国际工程合同管理必识100关键词英文解释
activity - In CPM (Critical Path Method) scheduling, a task or item of work required to complete a project.
activity duration - In CPM (Critical Path Method) scheduling, the estimated time required to complete an activity.
addendum, addenda (pl.) - Alteration or clarification of the plans or specifications provided to the bidder by the owner or by the owner's representative prior to bid time. An addendum becomes part of the contract documents when the contract is executed.
a dvertisement for bids - The published, public notice soliciting bids for construction. Usually, it is required by law that the advertisement be published in newspapers of general circulation in the area, when public funds are to be used for construction.
agent - A person authorized by another person to act on the first person's behalf. An architect is frequently the owner's agent.
agreement - (1) A meeting of the minds. (2) A promise to perform, between signatories of a document. (3) In construction, the specific documents setting forth the terms of the contracts between architect, owner, engineer, construction manager, contractor, and others.
allowance - (1) In bidding, an amount budgeted for an item for which no exact dollar amount is available. (2) A contingency for unforeseen costs. (3) The classification of connected parts or members according to their tightness or looseness.
alternate bid - An amount stated in a bid which can be added or deducted by an owner if the defined changes are made to the plans or specifications of the base bid.
arbitration - A method of settling disputes between parties of a contract by presenting information to recognized authorities. Parties agree in advance to binding arbitration of disputes, either as a clause in the contract or at the occurrence of a dispute. This method of avoiding litigation can save both time and money.
base bid - The amount of money stated in the bid as the sum for which bidder offers to perform the work described in the bidding documents, prior to adjustments for alternate bids which have been submitted.
bid - A complete and properly signed proposal to do the work or designated portion thereof for the amount or amounts stipulated therein. A bid is submitted in accordance with the bidding documents.
- bid bond A form of bid security executed by the bidder or principal and by a surety to guarantee that the bidder will enter into a contract within a specified time and furnish any
required performance bond, and labor and material payment bond. C
- bid date The date established by the owner or the architect for receipt of bids.
- bid form - A form, furnished to the bidder, on which to submit his bid.
- bid opening - The opening and tabulation of bids submitted within the prescribed bid time and in conformity with the prescribed procedures. Bid opening is preferable to bid letting.
bidding documents - The advertisement or invitation to bid, instructions to bidders, the bid form, other sample bidding and contract forms, and the proposed contract documents, including any addenda issued prior to receipt of bids.
bidding period - The calendar period beginning at the time of issuance of bidding documents and ending at the prescribed bid time.
bonding company - A firm providing a surety bond for work to be performed by a contractor payable to the owner in case of default of the contractor. The bond can be for work performance or for payment for materials and labor.
building code - The legal minimum requirements established or adopted by a governmental unit pertaining to the design and construction of buildings.
business agent - An official of a trade union who represents the union in negotiations and disputes and checks jobs for compliance with union regulations and union contracts.
change order - A written order to a contractor with the necessary signatures to make it a legal document and authorizing a change from the original plans, specifications, or other contract documents, as well as a change in the cost.
changes in the work - Changes to the original design, specifications, or scope of work requested by the owner. All changes in the work should be documented on change orders.
clarification drawing - An illustration, provided by an architect or engineer, to explain in more detail some area or item on the contract documents, or as part of a job change order or modification.
clerk of the works - A representative of the architect or owner who oversees construction, handles administrative matters, and ensures that construction is in accordance with the contract documents.
closed list of bidders - A list of contractors that have been approved by the architect and owner as the only ones from whom bid prices will be accepted.
closed specifications - Specifications stipulating the use of specific or proprietary products or processes without provision for substitution.
completion date - The date certified by the architect when the work in a building, or a designated portion thereof, is sufficiently complete, in accordance with the contract documents, so that the owner can occupy the work or designated portion thereof for the use for which it is intended.
completion list - The final list of items of work to be completed or corrected by the contractor. Sometimes called a "punch list".
comprehensive general liability insurance - A broad form of liability insurance covering claims for bodily injury and property damage which combines under one policy coverage for all liability exposures (except those specifically excluded) on a blanket basis and automatically covers new and unknown hazards that may develop. Comprehensive general liability insurance automatically includes contractual liability coverage for certain types of contracts. Products liability, completed operations liability and broader contractual liability coverage are available on an optional basis. This policy may also be written to include automobile liability.
construction documents - Drawings and specifications setting forth in detail the requirements for the construction of a project.
contingent agreement - An agreement, generally between an owner and an architect, in which some portion of the architect's compensation is contingent upon the owner's obtaining funds for the project (such as by successful referendum, sale of bonds, or securing of other financing), or upon some other specially prescribed condition.
contract documents - (1) The owner-contractor agreement. (2) The conditions of the contract (general, supplementary, and other conditions). (3) The drawings. (4) The specifications. (5) All addenda issued prior to, and all modifications issued after, execution of the contract. (6) Any items that may be specifically stipulated as being included in the contract documents.
damages - Usually, per diem amounts specified in a contract and payable only when incurred loss can be proved to have resulted from a contractor's delays or breach of contract.
date of agreement - The date shown on the face of an agreement, or the date the agreement is signed. It is usually the date of the award.
date of commencement of the work - The date established in the notice to proceed or, in the absence of such notice, the date of the agreement or such other date as may be established therein or by the parties thereto.
date of substantial completion - The date certified by the architect when the work or a designated portion thereof is sufficiently complete, in accordance with the contract documents, so that the owner may occupy the work or designated portion thereof for the use for which it is intended.
early finish - In CPM (Critical Path Method) terms, the first day on which no work is to be done for an activity, assuming work began on its early start time.
early start - In CPM (Critical Path Method) terms, the first day of a project on which work on an activity can begin if all preceding activities are completed as early as possible.
employer's liability insurance - Insurance that protects an employer from his employees' claims for damages resulting from sickness or injury sustained during their course of work and based on negligence of common law rather than on liability under workmen's compensation.
errors and omissions insurance - Professional liability insurance protecting architects or engineers from claims for damages which may result from alleged professional negligence.
extended coverage insurance - Work-site insurance (included in property insurance) against loss or damage caused by wind, hail, riot, civil commotion, aircraft, land vehicles, smoke, and explosion (except steam boiler explosion).
extra work - Any work, desired or performed, but not included in the original contract.
feasibility study - A thorough study of a proposed construction project to evaluate its economic, financial, technical, functional, environmental, and cultural advisability.
final acceptance - The formal acceptance of a contractor's completed construction project by the owner, upon notification from an architect that the job fulfills the contract requirements. Final acceptance is often accompanied by a final payment agreed upon in the contract.
final completion - A term denoting that the work has been completed in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Contract Documents.
final payment - The payment an owner awards to the contractor upon receipt of the final certificate for payment from the architect. Final payment usually covers the whole unpaid balance agreed to in the contract sum, plus or minus amounts altered by change orders.
force account - A term for any work ordered on a construction project without an earlier agreement on its lump sum or unit price cost and performed with the understanding that the contractor will bill the owner according to the cost of labor, materials, equipment, insurance, and taxes plus a certain percentage for overhead and profit.
general conditions - The portion of the contract documents in which the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the involved parties are itemized.
general contract - In a single-contract system, the documented agreement between the owner and the general contractor for all the construction for the entire job.
general contractor - For an inclusive construction project, the primary contractor who oversees and is responsible for all the work performed on the site, and to whom any subcontractors on the same job are responsible.
general foreman - The general contractor's on-site representative, often referred to as the "superintendent" on large construction projects. It is the responsibility of the general to coordinate the work of various trades and to oversee all labor performed at the site.
guarantee - A legally enforceable assurance of quality or performance of a product or work, or of the duration of satisfactory performance. Also called "guaranty" and/or "warranty".
guaranteed maximum cost - The maximum amount above which an owner and contractor agree that cost for work performed (as calculated on the basis of labor, materials, overhead, and profit) will not escalate.
guaranty bond - Each of the four following bonds are types of guaranty bonds: (1) bid bond, (2) labor and material payment bond, (3) performance bond, and (4) surety bond.
hold harmless - A clause of indemnification by which an insurance carrier agrees to assume his client's contractual obligation and to assume responsibility in certain situations which otherwise might be the obligation of the other party to the contract.
insurance - A contractual obligation by which one person or entity agrees to secure another against loss or damage from specified liabilities for premiums paid.
- professional liability - Insurance coverage for the insured professional's legal liability for claims for damages sustained by others allegedly as a result of negligent acts, errors, or omissions in the performance of professional services.
- workers' compensation- Insurance covering the liability of an employer to employees for compensation and other benefits required by worker's compensation laws with respect to injury, sickness, disease, or death arising from their employment. Also still known in some jurisdictions as "workmen's compensation insurance".
invitation to bid - A portion of the bidding documents soliciting bids for a construction project.
labor and material payment bond - A contractor's bond in which a surety guarantees to the owner that the contractor will pay for labor and materials used in the performance of the contract. The claimants under the bond are defined as those having direct contracts with the
contractor or any subcontractor. A labor and material payment bond is sometimes referred to as a payment bond.
latent defect - A defect in materials or equipment that could not have been discovered under reasonably careful observation. A latent defect is distinguished from a patent defect, which may be discovered by reasonable observation.
latest finish date - In the CPM (Critical Path Method) of scheduling, a completion deadline for a particular activity. Work performed after this deadline will result in project delay.
latest start date - In the CPM (Critical Path Method) of scheduling, the deadline for starting a particular activity. A late start will throw off the schedule and delay the project.
letter of intent - A letter signifying an intention to enter into a formal agreement, usually setting forth the general terms of the agreement.
licensed contractor - A person or entity certified by a governmental authority, where required by law, to engage in construction contracting.
l owest responsive bid - The lowest bid that is responsive to and complies with the requirements of the bidding documents.
maintenance bond - A contractor's bond in which a surety guarantees to the owner that defects of workmanship and materials will be rectified for a given period of time. A one-year bond is commonly included in the performance bond.
maintenance period - The period after completion of a contract during which a contractor is obligated to repair any defects in workmanship and materials that may become evident.
mechanic's lien - A lien on real property, created by statute in all states, in favor of persons supplying labor or materials for a building or structure for the value of labor or materials supplied by them. In some jurisdictions a mechanic's lien also exists for the value of professional services. Clear title to the property cannot be obtained until the claim for the labor, materials, or professional services is settled.
negligence - Failure to exercise due care under the circumstances. Legal liability for the consequences of an act or omission frequently depends upon whether or not there has been negligence.
network - In CPM (Critical Path Method) terminology, a graphic representation of activities showing their interrelationships.
notice to bidders - A notice contained in the bidding documents informing prospective bidders of the opportunity to submit bids on a project and setting forth the procedures for doing so.
notice to proceed - Written communication issued by the owner to the contractor authorizing the work to proceed and establishing the date of commencement of the work.
open bidding - A bidding procedure wherein bids or tenders are submitted by and received from all interested contractors, rather than from a select list of bidders privately invited to compete.
partial occupancy - Occupancy by the owner of a portion of a project prior to final completion.
penal sum - The amount named on a contract or bond as the penalty to be paid by a signatory thereto in the event that the contractual obligations are not performed.
performance bond - (1) A guarantee that a contractor will perform a job according to the terms of the contract, or the bond will be forfeited. (2) A bond of the contractor in which a surety guarantees to the owner that the work will be performed in accordance with the contract documents. Except where prohibited by statute, the performance bond is frequently combined with the labor and material payment bond.
principal-in-charge - The architect or engineer in a professional practice firm charged with the responsibility for the firm's services in connection with a given project.
professional liability insurance - Insurance coverage for the insured professional's legal liability for claims for damages sustained by others, allegedly as a result of negligent acts, errors, or omissions, in the performance of professional services.
project manager - A term frequently used to identify the individual designated by the principal-in-charge to manage the firm's services related to a given project. Normally, these services include administrative responsibilities as well as technical responsibilities.
quality control - A system of procedures and standards by which a constructor, product manufacturer, material processor, or the like, monitors the properties of the finished work.
record drawings - Construction drawings revised to show significant changes made during the construction process, usually based on marked-up prints, drawings, and other data furnished by the contractor to the architect. Record drawings are preferable to as-built drawings.
resident engineer - An engineer employed by the owner to represent the owner's interests at the project site during the construction phase. The term is frequently used on projects in which a governmental agency is involved.
retention - A percentage, usually 10%, withheld from a periodic payment to a contractor, in accordance with the owner-contractor agreement, for work completed. The retention is held until all terms of the contract have been fulfilled.
schedule of values - A statement furnished by the contractor to the architect reflecting the portions of the contract sum allocated to the various portions of the work and used as the basis for reviewing the contractor's applications for payment.
schematic design phase, schematic drawing - The phase of the architect's services in which the architect consults with the owner to ascertain the requirements of the project and prepares schematic design studies, consisting of drawings and other documents illustrating the scale and relationship of the project components to the owner. The architect also submits to the owner a statement of probable construction cost based on current area, volume, or other unit costs.
sealed bid - A bid, based on contract documents, that is submitted sealed for opening at a designated time and place.
shop drawings - Drawings, diagrams, schedules, and other data specially prepared for the work by the contractor or any subcontractor, manufacturer, supplier, or distributor to illustrate some portion of the work.
special conditions - A section of the conditions of the contract, other than general conditions and supplementary conditions, which may be prepared to describe conditions unique to a particular project.
specifications - A part of the contract documents contained in the project manual consisting of written requirements for materials, equipment, construction systems, standards, and workmanship. Under the Uniform Construction Index, the specifications comprise sixteen divisions.
subsurface investigation - The soil boring and sampling program, together with the associated laboratory tests, necessary to establish subsurface profiles and the relative strengths, compressibility, and other characteristics of the various strata encountered within depths likely to have an influence on the design of the project. Sometimes called "geotechnical investigation". Preferable to soil survey.
superintendent - The contractor's representative at the site who is responsible for continuous field supervision, coordination, completion of the work, and, unless another person is
designated in writing by the contractor to the owner and the architect, for the prevention of accidents.
surety - A person or entity who promises in writing to make good the debt or default of another.
surety bond - A legal instrument under which one party agrees to answer to another party for the debt, default, or failure to perform of a third party.
survey - (1) To do boundary, topographic, and/or utility mapping of the site. (2) To measure an existing building. (3) To analyze a building for the use of space. (4) To determine the owner's requirements for a project. (5) To investigate and report on required data for a project.
test pit - An excavation made to examine the subsurface conditions on a potential construction site. Also, a pit excavated to inspect the condition of existing foundations.
time - Term defined in reference to a construction contract as time limits or periods stated in the contract. A provision in a construction contract that "time is of the essence of the contract" signifies that the parties consider punctual performance within the time limits or periods in the contract to be a vital part of the performance. Failure to perform on time is a breach for which the injured party is entitled to damages in the amount of loss sustained.
unbalanced bid - A contractor's bid based on increased unit costs for tasks to be performed early and decreased unit costs for later tasks. The unbalanced bid is used in an attempt to get money early to finance later parts of the job.
value engineering - A process of reviewing plans and specifications for the purpose of reducing the final cost without changing the intended utility or overall appearance.
zoning (BOCA) - The reservation of certain specified areas within a community or city for buildings and structures, or of use of land, for certain purposes with other limitations, such as height, lot coverage, and other stipulated requirements.
《国际结算》关键术语 第一章国际结算导论 国际贸易结算：以票据为基础，单据为条件，银行为中枢，结算与融资相结合的非现金结算体系。 现金结算：指在贸易中，双方直接用现金进行收付的行为。 非现金结算：指在贸易中，双方使用非现金的形式如通过银行进行结算等其他方式。 现汇结算：指贸易双方选择可自由兑换货币即国际货币进行结算的方式，可以是现金及票据或银行信用。 记账结算：也称协定贸易结算，指国家之间所签贸易协定下的商品进出口贸易结算，只用于支付对方国债务，通过银行办理记账结算，不能自由运用。 货币可兑换性：指一国货币的自由兑换程度，只要不受限制可以自由兑换其他货币则为可兑换货币，反之，则不可兑换。 国际商会：（ICC)国际民间组织，致力于协调国际贸易纠纷，并制定国际统一规则与惯例，虽非强制性公约，但被各国普遍接受。 贸易术语：（Trade Terms）是规定价格的构成及买卖双方各自的责任、费用、风险以及确定货物所有权转移时限的专门用语。 推定交货：即货物单据化，以货物单据代表货物所有权，从而只处理货运单据而不管货物。 大额资金转账系统：即大额支付系统，是国际贸易中一国资金支付清算体系的主干线，其运行将对金融市场及金融体系效率产生重大影响。 小额定时结算：即满足社会经济中资金流动额度较小而业务量大的支付
系统，一般由极强的支付能力如各国银行系统、私营清算机构经营。 FEDWIRE:联邦资金转账系统，属于美联储，即美元清算体系一员，是一个实时的、全额的、贷记的资金转账系统，包括电子薄记式政府证劵转账系统。 CHIPS:清算所同业支付系统，由纽约清算协会拥有的私营支付系统，与前者类似，是一个贷记转账、作为替代纸票据清算的电子系统。 CHAPS:交换银行自动收付系统，一种以英镑为主的清算体系。 TARGET:欧洲间实时全额自动清算系统，即是一个跨国大额支付系统。负责欧元国家间大额欧元交易的清算。 SWIFT:环球银行金融电讯协会，影响力最大的组织，其本身不包括结算和清算，只是通信网络，各国会员银行可通过此电讯系统联机，如此业务即可自动处理。 分行：本章中指商业银行在海外设立的营业机构，不具备法人资格，受总行所在地的金融法令及营业地的条例所约束，下辖支行。 代表处：商业银行在海外设立的非营业机构，不能办理银行业务，而是开展公关活动，向驻地政府及国内外客户提供总行经营方针并寻求贸易机会。 子银行：即附属银行，商业银行为扩大海外网络在不能直接设置分支机构时，采取收购外国银行部分或全部股份的方法，其还可以经营非银行业务。 控制文件：（Control Documents)为使代理业务真实、保密，代理行之间的确认文件，包括密押、印鉴样本、费率表。 密押：指银行之间事先约定，在发送电报时，由发点行在电文中加注密码，以证其真实性。 印鉴样本：是银行有权签字人的签字样式，亦是银行将单证上的签名与所留印鉴核对而鉴别真实性的手段。 洗钱：通过有组织活动来掩盖大量以贩毒、走私、贪污等非法手段获得
外销员辅导物流货运费英文术语大全 海运费 ocean freight 集卡运费、短驳费 Drayage 订舱费 booking charge 报关费 customs clearance fee 操作劳务费 labour fee or handling charge 商检换单费 exchange fee for CIP 换单费 D/O fee 拆箱费 De-vanning charge 港杂费 port sur-charge 电放费 B/L surrender fee 冲关费 emergent declearation change 海关查验费 customs inspection fee 待时费 waiting charge 仓储费 storage fee 改单费 amendment charge 拼箱服务费 LCL service charge 动、植检疫费 animal & plant quarantine fee 移动式其重机费 mobile crane charge 进出库费 warehouse in/out charge 提箱费 container stuffing charge 滞期费 demurrage charge 滞箱费 container detention charge 卡车运费 cartage fee 商检费 commodity inspection fee 转运费 transportation charge 污箱费 container dirtyness change 坏箱费用 container damage charge 清洁箱费 container clearance charge 分拨费 dispatch charge 车上交货 FOT ( free on track ) 电汇手续费 T/T fee 转境费/过境费 I/E bonded charge 空运方面的专用术语 空运费 air freight 机场费 air terminal charge 空运提单费 airway bill fee FSC (燃油附加费) fuel surcharge SCC（安全附加费） security sur-charge 抽单费 D/O fee 上海港常用术语 内装箱费 container loading charge(including inland drayage) 疏港费 port congestion charge 他港常用术语
《国际私法期末复习指导》参考答案 名词解释 1、涉外民事关系：是指民事关系主体、客体、内容三者之一具有涉外因素的即为涉外民事关系。 2、法律冲突：是指对同一涉外民事关系，因与该涉外民事关系有关的国家的法律对该民事关系规定的不同，两个或两个以上国家的法律都要求适用或都可以适用于该民事关系而造成的法律冲突现象。 3、法律域内效力：是指一个国家法律的空间效力，即一国法律对居住在本国境内的人、位于本国境内的物和发生在本国境内的事都具有拘束力。 4、法律域外效力：是指一国法律对具有本国国籍的人，不论该人位于本国境内还是位于本国境外都具有拘束力，都发生法律效力。 5、国内判例：是一国法院审理某一案件作出的判决及该判决确定的法律原则对以后的司法审判具有拘束力。 6、国际惯例：是在国际交往中经过反复实践逐步形成的具有确定的内容，为世人所共知的行为准则。 7、冲突规范：是指某一涉外民事关系应使用何国法来调整的规范。 8、统一实体规范：是指在国际条约中规定的，或者在国际惯例中确立的直接规定涉外民事关系双方当事人权利义务的规范。 9、连接点：是指把特定的民事关系与某国法律连接起来的一种事实因素。 10、范围：是指冲突规范所要调整的民事关系。 11、系属：是指调整涉外民事关系应适用的法律。 12、单边冲突规范：是指冲突规范的系属直接指明涉外民事关系只适用内国法，或者只适用某一特定的外国法。 13、双边冲突规范：是指冲突规范的系属并不指明涉外民事关系适用内国法，或者适用外国法，而是指出一个客观标志或提出一个法律适用原则，根据这一客观标识或法律适用原则，结合涉外民事关系的事实情况，确定涉外民事关系应该适用内国法，还是适用外国法。14、系属公式：是指把常用的双边冲突规范的系属固定化，使用成为国际上公认的或为大多数国家采用的涉外民事关系法律适用原则。 15、准据法：是指按照冲突规范的指引而援用的确定当事人权利与义务的特定实体法。 16、先决问题：是指涉外民事关系中主要问题的解决是以另一个问题的解决为条件的，这另一个问题就是先决问题。 17、识别：是指对涉外民事关系中的事实情况或事实构成进行定性或分类，把它纳入特定的法律范畴，从而确定应适用哪一种冲突规范的过程。 18、反致：是指对某一涉外民事案件，受理案件国家的法院根据本国的冲突规范 应该适用外国法，而根据该外国的冲突规范该案应该适用受理案件国家的法律，如果受理案件国家的法院适用了本国的实体法，则构成反致。 19、转致：是指对某一涉外民事关系，甲国法院根据本国的冲突规范应适用乙国的法律，根据乙国的冲突规范应适用丙国的法律，如果甲国法院根据乙国冲突规范的指定适用了丙国的实体法审理案件，则构成转致。 20、法律规避：是指涉外民事关系的当事人为了规避原本应该适用的某一国的法律，故意制造一些条件，利用冲突规范，使对其有利的另一国法律得以适用，或者规避各国法律中规定的连接点，使涉外民事关系没有适当的法律进行调整，以实现法律规避的目的。 21、外国法的查明：是指一国法院在审理涉外民事案件时，根据冲突规范的指引应适用外国
国际结算英文术语
国际结算(International settlement) 贸易(Trade Settlement) 非贸易(Non-Trade Settlement) EDI（Electronic Data Intercharge）电子数据交换， 控制文件（Control Documents） 有权签字人的印鉴（Specimen Signatures） 密押（Test Key） 费率表（Terms and Condition） 货物单据化，履约证书化，( cargo documentation , guarantee certification) 权利单据（document of title） 流通转让性（Negotiability） 让与（Assignment） 转让（Transfer） 流通转让（Negotiation） 汇票的定义是：A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum
payable at days/ months after stated date） ④板期付款(bills payable on a fixed future date) ⑤延期付款(bills payable at days/months after shipment/ the date of B/L) 收款人名称（payee） 同样金额期限的第二张不付款”〔pay this first bill of exchange（second of the same tenor and dated being unpaid） 需要时的受托处理人（referee in case of need）出票人（drawer） 收款人（payee） 背书人（endorser） 被背书人（endorsee） 出票(issue) （1）制成汇票并签字（to draw a draft and to sign it）； （2）将制成的汇票交付给收款人（to deliver the draft
判断 第二章 1、以下汇票中哪些是有效汇票，并说明理由（12356 （×）4（√））（1）We hereby request you to pay on our account to the order of A Company USD 10,000 （2）Pay USD 10,000 out of the money to be received by you from A Company （3）A bill of exchange which is not dated and which does not specify the place where it is drawn （4）Pay to ABC Company USD 5,000.00 and debit same to our No.2 account （5）Pay Peter smith USD 10,000 if the goods sent are acceptable （6）Pay Michael Jordan USD 10,000 by 5 installments 2、本票的出票人是绝对的主债务人，即使远期本票也不必办理承兑（√） 3、汇票与支票的区别在于：前者以银行为付款人，而后者的付款人不限于银行（×） 4、普通支票可以经划线而成为划线支票，一般划线支票可以经记载指定银行而成为特殊划线支票（×） 5、汇票金额大小写数字不一致时，为维护出口商的利益，应以数字大的为准（√） 6、汇票的主债务人在承兑前是付款人，在承兑后是承兑人（×） 第三章 1、在汇款业务中，汇出行往往是汇款人或进口商所在地的银行，而汇入行往往是收款人所在地银行或出口方银行（√） 2、所谓转汇行，是指接受汇出行委托，将款项转汇给汇款人的银行（×） 3、在信汇、电汇与票汇三种汇款方式中，最传统，最常用的是信汇（×） 4、在进行头寸偿付时，如果汇款双方银行均未在对方开立账户，但在同一家代理行开立有往来账户时，则汇出行应主动通过该代理行将头寸拨付汇入行账户，这种资金调拨方式称为偿付行转账（√） 5、与其他国际结算方式相比，汇款方式具有手续简便，风险大，资金负担不平衡的特点（√） 6、汇付方式是一种对买卖双方均有较大风险的结算方式（√） 7、票汇业务中使用的汇票出票人是汇出行（√） 8、在信汇、电汇、票汇中，以电汇的成本最高，信汇的成本最低（×） 9、在一般情况下，汇入行可以在未收妥汇出行拨交的头寸时，向收款人解付款项（×） 10、汇款方式由于风险大，因此适用于交易双方相互信任，或者在跨国公司的不同子公司之间使用（√） 第四章 1、托收结算业务当中，接受委托而代向付款人收款的银行称为托收行（×） 2、在托收业务当中，委托人与付款人的关系是债权债务关系，而委托人与托收行、托收行与代收行之间均为委托—代理关系（√） 3、由于在托收业务当中，银行可以向出口商和进口商提供一定的资金融通，因此托收属于银行信用（×） 4、在跟单托收情况下，托收行在接受托收申请时，应承担核收单据的责任，即应对单据的形式，完整性，真伪性承担责任（×） 5、承兑交单对出口人有利而对进口人不利（×） 6、按照URC522的规定，委托人为防止货到目的地后因买方拒付货款而导致货物无人领取、保管、可以直接将货物发给进口地的代收行（×）
国际贸易术语英文缩写
国际贸易术语英文缩写 A AA制自动许可制 AAC 亚非会议 A.A.R 保综合险(一切险) ABCコ－ド ABC商业密码ac. 英亩 a/c(或A/C) 银行往来存款acpt 承兑;接受 a/cs pay. 应付帐款 a/cs rec. 应收帐款ACU 亚洲清算同盟 A/D 出票后 ADB 亚洲开发银行a.f. 预付运费 AFA 自动外汇分配制度AFDB 非洲开发银行 A.F.E. B. 核准的外汇银行agcy 代理公司 agt. 代理人 AIQ制自动进口配额制A.M. 互相保险
A.N. 到货通知 A/P 委托付款证 A/P 委托购买证 A/P 附加保险费 A/P 付讫 APO 亚洲生产率组织 APU 亚洲支付同盟 A/R 综合险,一切险 A/S 销货帐单 A/S 见票后 A/S 见票即付 ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟 ASP 美国销售价格 ATAカルネ暂时许可簿册,临时过境证A.T.L. 实际全损 A/V 从价 A/W 实际重量 A.W. B. 空运单 B B/Aレ－ト银行承兑利率 B/B 买入汇票 B/C 托收汇票
B/D 银行贴现 B/D 银行汇票 B/E 入港申报单 B/E 汇票 BETRO 英国出口贸易研究组织BIS 国际清算银行 B/G 保税货物 B/L 提单 B/N 钞票 B/N 交货记录 B.O. 分公司 B.P. 应付票据 B.R. 应收票据 B/S 再进口免税证 B/St 即票 BTN 布鲁塞尔税则分类 B.T.T. 银行电汇 C C.A. D. 凭单付款
C.B. D. 交货前付款 C.B.S. 装船前预付货款 C/C 商会 C.C. 时价 CCC 关税合作理事会 CCCN 关税合作理事会税则分类表 C.F.S. 集装箱货运站 C.H. 货舱 C.H. 票据交换所 C.H. 海关 Chq. 支票 C.I. 领事签证发票 C/I 保险证书 CIF関税込条件成本,保险费,运费加关税条件 CIF条件成本,保险加运费条件 CIF通関費用込条件成本,保险费,运费和一切进口费用条件 CIF＆C条件成本,保险费,运费加佣金条件 CIFに関する国際統一規則 CIF买卖契约统一规则
一、名词解释 2、法律冲突：又称法律抵触，是对同一涉外民事关系，因与该涉外民事关系有关的国家的法律对该民事关系规定的不同，两个或两个以上国家的法律都要求适用或都可以适用于该民事关系而造成的法律冲突现象。 5、国际私法的渊源：国际私法规范的表现形式。 6、国内判例：一国法院审理某一案件作出的判决及该判决确定的法律原则对以后的司法审判具有拘束力。 7、国际惯例：在国际交往中经过反复实践逐步形成的具有确定的内容，为世人所共知的行为准则。 8、冲突规范：某一涉外民事关系应适用何国法来调整的规范。 9、统一实体规范：在国际条约中规定的，或者在国际惯例中确立的直接规定涉外民事关系双方当事人权利义务的规范。 10、法则区别说：法则区别说是意大利著名注释法学家巴托鲁斯（1314—1357）创立的。他把法律分为人法和物法，他认为人法具有域外效力，凡是具有本国国籍的人，不论他位于国内或国外，本国法对他都有效。物法具有域内效力，凡位于本国境内的物，不论属于内国人或外国人所有，本国法都发生效力。 11、国际礼让说：国际礼让说是荷兰法学家伏特、胡伯于17世纪提出来的，这一理论主要体现在胡伯提出的三原则中，即：1．每个主权国家的法律在境内发生效力并约束其臣民，但无域外效力。2．凡在其境内居住的人，无论长期或临时居住的，都应视为本国臣民。3．主权国家对于另一国家已在其本国有效实施的法律，出于礼让应保持其在境内的效力，只要这样做不损害自己国家的利益。 12、法律关系本座说：19世纪，德国法学家萨维尼提出法律关系本座说，把国际私法推进到一个新阶段。他认为，每一种法律关系在逻辑上和性质上必然与某一特定的法律制度相联系，每一法律关系都有一个确定的“本座”，即一个他在性质上必须归属的法域。法院进行法律选择时，应根据法律关系的性质确定法律关系的本座所在地，而该本座所在地的法律就是该法律关系所应适用的法律。萨 18、最密切联系说：最密切联系说是指某一法律关系在当事人没有选择应适用的法律或选择无效的情况下，法院依据这一原则，在与法律关系有联系的国家中，选自一个与该法律关系本质上有重大联系，利害关系最密切的国家的法律予以适用。 19、连接点：把特定的民事关系与某国法律连接起来的一种事实因 素。
一、名词解释 国际结算:是指国际间由于政治、经济、文化、外交、军事等方面的交往或联系而发生的以货币表示的债权债务的清偿行为或资金转移行为。 国际贸易结算：以票据为基础，单据为条件，银行为中枢，结算与融资相结合的非现金结算体系。 票据：是指由出票人签发的，具有一定格式，约定债务人按期无条件支付一定金额，并经过背书可转让的书面支付凭证。（有价证券之父） 汇票：是出票人签发的，委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。 本票：出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。 支票：银行存款户根据协议向银行签发的即期无条件支付命令。 背书：是指持票人在票据背面签名，并交付给受让人的行为。 顺汇：系统结算工具的流向与货款的流向是同一个方向，是由债务人主动将款项交给本国银行，委托该银行通过某种结算工具的使用将汇款汇付给国外债权人或收款人。 逆汇：系统结算工具的流向与货款的流向是反方向。是由债权人通过出具票据委托本国银行向国外债务人收取汇票金额的结算方式。 电汇（T/T）：是汇出行应汇款人的申请，代其开立以汇入行为付款人的银行即期汇票，并交换汇款人，由汇款人自寄或者自带给国外收款人，由收款人到汇入行凭票取款的汇款方式。 信汇（M/T）：是汇出行应汇款人的申请，用航空信函指示汇入行解付一定金额给收款人的汇款方式。 票汇（D/D）：是汇出行应汇款人的申请，代其开立以汇入行为付款人的银行即期汇票，并交换汇款人，由汇款人自寄或者自带给国外收款人，由收款人到汇入行凭票取款的汇款方式。 托收：是银行根据委托人的指示处理金融单据或商业单据，目的是取得承兑或付款，并在承兑或付款后交付单据的行为。包括光票托收和跟单托收两种基本形式。 光票托收：指不附带任何货运单据的票据的托收。其货运单据由卖方直接寄交卖方，汇票则委托银行托收。常见的有银行汇票、本票、支票、旅行支票和商业汇票等。 跟单托收：是随货运单据的托收，是出口商在装运货物后，将汇票（也可以不要汇票）连同货运单据交给银行，委托银行代为收款的一种结算方式。包括付款交单和承兑交单两种不同的交单形式。 付款交单（D/P）：它包含着出口方对托收行和代收行的指示。付款交单又分为即期付款交单和远期付款交单。 承兑交单（D/A）：当代收行向进口方提示跟单汇票时，只要进口方对汇票承兑确认到期付款的责任，即能拿到代表物权的货运单据。 信用证：是银行做出的有条件的付款承诺。它是开证银行根据申请人（进口商）的要求和指示做出的在满足信用证要求和提交信用证规定的单据的条件下，向第三者（受益人、出口商）开立的承诺在一定期限内支付一定金额的书面文件。（逆汇） 议付行：是根据受益人的要求和提供的单据，在核实单证相符后向受益人垫款，并向付款行或偿付行索回垫款的银行。（有时由通知行或保兑行担任） 光票信用证：是指凭不附带货运单据的汇票(即光票)付款的信用证。 跟单信用证：是指凭附带货运单据的汇票(即跟单汇票)或仅凭货运单据付款的信用证。 不可撤销信用证：即信用证一经开出并经受益人接收后，开证行必须履行其义务，除非经所有当事人同意，否则不能单方面修改的信用证。 可撤销信用证：是开证行在开出信用证后，有权随时撤销或修改而不必征求有关当事人同意的信用证。 即期付款信用证：是开证行或付款行收到符合信用证条款的汇票和单据后，立即履行付款义务的信用证。 延期付款信用证：远期付款不需要汇票的信用证，称为延期付款信用证。 承兑信用证：远期付款并需要开立汇票的信用证就是承兑信用证。 可转让信用证：是指开证行授权指定的转让行(即被授权付款、承兑或议付的银行)，在原受益人(即第一受益人)的要求下，将信用证的可执行权利(即装运货物、交单取款的权利)全部或部分转让给一个或数个第三者（即第二受益人)的信用证。 不可转让信用证：是指受益人不能将信用证的可执行权利转让给他人的信用证。 背对背信用证：指一张信用证的受益人以这张信用证为保证，要求该证得通知行或者其他银行在该证的基础上，开立一张以本地或第三国实际供货人为受益人的新证，即对背信用证。 银行保函 (L/G)或银行保证书：它是指商业银行根据申请人的要求向受益人开出的担保申请人正常履行合同义务的书面证明。它是银行有条件承担一定经济责任的契约文件。当申请人未能履行其所承诺的义务时，银行负有向受益人赔偿经济损失的责任。 单据：是单据证书的简称，是指国际贸易结算中反映货物特征及说明交易情况的一系列证明文件或商业凭证
一、名词解释题 1、准据法:（lex causae 或applicable law）是指经冲突规范指引用来具体确定国际民商法律关系当事人的权利与义务的特定法域的实体法律。 2、承认与执行外国法院判决：是指一国法院基于国际条约或互惠原则，根据外国法院或有关当事人的请求或申请，依法承认和执行他国法院就某一国际民商事案件所作出的判决。 3、法律冲突（conflict of laws）：在国际法私法上，主要是指民商事法律的国际冲突，即涉及两个或两个以上不同法域的民商事法律对某一民商事关系的规定各不相同，而又竞相要求适用于该民商事关系，从而造成的该民商事关系在法律适用上的抵触现象，即适用所涉各法域互有差异的实体民商法规范，会得出不同的判决结果的现象。 4、系属公式（formula of attrbuion）:又叫准据法表述公式，就是把一些解决法律冲突的规则习惯化，使它成为国际上公认的处理原则，大多数国家采用它来解决同类性质的法律关系的法律适用问题。 5、直接适用的法：各国国内法中那些直接适用于国际民商事法律关系的实体规范。 6、国际贸易惯例：国际民商事主体在长期商业实践基础上反复适用而形成的习惯性做法，它们只有经当事人约定于合同中，才具有法律约束力。
7、巴托鲁斯：（Bartolus）14世纪意大利法则区别说的代表人物，他法学声 望极高，被称为“法律之光”。他在总结前人探索的基础上，将法则分为人法、物法和混合法。他抓住法律的域外效力和域内效力这一关键，提出了各城邦国家交往中的两个普遍法律问题：即一个城邦国家的法则是否可以适用于非本城邦居民；一个城邦国家的法则是否可以适用于该城邦国家领域之外。 8、杜摩兰（Charles Dumoulin）：法国法则区别说的代表人物。他继承和发扬 了意大得法则区别说，主张限制封建属地主义，削减宗教法庭权力，加强中央权力，统一全国法律。他在《巴黎习惯法评述》一书中指出在契约关系中，应该适用当事人自主选择的习惯法。因为在他看来，按照契约自由原则，当事人既然可以自由订立契约，也当然有权选择契约适用的法律。这就是被后人称其为当事人意思自治原则的理论。 9、胡伯（Ulricus Huber）:百度：17世纪荷兰著名的法学家，由他创 立了“国际礼让说”。该学说认为，法律原则上只具有域内效力，但在一定条件下（即不损害内国的主权权力和其臣民的利益），根据“礼让”，一国也是可以承认外国法的域外效力的。 书中：荷兰法则区别说的代表人物，其真正全面奠定了国际礼让说。其著有《论 罗马法与现行法》一书，他在书中提出了可以概括荷兰学派国际礼让说基本内容的三项原则：（1）一国法律仅在其主权所及的领域内具有绝对的效力；：（2）在一统治者领域内的所有人，无论是常住还是暂住，都视为其国民，并受其约束；：（3）但根据礼让，各统治者承认，已在其本国内实施的法律应该到处保持其效力，只要这样做不至于损害该统治者的国民。 10、斯托里（Joseph Story）：哈佛大学法学教授，美国联邦最高法院法 官，是英美国际私法学的奠基人，其代表作是《法律冲突论》，该书被誉为19世纪以来最杰出的冲突法著作，对英美国际私法思想产生了巨大的影响。一些美国学者甚至尊称其为“冲突法之父”。 他在利弗莫尔的基础上，根据胡伯三原则，创立了自己的礼让说，提出了国际私法三原则。他认为，一国适用外国法完全是基于礼让而非义务，即适用外国法是一种互利的要求，一国适用了外国法并公平对待了外国公民，目的是希望本国法律在外国得到公正的适用以及本国公民在外国享受平等待遇。 11、萨维尼（Savigny）：19世纪德国历史法学派的泰斗，最著名的私法学家，柏林大学法学教授，普鲁士立法大臣。其代表作是《现代罗马法体系》，他在书中第八卷提出了著名的“法律关系本座说”理论。 12、孟西尼（Mancini）：19世纪意大利著名的政治家和国际私
英文名词翻译 第一章 国际结算导论 international settlement 美国CHIPS 系统：纽约清算银行同业支付系统 英国CHAPS 系统: 清算所自动支付体系 布鲁塞尔SWIFT 系统： 环球银行金融电讯协会 (Critical Point for Delivery) 交货临界点 (Critical Point for Risk) 风险临界点 (Critical Point for Cost)费用临界点 《国际贸易术语解释通则》 Incoterms2000 visible trade :有(无)形贸易 (representative office) 代表处 ( agency office)代理处 （overseas sister bank /branch,subbranch ）海外分/支行 （correspondent bank ） 代理银行 （subsidiary bank ）附属银行（子银行） （affiliated banks ） 联营银行 （consortium bank ）银团银行 甲行以乙国货币在乙行设立帐户: 甲行是往帐（Nostro a/c),即我行在你行设帐（Our a/c with you ） 乙行以甲国货币在甲行设立帐户 甲行是来帐（V ostro a/c),即你行在我行设帐（Your a/c with us ） 在银行实际业务中，增加使用“贷记”（To Credit ），减少使用“借记”（To Debit ） 第二章 票据Instrument drawer 出票人 drawee/payer 付款人 payee 收款人 endorser 背书人 endorsee 被背书人 holder in due course 善意持票人 acceptor 承兑人 guarantor 保证人 bill of exchange 汇票 mandatory elements issue 出票 endorsement 背书 presentation 提示 acceptance 承兑 payment 付款 dishonor 拒付 recourse 追索 guarantee 保证 限制性抬头 restrictive order (pay E company only)(pay E company not transferable) 指示性抬头 demonstrative order (pay to the order of B company)(pay to B company or order) 持票来人抬头 payable to bearer (pay to bearer)(pay to A company or bearer) UCP600：《跟单信用证统一惯例》 URC 522 ;《托收统一规则》 URDG458：《见索即付保函统一规则》 URR 525：《跟单信用证项下银行间偿付统一规则》 URCB524：《合同保函统一规则》
国际结算：是指为清偿国际间的债权债务关系而发生在不同国家之间的货币收付活动。 票据：出票人签发的、承诺自己或委托他人在见票时或指定日期向收款人或持票人无条件支付一定金额、可以流通转让的一种有价证券。 汇票：由出票人签发的，委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日期无条件支付确定金额给收款人或持票人的票据。本票：出票人做成的一项无条件的书面自我支付承诺。 支票：无条件的书面支付命令，是一种以银行为付款人的即期汇票。 正当持票人：取得或受让票据时是善意的，并给付对价。对价：可以支持一项简单交易之物。 出票：即票据的签发。包括两个环节：一是做成汇票，并由出票人本人或授权人签名；二是将汇票交付给收款人。背书：汇票的持有者在汇票背面加注签章并将汇票交给被背书人的行为。 承兑：远期汇票的付款人签章于汇票的正面，明确表示于到期日支付票据金额的一种票据行为。 顺汇：又称汇付，是指债务人主动将款项交给本国银行，委托该银行通过某种结算工具的使用将款项汇付给国外债权人或者收款人。 逆汇；是指债权人通过出具票据委托本国银行向国外债务人收取汇票金额的结算方式。 汇款：银行根据汇款人或客户的委托，以一定的方式，通过其国外联行或代理行，将一定金额的货币支付给国外收款人或债权人的结算方式。 托收：出口商开立金融票据或商业票据或两者兼有，委托托收行通过其联行或代理行向进口商收取货款或劳务费用的结算方式。 付款交单D/P：代收行必须在进口商付清票款后，才将商业票据包括提单交给进口商的一种提单方式。承兑交单(D/A)：代收行在付款人承兑远期汇票后，把商业单据交给付款人，于汇票到期日时由付款人付款的一种交单方式。 跟单托收：DOCUMENTAY BILL FOR COLLECTION按金融单据是否随附商业单据分为两种，一种是金融票据随商业单据的托收，另一种是商业单据不付金融单据的托收。 光票托收：CLEAN BILL FOR COLLECTION出口商仅开立汇票而不附有任何的商业单据，委托银行收取货款的一种托收方式。预付：对卖方来说是在装运货物前或在交出货运单据前收取货款。到付74：指买方先得到货物，后进行付款的汇款方式。 信用证：开证银行根据申请人的要求和指示，向受益人开立的，有一定金额的，在一定期限内凭规定的单据，在制定的地点支付（即付款、承兑或议付汇票）的书面保证。 议付：被指定银行在相符交单下，在其应获偿付的银行工作日当天或之前向受益人预付或者同意预付款项，从而购买汇票及单据的行为。 银行保函：是指银行以自身的信誉，应其客户（委托人）的要求或应其他人（指示人）的指示而开立的保证文件。 备用信用证：是一种能为受益人提供下列担保或类似安排的信用证：1、偿还债务人的借款或预支给债务人的款项2、支付由债务人所承担的负债3、对债务人不履行契约而付款。 商业单据：主要是指描述商品品质或证明其状况的单据，包括发票，包装单，其他需要 出口商、船公司出具的函抄等。 运输单据：是证明货物载运情况的单据。当出口商将货物交给承运人办理装运时，承运人签发给出口商的证明文件，表明货物已装运或已装上运输工具或已接受监管。 海运提单：由承运人或者代理人根据运输合同签发给托运人的，表明接受特定的货物或货物已装上船并将经海洋运至目的地交给收货人的收据和物权凭证。 英译汉环球银行金融电信协会SWIFT 密押TEST KEY票据Bill 收款人payee汇票A bill of exchange出票Issue本票 A promissory note 背书Endorsement支票cheque 承兑Acceptance出票人Drawer 即期汇票Sight bill or draft/demand bill or draft付款人drawee 远期汇票Time bill or draft/usance bill or draft 提示Presentation 付款交单D/P发票NVOICE密押TEST KEY承兑交单D/A信汇M/T电汇T/T 票汇D/D 海运提单（B/L）BILL OF LADING已装船提单SHIPPED B/L备运提单RECEIVED FOR SHIPMENT B/L 清洁提单CLEAN B/L不清洁提单UNCLEAN B/L不符点DISCREPANCY跟单托收DOCUMENTAY BILL FOR COLLECTION光票托收C LEAN BILL FOR COLLECTION
国际结算(International settlement) 贸易(Trade Settlement) 非贸易(Non-Trade Settlement) EDI（Electronic Data Intercharge）电子数据交换， 控制文件（Control Documents） 有权签字人的印鉴（Specimen Signatures） 密押（Test Key） 费率表（Terms and Condition） 货物单据化，履约证书化，( cargo documentation , guarantee certification) 权利单据（document of title） 流通转让性（Negotiability） 让与（Assignment） 转让（Transfer） 流通转让（Negotiation） 汇票的定义是：A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to the order or specified person or to bearer. “汇票” (bill of exchange，exchange或draft) 无条件支付命令（unconditional order to pay） 出票条款（drawn clause） 利息条款（with interest） 分期付款(by stated instalment) 支付等值其它货币( pay the other currency according to an indicated rate of exchange) 付款人（payer）受票人（drawee） 付款期限（time of payment）或（tenor） 即期（at sight, on demand, on presentation）付款。 远期（at a determinable future time , time/ usance / term bill）付款。 期限远期付款的表现形式: ①见票后若干天(月)付款（bills payable at days/ months after sight） ②出票后若干天（月）付款（bills payable at days/ months after date） ③预定日期后若干天（月）付款（bills payable at days/ months after stated date） ④板期付款(bills payable on a fixed future date) ⑤延期付款(bills payable at days/months after shipment/ the date of B/L) 收款人名称（payee） 同样金额期限的第二张不付款”〔pay this first bill of exchange（second of the same tenor and dated being unpaid） 需要时的受托处理人（referee in case of need） 出票人（drawer） 收款人（payee） 背书人（endorser） 被背书人（endorsee） 出票(issue)
1、Bill of exchange(汇票): an unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to another, signed by the drawer, requiring the drawee to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to ,or to the order of ,a specified person or to bearer. 2、Sight bill（demand bill, or sight draft即期汇票）：is payable at sight, on demand, or on presentation. 3、Usance bill (time draft , or term draft 远期汇票)：is payable at a fixed or determinable future time. 4、promissory note(本票): an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker,engaging to pay,on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person or to bearer. 5、Trader’s note(商业本票): The maker is a trader, say, an individual or an enterprise. 6、Banker’s note（银行本票）：It is made by a bank, usually on demand. 7、Check(支票)：an unconditional order in writing, signed by the person giving it, requiring the drawee bank to whom it is addressed to pay on demand a sum certain in money to, or the order of a specified person or the bearer. 8、Crossed check（划线支票）: It means the check bearing two parallel lines on the face. It must be paid into a bank account and cannot be cashed over the counter. 9、Uncrossed check(open check 非划线支票)：Those bearing no crossing on the face are called uncrossed checks. 10、Certified check（保兑支票）：It is a check that is certified by the drawee bank. Once it is certified, all other obligors on the check will be discharged of the liability of payment. 11、Collection(托收)：an arrangement whereby the goods are shipped and a relevant bill of exchange is drawn by the seller on the buyer, and / or shipping documents are forwarded to the seller’s bank with clear instructions for collection through one of its correspondent bank located in the domicile of the buyer. 12、Clean collection(光票托收)：a collection on financial documents without being accompanied commercial documents such as invoices, bill of lading, insurance policy, etc. 13、Documentary collection(跟单托收)：a collection on financial instruments being accompanied by commercial documents or collection on commercial documents without being accompanied by financial documents. 14、Factoring（保理）：A factoring contract means a contract pursuant （依照）to which a supplier （供应商）may or will assign accounts receivable （应付账款）to a facto r for ledgering receivables（计应收款分类账）, collecting proceeds and / or protecting against bad debts. 15、Forfeiting（票据包买业务）：is the business of discounting medium-term and long-term promissory note or drafts without recourse related to an international trade transaction. The promissory notes or drafts are accepted by the importer and guaranteed b y an importer’s bank ensuring the holder that the importer will pay it at maturity. 16、Letter of credit（信用证）: is a letter written by a bank to the beneficiary, informing the beneficiary that the bank will pay a sum certain in money to the beneficiary if the beneficiary provides the bank with certain described documents within a prescribed time period. 17、Acceptance credit(承兑信用证)：the acceptance credit is one that indicates a bank which is called accepting bank, be it the issuing bank or another nominated bank, to accept and pay the face value of draft drawn on this bank at maturity.