/picture 动词：show/illustrate/give information about/indicate 描述主题：1. The development/change of 某地方。2. How +某个地方+changed/developed. 3. The development/the change that has taken place +某个地方。 举例子： 1.The maps show the development of Stokeford village over an 80 years period from 1930 to 2010. 2.The diagrams illustrate some changes to a small island which has been developed for tourism. 3.The two pictures compare the layout of a school as it was in the year 2004 with a proposed/planned/projected/expected site design for the year 202 4. 4. The diagrams show West Park Secondary School at three different stages in its development: 1950, 1980 and 2010. 第二段：总结主要特征。 一般来说选取一两个最重大的变化特征。或者从全局来看，描述最显著的变化。同时还可以从地图功能的变化阐述其主要变化，比如说可以容纳更多学生，转变成居民区了，或者是旅游／娱乐设施完善了。 主要句式： 1. It is clear that +某地方+has changed considerably with the construction of some new facilities. It is clear that the island has changed considerably with the introduction of tourism. 2.数量+new features can be seen in the second diagram. Six new features can be seen in the second diagram. 3. The main developments are that + 句子（描述一个或两个重大变化） The main developments are that the island is accessible and visitors have somewhere to stay. 4. It is clear that the main change for+ 时间
10.27雅思写作内容： 一．大作文整体结构 开头段（三要素：背景，引题，自己立场） 主体段（正方/反方，让步/转折） 结尾段（重述立场和分论点，建议） 二．3种问法对应的文章框架结构 Discuss both views and give your opinion.(蓝P199) To what extent do you agree or disagree.(蓝P202) 作业： 1.掌握同义词替换（资料） 2.掌握得分句型 3.积累话题词汇和素材(蓝） 4.掌握两种不同问法的答题要点 Discussion 类例题1：教育类 In recent years, many young people have decided to further their study abroad. What are the benefits and drawbacks of studying abroad? In recent years, many young people have decided to further their study abroad. Some people claim that there are more benefits than drawbacks of studying abroad, do you agree or disagree? Benefits: ?Broaden /expand one’s horizons/vision, open minded, enrich knowledge ?Acquire / obtain advanced science and technology / concept ?easy access to first-rate educational facilities ?the latest development of …../up-to-date/field of study ?cultivate one’s independence / take care/ protect ?learn to get alone with people from different cultural backgrounds ?language environment ?more opportunities to obtain a decent job/well-paid/future career
雅思写作基础段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作基础段 课程周期：16小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共8次 教学目标： 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1整体介绍；task 1常用词汇及运用 第二次：雅思写作task 1常见图表介绍及相应的表达 第三次：雅思写作task 2整体介绍和常用词汇及运用 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类介绍与背景构建 第五次：雅思写作task 2常用表达运用及强化进阶 第六次：雅思写作task 1 和task 2 混合基础分场景共建 第七次：雅思写作task 1和task 2混合表达及词汇共建 第八次：雅思写作基础段总结及强化段铺垫与衔接 雅思写作强化段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作强化段 课程周期：12小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共6次 教学目标： 在进行了起步段和基础段之后，通过强化段的课程来帮助学生更深入地理解雅思写作考试。帮助学生解决备考中的关键性问题——思维发散。通过强化段的课程来提高学生在雅思写 作方面的应试能力。 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第二次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第三次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第五次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第六次：雅思写作task 2分类强化篇二：定制雅思教学计划 雅思阅读【总学时】 24学时 教材选用 《剑桥雅思考试全真试题4-9》外语教研社 第一阶段：第一个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：基础词汇积累&定位信息，关键词的基本能力 授课内容： 1，扩充雅思基础阅读词汇。 2，学会寻找关键词，在原文中快速定位，教授雅思阅读中常见的3种题型：1heading sentence(找标题)summary(摘要填空) ture/false/not given(是非题) 再陈述与推理及true, false, not given 题的技巧。 培养学生雅思判断题需要的逻辑思维 4，教会学生读文章的步骤，利用文章中的图片图表信息做题。 模考安排：每4次课一次单科模考和分析反馈 第二阶段：第二个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：猜词与复杂句，基本题型的操练 授课内容：1，词根，词缀，词性，利用上下文猜词的能力；十大句子关系。 学会如何判断词性，句子成分，如何判断区分有用与无用的生词。 3，快速找到复杂句的重点，根据复杂句完成简单的问题；
The shortage of housing in big cities can cause severe consequences, and only government a ction can solve the problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 翻译： 大城市的房屋短缺会导致严重后果，并且只有政府行为才能解决这一问题。你在何种程度上同意或反对？ 抛砖： 房地产业real estate是关系到人民生活的重要行业industry，政府不能完全放开到市场，让个人自行解决。首先，如果整个城市经济不发达，人民收入有限，即使房屋短缺也不会有房地产商愿意投资，政府应当把税收的一大部分用于建造保障住房，保证低收入low-income人群有房可住。 如果城市经济发达，当人口增加，房屋短缺时，房价必然提高，这时会有很多建筑商进入这个行业，建造新房，而垄断的房地产商们进一步提高房价，使普通市民无法承担can not afford，这时政府也应投资建造保障用房，平抑房价，解决居民居住问题，而且还要采取其它调控措施，保证房地产业健康发展。 房地产是民生行业，不能进行绝对的自由竞争，一定要有政府行为。 Some people think that good health is the basic needs of every human and it is not r ight for the medical care services to be run by profit-making companies. Do the disadvantage s of private health care outweigh its advantages? 翻译： 一些人认为身体健康是每个人的基本需求并且医疗保健服务被盈利公司所经营是不对的。私有健康保健机构的缺点是否超过好处？ 抛砖： 医疗行业是关系到人民生活的行业，不能完全被盈利公司所经营。当然，私有健康保健机构有好处，比如机构小，效率高；更多考虑患者需求，能提供更加个性化的服务。 但是私营医疗机构的目标是盈利，不会考虑那些无法承担医疗费用的人群，比如低收入或生活有困难的人们；而且私营机构总是集中在有赚钱效应的领域，比如牙医、整容、或心血管疾病等，而不愿涉足一些冷门的非盈利领域。 私营健康机构有自己的特点，作为保障医疗的补充，应长期存在，但政府应建立主要服务于大众的保障医疗机构，这样才能保障大多数人民群众的医疗需求。 Some people say that government should pay for the health care and education but oth er people say that it is not the governments' responsibility. Discuss both views and give yo ur own opinion. 翻译： 一些人说政府应当支付健康保健和教育但是另一些人说这不是政府的责任。讨论两种观点并给出你自己的观点。
问题回答： 怎样选择雅思考试的考点？ 准备雅思写作考试需要背范文吗？、 写作考试应该先写task 1还是task 2? 作文字数如何掌控？ 作文里句子越长越难就越容易得高分吗？ 写作考试是否需要打草稿？ 作文考试时应该用什么样的格式和字迹 雅思作文中是否可以使用1，we和you 同样的意思是否用字数更多的英语表达才更拿分 开头段中是否必须表明自己的观点 在句首使用But或者So是否犯规 It can be argued that_ One argument put forward is that_ It is advised that… It is commonly accepted that… It is reported that_（注意可以用现在时） It is estimated that. . . It is generally recognized .that… ( recognize: BrE) 学术类写作的特殊要求 练习1 Wealthy parents shouldn’t spoil their children. Otherwise, their children will become too dependent on them. 分析：文体错误，雅思写作中不可以用缩写 练习2 Today , newspapers report lots of crimes in horrible detail. 分析：使用了非正式口语词汇lots of，写作里面如果修饰可数名词可以用numerous, a host of 或者a vast number of; 修饰不可数可以用a great deal of 练习3 The impact of tourism on these traditional neighborhoods must be analysed. 分析：英美拼写混淆。雅思考试明确规定：英式和美式拼写都可以接受，但是不接受把英美拼写在同一篇文章里面混用。 练习4 Serious crimes harm people’s lives. 分析：用词没有特色，每个词都是初中词汇，完全可以按下列方式替换： serious --- severe ( or grave) crime---offense ( or criminal act) harm ---damage ( or destroy/ undermine/ jeopardize) people --- individuals
Lesson 2: Introductions ---- Four types of questions 1. Discussion Some people think that it is more effective for students to study in groups, while others believe that it is better for them to study alone. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Topic- study in groups or alone Answer- sometimes better alone, usually better in a group People have different views about the effectiveness of group study as opposed to working alone. While there are some benefits to studying independently, I believe that group work is usually more productive. 2. Opinion Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programmers. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Topic- community service for all teenagers Answer- 3 choice (agree, disagree, balanced opinion) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. (agree) I completely agree that this kind of scheme would be a good idea. (disagree) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. In my opinion, it would be wrong to force teenagers to do any kind of unsalaried work. (want mention both side) It is sometimes argued that high school students should be made to do some work in their local communities. While I disagree with the idea of making such programmers compulsory, I do believe that voluntary community service could benefit young people. 3. Problem and solution Some people reoffend after they have been punished. Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem? Topic- criminals reoffend Answer- several reasons, a variety of measures (government, communities) It is true that punishments do not always deter criminals from committing more crimes. There are various reasons why offenders repeatedly break the law, but governments could certainly take steps to address this issue. 4. Two-part question As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Topic- job satisfaction Answer- several factors, unrealistic / impossible Work plays a central role in our lives, and we would all like to feel fulfilled professionally. While a variety of factors may lead to job satisfaction, it would be unrealistic to expect everyone to be happy at work.
IELTS作文讲解：范文赏析 学生面授老师 时间本次课时IELTS写作第八课时教学思路 1.理论实际应用 2.范文赏析与学习 教学目标1. 明确分析题目的类型2．快速组织写作思路3. 提高写作质量 讲解重点 范文思路讲解 语言分析 备考资料剑桥真题、《雅思写作套路剖析与范例大全》 教学详细内容： 一、雅思小作文真题范文赏析 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. * The chart and graph below give information about sales and share prices for Coca-Cola. * Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.
审题: 1. 本题出现两个图，饼图与曲线图，首先确定写作结构，饼图和曲线图分别叙述，若两者之间有联系，则需要指出。这样本篇作文的大体结构就可以设置三部分，第一段对总体进行概述，主体段对两个表格分别描述，末段进行总结（可选） 2. 写作要点分析： ●饼图信息点：确定时间2000年，内容可口可乐罐装销售总额，地点为五个地区，分别 占的百分比，最大与最小百分比分别对应的地区。 ●曲线图：确定时间96年-01年，内容为可口可乐的股价，以美元为单位计算，曲线 信息可分为两个时间段，98年中期之前与之后的特点对比，总体趋势波动 范文： The pie chart shows the worldwide distribution of sales of Coca-Cola in the year 2000 and the graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001. 首段介绍两个图表的主要信息，巧妙地进行关键词的改写 the worldwide distribution In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17.1 billion cases of their fizzy drink
雅思写作寒假班作业要求 老师：邹燕萍 第一节课 1 雅思写作概述15分钟 评分标准，相关范文 2 50天备考方法15分钟 3 语言部分之基础介绍1个半小时 五种基本语法成分+常见错误集合 作业：核心词汇（10组）背诵+ 百变语法（40个翻译题） 第二节课 1语言部分高级部分：如何写出更好的句子（1个小时40分钟） 非谓语+插入语+倒装+否定。。。 2 小作文部分基本介绍（20分钟） 评分标准细分+词汇+句式+句间关系 作业：小作文基础知识背诵+百变语法（40个翻译题） 第三节课 1 小作文之曲线图55分钟 2 饼状图20分钟 3 柱状图35分钟 作业：线图，提交三套饼状图模板，柱状图 The graph below shows people’s life expectancy in five different countries from 1970 to 2010. Summarise the information by reporting and selecting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
第四节课 1 表格图25分钟 2 流程地图80分钟 5 大作文基本类型15分钟 作业：表格图1个，流程图1篇
第五节课 1 开头段55分钟 2 分论点提出方法55分钟 经济原则+身心健康+文化+时间效率+环境 3 引用法导入10分钟 作业：5个框架+开头段 开头段作业 1 Some people think that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge of skills needed in the workplace in the future. Others think that the true function of university is to give access to knowledge for its own sake. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 2 Maintaining public libraries is a waste of money since computer technology is now replacing their functions. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 3 Students at schools and universities learn for more from lessons with teachers than from other sources. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 4 International travel sometimes makes people more prejudiced rather than board-minded. What are the main reasons of this phenomenon? 5 Some people think that studying in a college or university is the best way for students to prepare for their future career. But others think that they should leave school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 第六节课 1 引用法论证25分钟
雅思写作第二课 一题目改写练习(Introduction) １.The graph below shows the percentage of people unable to find work in three major countries from 1983 to 1992. ２.The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1950, 1970, and 1990.
３.The table below shows information on income, taxes and prices in five cities around the world. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. ４.The two pie charts below show the types of communication used in 1962 and 1982.
?常见开头段同义词替换表：
２.数据分析原则(Body) 第一句话总结图中比较显著的趋势或者特征，其余句子按照第四点中所规定的顺序逐句叙述图表容。主体部分每一个句子一般有三个组成部分，分别是文字信息、数字信息和比较。很多考生习惯在作文中把数字逐一读出，这是不好的习惯。事实上，文字信息比数字信息更为重要，文字信息可以让读者清楚了解图表的主要信息，而数据只是起辅助的作用。 比较下面的句子： 例如：The average US family had 4.5 people in 1915, 3.3 in 1967 and 2.6 in 2006. 改后句子： The average family size in the US has been shrinking(文字信息), from 3.3 people in 1967 to 2.6 people in 2006（数字信息）, compared to 4.5 people in 1915（比较信息）. ?起点，结点和数量相等点，倍数点必写