美国文学作家&考试要点
Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡
Unit 2 The Cask of Amontillado 《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor, 弗图纳多Fortunato
十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家。
主要成就：侦探小说、恐怖小说、效果论
浪漫主义时期，诗歌&小说（恐怖、推理、哥特式Cothic Fiction---恐怖+浪漫），小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。
《述异集》Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque
《故事集》Tales
诗集：
《帖木尔》Tamerlane and Other Poems
《阿尔·阿拉夫》Al Aaraaf
《诗集》Poems
《乌鸦及其他诗篇》The Raven and Other Poems
哥特小说
《厄舍古厦的倒塌》The Fall of the House of Usher：被活埋的病女破土而出的复仇故事。《莉盖亚》Ligeia：亡妻占据新娘的肉体重生。
《红色死亡假面舞会》The Masque of the Red Death
犯罪冲动型小说
《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》The Cask of Amontillado：筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。
《黑猫》The Black Cat：男人虐猫后的心路历程。
侦探小说
《被窃的信件》The Purloined Letter
《莫格街谋杀案》The Murders in the Rue Morgue
《金甲虫》The Gold-Bug
喜剧小说
理论著作
《创作哲学》The Philosophy of Composition
《诗歌原理》The Poetic Principle
Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑
Unit 4 The Scarlet Letter (Chapter 2 ) 《红字》
人物:白兰Hester Prynne, 奇里沃斯Chillingworth, 奥瑟·狄姆斯台尔Dimmesdale
19世纪前半期美国最伟大的小说家。
浪漫主义时期，作品受清教主义思想影响，作品中运用了象征手法，如《红字》中的A代表：Adultery私通→Alone，Alienatior→Angle, Able, Admirable.
主要成就：美国心理分析小说的开创者
浪漫主义小说家
心理小说家
短篇小说集《故事重述》Twice-told Tales 和《古宅青苔》Mosses from an Old Manse
长篇小说：
《范肖》Fanshawe
《红字》The Scarlet Letter
《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The House of the Seven Gables
《福谷传奇》The Blithedale Romance
《玉石雕像》The Marble Faun
Unit 7 19th-Century American Poets
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗
19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。传统派，励志型。
诗集：
《夜吟》Voices of the Night
《歌谣及其他》Ballads and Other Poems
《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline
《海依华沙之歌》The Song of Hiawatha
诗歌：
《我射出一支箭······》I Shot an Arrow...
《生命颂》 A Psalm of Life
Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡
受浪漫主义的影响，诗歌的精髓就是追求美。
音乐节奏和意象美：
《安娜贝尔·李》Annabel Lee
《乌鸦》The Raven
《十四行诗---致科学》Sonnet---To Science
《致海伦》To Helen
Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼
美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的自由体（Free Verse），其代表作品是诗集《草叶集》Leaves of Grass。
诗歌：
《我歌唱自我》One's Self I Sing
《噢，船长！我的船长！》O Captain! My Captain!
Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·狄金森
美国女诗人，狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡，对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌，她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生。
宅女，想象力，诗歌（死亡、爱情、失败、无标点）
《要描绘一片草原······》To Make a Prairie
《最美妙的胜利感觉》Success Is Counted Sweetest
《我是无名之辈》I'm Nobody!
Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩
Unit 10 The Open Boat 《海上扁舟》
人物：船长Captain, 注油工Oiler（最后死了）
厨师Cook, 记者Correspondent
是美国著名的文学家,自然主义手法Naturalism( Human are controlled by laws of environment 环境and heredity遗传)。其作品特点：realistic，naturalistic, impressionistic.同时其作品大多关注社会底层，但比较pessimistic. 《海上扁舟》中运用了自然主义和印象主义（光的变化）的手法
作品：
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》
The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》
The Open Boat 《海上扁舟》
The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 《新娘来到黄天镇》
The Blue Hotel 《蓝色旅店》
Katherine Anne Porter 凯萨琳·安·波特
Unit 13 The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 《被背弃的老祖母》
人物: Granny Weatherall, Geoge（恋人），John（丈夫）Cornelia(大女儿)，Hapsy（小女儿），Doctor Harry,
Lydia（女儿）
美国南方女作家，当过电影演员、歌手、教员和记者。意识流Stream of Consciousness的代表，其作品大多侧重针砭社会、批评人类在追求理想时的愚蠢行为。最突出的贡献是从女性主义Feminism的角度写女性解放。
作品：
The Flowering Judas 《开花的紫荆树》
Pale Horse, Pale Rider 《灰色骑士灰色马》
The Leaning Tower 《斜塔》
The Old Order 《旧秩序》
Old Mortality 《修墓老人》
A Ship of Fools 《愚人船》
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 《被背弃的老祖母》
F·Scott Fitzgerald 弗·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德
Unit 14 The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》
人物: Gatsby盖茨比，Daisy黛西，Tom汤姆，Nick尼克，Myrtle （汤姆的情妇），Wilson（汤姆情妇的丈夫）
《了不起的盖茨比》被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征，以美国梦American Dream为主线。“迷惘的一代”
The Side of Paradise 《人间天堂》
The Beautiful and the Damned 《漂亮的冤家》
Flappers and Philosophers 《姑娘们与哲学家们》
Tales of the Jazz Age 《爵士乐时代的故事》
The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》
Tender is the Night 《夜色温柔》
The Crack-up 《崩溃》
William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳
Unit 15 Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》
人物: Sarty萨蒂（小男孩），Abner阿伯纳（父亲），Harris 哈里斯（庄园主）
小说家
他名下共有23部长篇小说、11个短篇小说、7个诗集、6个电影剧本、1个电视剧剧本。1949年作品《我弥留之际》获诺贝尔文学奖，1954年和1962年度普利策奖。
虚拟的王国，爱恨，南方作品，意识流与多视角
作品：
The Marble Faun 《大理石牧神》
Soldier’s Pay 《士兵的报酬》
Mosquitoes 《蚊群》
The Sound and the Fury 《喧嚣与骚动》
As I Lay Dying 《我弥留之际》
Light in August 《八月之光》
Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》
Sartoris 《沙多里斯》
The Hamlet 《村子》
The Town《小镇》
The Mansion 《大宅》
Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特·海明威
Unit 16 A Clean, Well-Lighted Place 《一个干净、明亮的地方》
人物:The old man, Younger waiter, Older waiter
美国小说家，“迷惘的一代”作家的代表，冰山理论Iceberg Theory，作品结尾大多是开放式，自然主义Naturalism和象征表现Symbolism，虚无nada/nothing.
1953年凭《老人与海》获得普利策奖。
1954年凭《老人与海》及一生的文学成就获得诺贝尔文学奖。
A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》
In Our Time 《在我们的时代里》
The Sun Also Rises 《太阳照样升起》
For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》
A Clean, Well-Lighted Place 《一个干净、明亮的地方》
Unit 17 20th-Century American Poets
Ezra Pound 埃兹拉·庞德
美国著名诗人，意象派的代表人物。他和艾略特同为后期象征主义诗歌的领军人物。他从中国古典诗歌、日本俳句中生发出“诗歌意象”的理论，为东西方诗歌的互相借鉴做出了卓越贡献。
意象派（Imagists）现代英美诗歌流派，它是当时盛行于西方世界的象征主义文学运动的一个分支。其宗旨是要求诗人以鲜明、准确、含蓄和高度凝炼的意象生动及形象地展现事物，并将诗人瞬息间的思想感情溶化在诗行中。
诗集：
Exultations 《狂喜》
Personae 《人物》
Cathay 《中国》
Cantos 《诗章》
Des Imagistes 《意象派诗选》
诗歌：
In A Station of the Metro 《在一个地铁车站》
Wallace Stevens 华莱士·斯蒂文斯
想象力在他的诗歌创作中占有重要的地位。
The Necessary Angel 《必要的天使》
Anecdote of the Jar 《坛子的轶事》
William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯
与象征派和意象派联系紧密, 他反对维多利亚诗风（尤其是T·S·艾略特），既受到庞德等人影响，又继承了浪漫派传统，推陈出新，力求贴近生活语言。
他的诗歌具有浓郁的乡土气息，他擅长于在日常生活的琐事中发现美、兴趣和意义。
作品：
Collected Later Poems 《近期诗集》
Collected Early Poems 《早期诗集》
Paterson 《佩特森》
The Red Wheelbarrow 《红色手推车》
Spring and All 《春天和一切》
Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗洛斯特
罗伯特·弗罗斯特是20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人。他曾赢得4次普利策奖和许多其他的奖励及荣誉，被称之为美国文学中的桂冠诗人。被称作“新英格兰诗人”，传统诗歌形式和五音抑扬格诗行，他的诗歌精雕细琢，没有一个字是多余的。
作品：
A Boy’s Will 《一个男孩的意愿》
North of Boston 《波士顿的北部》
New Hamphshire 《新罕布什尔》
Collected Poems 《诗集》
A Further Range 《又一片牧场》
A Witness Tree 《标记树》
Fire and Ice 《火与冰》
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边驻脚》
The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》
Langston Hughes 兰斯顿·休斯
作品：
The Weary Blues 《萎靡的布鲁斯》
Fine Clothes to the Jew 《抵押给犹太人的好衣服》
The Dream Keeper and Other Poems 《梦乡人》
Shakespeare in Harlem 《哈莱姆的莎士比亚》
Dreams 《梦想》
Me and the Mule 《我与骡子》
Border Line 《分界线》
Archibald MacLeish 阿奇博尔德·麦克利什
第一位参与创建联合国教科文组织的美国人，主持了在巴黎召开的首届教科文组织代表大会。《征服者》是第一个普利策奖，《诗集》（collected Poems,1952）一书为他带来了第二个普利策奖、国家图书奖和博林根奖。而他根据《圣经：约伯书》故事编写的诗剧J.B.又为他赢来了第三个普利策奖。一部以罗斯福夫人为题材的电影剧本再次获得一项艺术界的最高荣誉：奥斯卡奖。
作品：
The Happy Marriage 《幸福的婚姻》
The Poet of Earth 《大地诗人》
Conquistador 《征服者》
Collected Poems 《诗集》
诗剧J.B.
诗：
Ars Poetica 《诗艺》
Eugene Glastone O’Neil 尤金·格拉斯通·奥尼尔
Unit 18 Desire Under the Elms 《榆树下的欲望》
人物：Cabot卡伯特（农场主），彼得和西蒙（第一任太太所生的两个儿子），Eben埃本（第二任太太所生），Abbie（第三任太太）
美国著名剧作家，表现主义文学的代表作家。一生共4次获普利策奖（1920，1922，1928，1957），并于1936年获诺贝尔文学奖。自然主义，。《榆树下的欲望》是奥尼尔的经典作品之一，被誉为“美国第一部伟大的悲剧”，也是奥尼尔的最后一部自然主义剧作，作品揭露了美国新英格兰清教背后所掩盖着的情欲和贪婪。
作品;
Bound East for Cardiff 《东航加的夫》
In the Zone 《在这一带》
The Long V oyage Home 《漫长的返航》
The Moon of the Caribees 《加勒比的月亮》
Emperor Jones 《琼斯皇帝》
The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》
The Great God Brown 《大神布朗》
Strange Interlude 《奇异的插曲》
Desire Under the Elms 《榆树下的欲望》
Mourning Becomes Electra 《悲悼》
The Icemen Cometh 《送冰的人来了》
A Touch of the Poet 《诗人的气质》
Long Day’s Journey Into Night 《长日终入夜》
The Moon for the Misbegotten 《月照不幸人》
Hugie 《休依》
More Stately Mansions 《更庄严的大厦》
Ralph Waldo Ellison 拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森
Unit 21 Invisible Man 《看不见的人》
美国二十世纪五十年代以来最重要的黑人文学作家,同时是一个卓有成效的美国文学评论家,还是20世纪美国文化研究的重要开拓者之一。《隐形人》的问世标志着黑人文学脱离现实主义和自然主义文风，黑人命运，种族，人性。主线：我是谁？（Self-identity），自然主义naturalism和超现实主义surrealism，表现主义expressionism，象征symbolism，飞去来器
boomerang。愚昧到启蒙，隐形到现形，“务必让这个黑小子跑个不停”Keep This Nigger-Boy Running.
Invisible Man 《看不见的人》
Shadow and Act 《影子与行动》
Going to the Territory 《走向领域》
Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒
黑色幽默Black Humor，含泪的笑
作品：
Catch-22 《第二十二条军规》
We Bombed in New Haven 《我们轰炸了纽黑文》
Something Happened 《出了毛病》
Good as Gold《像高尔德那样好》
God Knows 《天晓得》
Toni Morrison 托尼·莫里森
美国黑人女作家，莫里森的作品历史感强，想象丰富，具有强烈的艺术感染力。《爱娃》获1988年普利策奖，1933年，莫里森获得诺贝尔文学奖。
The Bluest Eye 《最蓝的眼睛》
Sula 《秀拉》
Song of Solomon 《所罗门之歌》
Tar Baby 《柏油娃娃》
Beloved 《爱娃》
Jazz 《爵士乐》
Paradise 《天堂》
Recitatif 《宣叙》
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林P1
Poor Richard’s Almanac 《格言历书》
The Autobiography 《自传》
Saul Bellow 索尔·贝娄P294
Dangling man 《晃来晃去的人》
The Victim 《受害者》
The Adventures of Augie March 《奥吉·玛琪历险记》Seize the Day 《只争朝夕》
Henderson the Rain King 《雨王汉德森》
Herzog 《赫尔索格》
Mr. Sammler’s Planet 《赛姆勒先生的行星》Humbolt’s Gift 《洪堡的礼物》
The Dean’s December 《院长的十二月》
More Die of Heartbreak 《更多人死于悲痛》
The Theft 《盗窃》
The Actual 《真实的》
Mosby’s Memories and Other Stories
《莫斯比的回忆及其他故事》
The Last Analysis 《最后的分析》
Looking for Mr. Green 《寻找格林先生》
Ralph Wal Emerson 拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生P18 Nature 《论自然》
Self-Reliance 《论自助》
The American Scholar《论美国学者》
The Divinity School Address 《神学院致辞》Essays: First Series《论文集》
Essays: Second Series《论文集：第二辑》Representative Men《人类代表》
English Traits《英国特征》
Poems《诗集》
May-Day and Other Pieces《五月节》
湖州师范学院外国语学院2008— 2009学年第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A卷）答案暨评分标准 I. Write the names of the authors. (10%) ①Walt Whitman ②Edgar Allen Poe ③Wallace Stevens ④Franklin Norris ⑤Stephen Crane ⑥William Faulkner ⑦Sinclair Lewis ⑧John Steinbeck ⑨Langston Hughes ⑩Tennessee Williams II. Fill in the following blanks with appropriate information.（10%） ①New England ②Regionalism or Local color writing ③semi-autobiographical ④anti-realism ⑤Imagist ⑥Santiago ⑦multiple narrations or points of view ⑧1930 ⑨Harlem Renaissance ⑩Eugene O’Neill III. Choose only one answer form the four choices as the most appropriate answer. （20%） 1－5. A D C B B 6－10. D B E B A IV. Identify the author and the title of the work from which each of the following excerpts is taken. And then answer the question after each excerpt. (20%) Passage 1 the author: Walt Whitman (1%) the title of the work : Songs of Myself (1%) Question: What is the poet celebrating? (2%) The poet is celebrating individualism and nationalism, singing of all those people who form the American nationality.
1. The American Transcendentalists formed a club called ________ the Transcendental Club 2. _______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. Washington Irving 3. At nineteen __________ published in his brother 's newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle" satires of New York life. 4. In Washington Irving 's work _______________ appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book 5. The first important American novelist was ____________ .James Fenimore Cooper 6. James Fenimore Cooper 's novel _______________ was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War. The Spy 7. The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was ____________ . The Pilot 8. "To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of _____________ _'s work; it has been called by an eminent English critic “ the most perfect brief poem in the lan guage . ”William Cullen Bryant 9. ______________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the world literature.
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
Works: Part 1. The Literature of Colonial America John Smith 1580-1631 1 first American writer A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony; A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country; The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles Roger Williams 1603-1683 1 Begins the history of religious toleration in America A key into the Language of America Edward Taylor 1612-1672 1 The best of the puritan poets No publishing of his work, most treat religious themes, many poems based directly on Psalms. Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826 1 The first American secretary of state Drafted the Declaration of Independence Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise(his first pamphlet)税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代Agrarian Justice --last important treaties 1 Great Commoner of Mankind 2 The most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution 3 natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellion Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832 Father of American Poetry The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地 1 the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period 2 “Poet of the American Revolution” 3 herald American literary independence
大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题： 1.选择/对错60分（40道选择，20个对错） 2.名词解释10分（5个） 3.选段配对10分（5个） 4.问答20分（10/2） 1．历史：Father / poetess… 2. 名作家：Hemingway, Faulkner, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson 3．作品：The W asteland/Moby Dick/Scarlet Letter 1.a)选择题（40个，40分） 1. At the age of reason and revolution, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ________. A. Chartist Movement B. Romanticist Movement C. Enlightenment Movement D. Modernist Movement 2. Which is NOT connected to Benjamin Franklin? ________ A. He was born in a poor family. B. He was a pious puritan. C. He was phrased as “Jack of all trades”. D. He was a master of diplomacy. 3. Ernest Hemingway is noted for the following EXCEPT ________. A. Lost Generation B. Iceberg theory C. American Dream D. Code Heroes 4. Which character is NOT from The Scarlet Letter? ________ A. Hester Prynne B. Roger Chillingworth C. Captain Ahab D. Pearl 5. Jack London’s semi-biographical novel ________well presents the disillusionment of American Dream. A. The American Tragedy B. The Call of the Wild C. Martin Eden D. The Grapes of Wrath b)判断对错题（20个，20分） 1. Poe’s masterpiece “To Helen” is written to memorize his deceased wife. (F) 2. The tone of “Annabel Lee” is optimistic and hopeful. (F) 3. Mark Twain's novel Jumping Frog was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize. (F) 4. Sister Carrie ended up in tragedy because she could not control her fate. (F)
殖民主义时期 John Smith 美国第一位作家 Anne Bradstreet 第一位移民诗人 Edward Taylor 清教徒诗人 文艺复兴时期 Benjamin Franklin 参与了起草独立宣言 成名作 《Poor Richard ' Almanack 》 《 Autobiography 》 Thomas Paine 拥护独立宣言 成名作 《 Great Commoner of Mankind 》最平凡的人
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
（Realism） 一、Background 1）Mechanization 机器化 2）Urbanization 城市化 3）Industrialization 工业化 4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始 5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用 6) Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism. 二、文化特征： 1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多 2）开始关注Mid class 3）现实主义（realism）-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。 一、时期综述： 1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。 2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne,
and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。 3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法： 19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed. 反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。 4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点 5、Naturalism：自然主义 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力 客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。 The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious ―truths‖ were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。Deterministic 决定论，宿命的， 代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯, Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞. 6、Darwinism: 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。 二、代表作家： 1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 ①★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定 节奏，无有规律的韵脚
美国文学史整理 一、Colonial America 殖民时期 1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教 American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace. 3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and honest. 4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. 5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩 work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》 American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人权》 The Age of Reason《理性时代》 ②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林） Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》 Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
美国文学史 American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary: 1.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林) 2.hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林) 1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders) 2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集(It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation) 3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to Poor Richard Improved) 4)The Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传) 5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题. 6)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学. 7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges. 8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,anddiplomat,hewasthemostfamousandre spectedprivatefigureofhistime. hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲； The British Prison Ship英国囚船； To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；
名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.