高中英语语法通霸
第一讲相关概念
考点1，词性的英文缩写
在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。
缩写字母原词代表词性
n. noun 名词
v. verb 动词
vt. transitive verb 及物动词
vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词
modal v modal verb 情态动词
au. v auxiliary verb 助动词
adj. adjective 形容词
adv. adverb 副词
num. numeral 数词
Interj. Interjection 感叹词
pron pronoun 代词
prep preposition 介词
art. article 冠词
conj. conjunction 连词
考点2．及物动词和不及物动词
实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后而不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词
The door opened.（open后面没跟宾语，此时pen是不及物动词，）
He opened the door.（open后面有宾语the door，此时open是及物动词，）
注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关健是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。
A
The meeting began at six．（begin是不及物动词，）
We began the meeting at six．（begin是及物动词，）
B
The man walked away（walk是不及物动词，意为“走”）
He walked the dog every day．（walk是及物动词，“遛”。）
C
He listens to the music every day．（listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。）
D
I don't know what to do.
I don't know why/how/when to do.
第一个向子是正确的，what是do的宾语。
第二个句子需要在do后加it.
E．
后面可直接跟宾语从句，但跟名词、代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词，要跟介词
I think it's interesting
What do you think of the film?
I replied that I was unable to help them. 我回答说我帮不了他们
He has not yet replied to my question. 他还没有回答我的问题
He insisted that I (should) apologize to her. 他坚持我应该向她道歉。
He insisted on paying for the meal. 他坚持要付饭钱。
He insisted on immediate payment. 他坚持要求对方立即付款。
练习1．指出下列句中斜体动词的词性（及物动词填vt，不及物动词填vi）
1. Most birds can fly .
2. The children are flying kites in the park.
3. It happened yesterday.
4. My watch stopped.
5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother.
6. She spoke at the meeting this morning.
7. Shall I begin at once?
8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.
9. When did they leave Beijing?
10. They left last week.
练习2改错
1. He never dreamed of that one day he would become President
2. What do you think the plan?
3. He never replied any of my letters
4. He insisted staying up to nurse the patient.
5. He entered into the classroom quietly.
6. He will marry with her next month
7．【2016全国II】My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday
考点3．实义动词、助动词与情态动词
实义动词和助动词是根据动词在向子中的含义和作用来划分的，实义动词也叫行为动词
A．实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如
He lives quite near．（live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词，）
I like reading．（like“喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）
I bought a pen yesterday．（buy“买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词，）
B．助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问向、否定句、倒装向和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语.
I. 帮助构成时态
The boy is crying（is用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。）
He has arrived．（has用来助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词，）
I have been painting all day.（have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting起作谓语，都是助动词）
II. 帮助构成否定句和疑问句
Does he like English？（does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。）
He doesn’t have lunch at home．（does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。）III. 帮助构成被动语态
Trees are planted in spring．（are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。）
The house has been pulled down．（has been帮助构成现在完成时和被动语态，是助动词。）IV. 帮助构成虚拟语气
If he had come yesterday, I wouldn't have made such a mistake．（had，have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分，）
V．帮助构成倒装句
So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday，（他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给地买了许多礼物，did只是助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。）
VI．帮助构成强调意义的
He did come yesterday．（他昨天确实来过，did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。）
C．一个词既可以作实义动词又可以作助动词时，具体是哪种，主要看它们在句中的功能He did his homework at seven o'clock. （did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词，）
Did he do his homework yesterday?（did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。）
He has had breakfast. （has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”，has had一起构成了向子的谓语，）
练习3．指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词
1. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming?
2. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming
3. Where does ( ) he live ( )?
4. He does ( ) some washing after work
5. He has ( ) had ( ) supper already
6. The bridge has ( ) been ( ) built ( )now
7. I have ( ) been ( ) waiting for you all day.
8. He was ( ) struck ( )by a stone
D．情态动词
情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义
如: He can swim across the river．（can的词义为“能够”）
You must stay at home．（must的词义为“必须”）
I might leave tomorrow．（might的词义为“或许”）
第二讲句子成分
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。
考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号
英语中划分句子成分的符号
主语在下面画直线
谓语在下面画曲线
宾语在下面画双横线
定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）
状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）
补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）
同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）
考点1.主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。
可以作主语的词性或语法结构：
1. 名词
2. 代词
3. 数词
4. 不定式
5. 动名词
6. 主语从句
7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich）
在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。
On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are)
Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps )
Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are)
练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
2.We often speak English in class.
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5.Smoking does harm to the health.
6.The rich should help the poor.
7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided.
8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.
9.That he isn’t at home is not true.
10.There comes the bus.
11.Beyond the village lies a small village.
12.Now comes your turn.
考点2.谓语
谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：
A.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.
He reads newspapers every day.
B.复合谓语：
①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
My sister is crying over there.
I have been waiting for you all the time.
I would stay at home all day.
Has he come back?
He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday.
②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：
We are student s.
Your idea sounds great.
考点3.表语
表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。
1.Our teacher of English is an American.
2.Is it yours?
3.The weather has turned cold.
4.The speech is exciting.
5.Three times seven is twenty-one.
6.His job is to teach English.
7.His hobby（爱好）is playing football.
8.The machine must be under repairs.
9.The truth is that he has never been abroad.
考点4.宾语
宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。
练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。
1.They planted many trees yesterday.
2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.
3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
4.I wanted to buy a car.
5.I enjoy listening to popular music.
6.I think（that）he is fit for his office.
考点5.宾语补足语
宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
1.His father named him Dongming.
2.They painted their boat white.
3.Let the fresh air in.
4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
5.We saw her entering the room.
6.We found everything in the lab in good order.
7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.
8.I want your homework done on time.
考点6.主补
对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
考点7.定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：
A.副词用作定语一般要后置。
People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)
He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）
B.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。
单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。
The next man is a scientist.
The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）
C.介词短语作定语时要后置。
The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）
The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）
D.现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。
I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)
The boy crying over there is my classmate.
（在那边哭的那个男孩）
The house built last year is impressive.
（去年建的那座房子）
练习5.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。
1.The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.
3.We need a place twice larger than this one.
4.She carried a basket full of eggs.
5.It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.
6.It’s a city far from the coast.
7.He has money enough to buy a car.
8.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
9.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.
10.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.
11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.
12.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.
13.There are many clothes to be washed.
14.Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.
15.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.
考点8.状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。
He writes carefully. He walks slowly.
(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)
This material is environmentally friendly.
（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）
He runs very slowly.
（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）
Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.
（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）
A.几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间
一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：
I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.
He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.
B.英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大
先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。
I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015.
I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000.
He lives at 1120 Green Street, London.
C.频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情态动词、系
动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。
You can never tell what he will do.
He is often late.
He is always helping others.
He often came late.
D.状语按意义分类
在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。
练习6.指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。
1.How about meeting again at six?
2.Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/fa5394925.html,st night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
4.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
5.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
7.To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.
8.The boy needs a pen very much.
9.The boy really needs a pen.
10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
11. She works very hard though she is old.
12. I am taller than he is.
13. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.
14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.
15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.
考点9.同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）It’s good to us students.
练习7.画出下列句中的同位语。
1.The young man, my brother, works in the office.
2.Our English teacher, Mrs. Wang, often helps us with study.
3.They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
I.单句改错
根据所学主语相关内容，改正下列句中的错误。
1.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.
2.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.
3.Play basketball is my favorite sport.
4.Give up English is not an option.
5.By doing part-time jobs can help them gain social experience.
6.Without a friend will feel lonely.
II.语法填空（每空至多填三词）
7.They planned______(take) two days off next week.
8.He practiced ______ (speak) English every day.
9.Here ______(be) your books.
10.On the wall ______ (hang) two pictures.
III.写作技能提升
A.注意句子主语的形式。
11.在我看来，早睡早起将对我们的健康有好处。（in my opinion, get up early,
go to bed early, do a lot of good to, our health）
12.他这次考试不及格使他不高兴。（he failed the exam, make, upset）
13.在那两座高楼之间，矗立着我们教学楼。（between the two tall buildings,
stand, teaching building）
14.我们现在正在学的知识对我们将来的生活和工作都很有帮助。（what we
are learning now, be of great help to, our life and work, in the future）
B.用形容词作后置定语。
15.你认识Tom旁边的那个人吗？（know, next to）
16.尽早把他送到距你家最近的医院。（send…to, nearest to, as soon as
possible）
17.我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐的餐厅。（dining hall, large enough, hold）
C.注意状语的顺序。
18.那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（do his homework, in the classroom,
carefully, at that moment）
19.上周日我们在校园内栽了很多树。（plant lots of trees, in the schoolyard）
20.他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（perform incredibly well, speech
contest）
D．注意频度副词的位置。
21.我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（will, forget, what he told me, never）
22.我经常去那家超市。（frequently, the supermarket）
23.他总是帮助别人。（always, helping）
24.我们什么时候都不能那样对待老人。（never, treat an old man like that,
should）
25.活到老，学到老。（one, never, too old to learn）
答案：
练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
（名词）
2.We often speak English in class.（代词）
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式短语）
5.Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
6.The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后
面的不定式）
9.That he isn’t at home is not true. (主语从句，that不能省略)
10.There comes the bus. (副词不能作主语，本句为倒装句，名词the bus作主
语)
11.Beyond the village lies a small village. (介词短语不能作主语，主语是后面
的名词短语)
12.Now comes your turn. （副词不能作主语，主语是后面的名词）
练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。
1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
2.Is it yours?（代词）
3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
4.The speech is exciting.（分词/形容词，这样的分词已形容词化了）
5.Three times seven is twenty-one.（数词）
6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）
7.His hobby（爱好）is playing footbal l.（动名词）
8.The machine must be under repairs.（介词短语）
9.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（从句）
练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。
1.They planed many trees yesterday.（名词）
2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.（数词）
3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
4.I wanted to buy a car.（不定式短语）
5.I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
6.I think that he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当。
1.His father named him Dongming.（名词）
2.They painted their boat white.（形容词）
3.Let the fresh air in.（副词）
4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
5.We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
6.We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
8.I want your homework done on time.(过去分词短语)
练习5.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。
1.The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
桌子上的那封信是给吴先生的。（介词短语作后置定语）
2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother .
怀里抱婴儿的那个妇女是他的母亲。（with的复合结构作后置定语）
3.We need a place twice larger than this one.
我们需要一个比这个地方大两倍的地方。（形容词短语作后置定语）
4.She carried a basket full of eggs.
她提着一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。（形容词短语作后置定语）
5.It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.
那是一本仅值一美元的书。（形容词短语作后置定语）
6.It’s a city far from the coast.
它是一座距海岸很远的城市。（形容词短语作后置定语）
7.He has money enough to buy a car.
他有足够能买一辆车的钱。（形容词短语作后置定语）
8.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
楼下的那个人正在尽力睡觉。（副词作后置定语）
9.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.
在我们城市有许多需要维修的名胜。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
10.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.
属于食肉动物的老虎以肉为食。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.
一个自称为John的男孩想见你。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
12.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.
在回家的路上，他捡起一个躺在路上的钱包。（现在分词短语作后置定语；
副词短语作后置定语）
13.There are many clothes to be washed.
有许多要洗的衣服。意译为：有许多衣服要洗。（动词不定式短语作后置定语）14.Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.
大多数被邀请参加派对的歌手都来自美国。（过去分词短语作后置定语）15.Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.
接着，他要列队游行经过宫殿的那一天到了。（定语从句修饰the great day）练习6.指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。
1. 时间状语
2. 地点状语
3. 原因状语
4. 方式状语
5. 伴随状语
6. 目的状语
7. 目的状语
8. 程度状语
9. 程度状语10. 结果状语
11. 让步状语12. 比较状语13. 条件状语14. 时间状语；地点状语
15. 原因状语
练习7.画出下列句中的同位语。
1.The young man, my brother, works in the office.
2.Our English teacher,Mrs Wan g often helps us with study.
3.They,some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
1.把lie改为lies；介词短语不能作主语，主语是后面的a small village。
2.把is改为are；句子的主语是the days。
3.Play改为Playing；在这里指经常打篮球，要用动名词作主语。
4.Give改为To give；在做决定时，放弃英语不是一个选择。give up指具体的
某一次。
5.去掉By，doing改为Doing;介词短语不能作主语。
6.will前加we。介词短语不能作主语。
7.to take; plan后跟动词不定式作宾语。
8.speaking；practice后跟动名词作宾语。
9.are；副词here不能作主语，主语是后面的books。
10.hang；介词短语不能作主语，倒装句，主语是pictures。
11.In my opinion, getting up early and going to bed early will do a lot of good to our health.
12.That he failed the exam made him upset.
13.Between the two tall buildings stands our teaching building.
14.What we are learning now will be of great help to our life and work in the future.
15.Do you know the man next to Tom?
16.Please send him to the hospital nearest to your home as soon as possible.
17.We have a dining hall large enough to hold 3, 000 students.
18.He was doing his homework carefully in the classroom at that moment.
19.We planted many trees in our schoolyard last Sunday.
20.He performed incredibly well in the speech contest yesterday.
21.I will never forget what he told me that day.
22.I frequently go to the supermarket. /I go to the supermarket frequently.
23.He is always helping others.
24.We should never treat an old man like that.
25.One is never too old to learn.
（1）表语从句 1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1．连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释： 1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that
高中英语语法通霸 第一讲相关概念 考点1，词性的英文缩写 在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。 缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt. transitive verb 及物动词 vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词 modal v modal verb 情态动词 au. v auxiliary verb 助动词 adj. adjective 形容词 adv. adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 Interj. Interjection 感叹词 pron pronoun 代词 prep preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj. conjunction 连词 考点2．及物动词和不及物动词 实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后而不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词 The door opened.（open后面没跟宾语，此时pen是不及物动词，） He opened the door.（open后面有宾语 the door，此时open是及物动词，） 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关健是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。 A The meeting began at six．（ begin是不及物动词，） We began the meeting at six．（ begin是及物动词，） B The man walked away（walk是不及物动词，意为“走”） He walked the dog every day．（walk是及物动词，“遛”。）
高中英语语法必背100句 时态语态 1. It has been raining in the past three weeks.完成时间状语 过去三周一直在下雨。 2. He was writing a book last year. but I don't know whether he has finished it. 过去进行时现在完成时 他去年在写一本书，我不知道他完成了没。 3. The plane is arriving in 5 minutes. 进行时态表将来 飞机将十5分钟之后到达。 4. I had meant to come here，but I was too busy then. 过去完成时 我本来打算来这儿的，但是当时太忙了。 5. If he comes today, I won't go. If引导条件状从，遵循”主将从现"原则今天如果他会来，我将不走。 6. He studied in Shanghai for 3 years. and then he has lived in Beijing till now/since then/ever since. 一般过去时，完成时 他在上海读了三年书。然后就一直住在北。 7. I will have written 200 poems by the end of next term. 将来完成时到下学期末为止，我将写完200首诗。 8. He is afraid of being laughed at.被动中的介词不省略 他害怕人嘲笑。 9. The workers get paid by the month. get+done表被动 这些工人按月发工资。 10. His theory proved (to be) true. 系动词省略 他的理论被证实是对的。 11. This book sells well and is worth reading. Besides, it is easy to understand.主动表被动
按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1.高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语
高中英语语法通霸1. 句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补） 除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语” 的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）考点1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主 语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are) 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn. 考点2.谓语 谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下： A.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. B.复合谓语： ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday. ②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和 表语一起作谓语。如： We are student s. Your idea sounds great. 考点3.表语 表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语 从句表示。 练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold. 4.The speech is exciting. 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 6.His job is to teach English. 7.His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8.The machine must be under repairs. 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 考点4.宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。 练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4.I wanted to buy a car. 5.I enjoy listening to popular music. 6.I think（that）he is fit for his office.
高中英语语法(时态和语态) 一．动词的时态 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。 (一）一般现在时（do / does） 1．具体用法 1) 表示经常性或习惯性动作 We always care for each other and help each other. 我们总是互相关心互相帮助。 He goes to school every day. 2)表示现在的特征或状态 He is very happy. Do you sing? ----A little. 3)表示普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。 Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜过言语。 * 常与一般现在时态连用的词或短语主要有：often, usually, sometimes, every day, every morning/afternoon, on Sundays/weekends等等。 I often go to the cinema on Sundays. 我经常星期天去看电影。 He goes to work early every day. 他每天上班很早。 （二）一般过去时( did ) （1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. （2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如： He always went to class last. I used to do my homework in the library. （三）一般将来时( will / shall do) 1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2）一般将来时有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如 Crops will die without water. You won’t succeed with out their support. 3) 几种替代形式： *be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如： I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money. *be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有"必要"的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. *be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如： He was about to start. *be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5）少数动词如：begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等的一般现在时可用来表示将来的动作。（多用来表示按计划事先安排好即将发生的动作，句中通常还有一个表示将来的时间状语）。例如： The meeting begins at seven.
被动语态 一、语态的基本概念和种类 语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词被动语态的句子叫被动句。一般来说，主动语态侧重于行为者，被动语态侧重于动作的对象或动作本身。如：主动句：They built this bridge.他们修的这座桥。 被动句：This bridge was built by them.这桥由他们建造。 二、' 三、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。 英语主动语态的时态共有十六种，而被动语态只有十种。 四、主动语态变被动语态 主动语态转换成被动语态分三步走：第一步是将主动语态中的宾语放在句首，第二步是将主动语态中的谓语变成被动形式，第三步是将主动语态中的主语放在被动句的谓语之后，在前面再加上介词by，引出动作的执行者。简言之，主动语态变被动语态时，主语与宾语交换位置，谓语变为被动形式，执行者前加by。 主动语态：We speak Chinese. (主语) (谓语) (宾语) （ Chinese is spoken by us. (主语) (谓语) (宾语) 主动语态转换成被动语态分三种情况： 第一种句型：主语+谓语+宾语，主语与宾语交换位置。例如： I sent an email last night.昨天夜里我发了一封电子邮件。（主动结构） An email was sent (by me) last night.一封电子邮件昨天夜里（由我）发出了。（被动结构） 第二种句型：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语，将其中任意一个宾语与主语交换位置。例如： … My parents bought me a new computer.我的父母亲给我买了一台新电脑。（主动结构） A new computer was bought for me.有人给我买了一台新电脑。（被动结构） I was bought a new computer.有人给我买了一台新电脑。（被动结构） 第三种句型：主语+谓语+复合宾语，将其中的宾语提到句首，而将宾语补足语仍留在原来的位置。例如：
第1讲句子成分 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补） 除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划句子成分的符号 主语在下面划一直线 谓语在下面划曲线 宾语在下面划双横线 定语在下面划虚线（一行点使我们想到一 排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语” 的“定”） 状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短 木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是 为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置 基本相同 考点2.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich） 5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true 练习2.改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因 1.He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2.That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill. 3.Beyond the mountains lie a small village. 4.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. 5.Play basketball is my favorite sport. 6.Give up English is not an option. 考点3.谓语 谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. 2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caugh t a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. （2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如： We are students. Your idea sounds great. 考点4.表语 表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 练习3.划出下列句中的表语，并说明有什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold.
高中英语语法（时态语态篇）练习题精选 ()1. -Where is the morni ng paper—I ___________ for you at on ce. A. get B. am gett ing C. to get D. will get ()2. ___________ a con cert n ext Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are ()3. If they come, we __________ a meeti ng. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have ()4. If it __________ t omorrow, we ' -S Igotingier A. isn ' t rain B. won ' t rain C. doesn ' t rain D. doesn ' t fine ()5. Tomorrow he __________ a kite in the ope n air first, and the n _____ boati ng in the park. A. will fly; will go B. will fly; goes C. is going to fly; will goes D. flies; will go ()6. There _________ a birthday party this Sun day. A. shall be B. will be C. shall going to be D. will going to be ()7. They __________ an En glish eve ning n ext Sun day. A. are hav ing B. are going to have C. will hav ing D. is going to have ()8. Sorry, I can ' t open the door, fothle key to it. A. lost B. lose C. had lost D. have lost ()9. —It ' s good to see you again, Agnes. —This has bee n our first cha nee to visit since _ f rom Iran. A. you return B. you returned C. you have returned D. returni ng ()10. —Did you expect Frank to come to the party?— No, but I had hoped ______________________________ . A. him coming B. him to come C. that he comes D. that he would come ( )11. —Bob must be very wealthy. —Yes, he — more in one day tha n I do in a week. A. has bee n earned B. had earned C. earns D. has earned ( )12. —Come on in, Peter, I want show you somethi ng. —Oh, how n ice of you! I __ you ____ to bring me a gift. A. didn ' t think, were going B. hadn ' t thought, were going C. n ever think, are going D. n ever thought, were going ( )13.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ____at a radio shop at the time. A. has worked B. was work ing C. had bee n work ing D. had worked ()14. The reporter said that the UFO _____ east to west when he saw it. A. was traveli ng B. traveled C. had bee n traveli ng D. was to travel
高中英语语法总结（完整版；高中必看！） 专题一：定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom指人在从句中作宾语 whose指人或物在从句中作定语 as指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which或of which+the+名词2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个
（2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 c、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
高中英语语法学习窍门 关系代词引导的定语从句 一.关系代词的用法: 关系代词指代先行词 在定语从句中作主语 在定语从句中作动词的宾语或者介词的宾语, 介词在后 指人 that / who that / who / whom 指物 that / which that / which 上表中黑框内的关系代词可以省略; 在口语及非正式文体中whom常被who所替代; 另外, 关系代词whose表示“…先行词的” 二.示例: 1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语 a. Do you know the man that / who came to see Xiao Yang this morning ? b. This is a book that / which tells about space rocket. 2.关系代词在定语从句中作动词的宾语 a. The comrade that / who / whom they came to visit is a scientist. b. I will never forget the day that / which we spent in the countryside. 3.关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语, 介词在后 a. This is the house that / which he was born in. b. The person that / who / whom you should write to is Mr Ball. c. The man that / who / whom you talked with is our English teacher. 4.whose引导的定语从句
名词所有格的构成及用法 名词在句中表示所有关系、所属关系、动作执行者及动作承受者等意义时常需用所有格形式。名词所有格也称为属格、主格，它主要包括's所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种表现形式。 定义：表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加’s来表示所有关系，叫做名词所有格。 名词所有格的用法： 一、名词+ ’s （主要用于有生命的事物） 1、单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’s构成所有格 例如： Jimmy’s book（吉米的书） Jane’s schoolbag（简的书包） Mark’s room （马克的房间） Qianqian’s mother （倩倩的妈妈） Children’s Day(儿童的节日、六一儿童节) Wuhan’s summer is very hot.(武汉的夏天非常热。) Qianqian ’s math is very good.(倩倩的数学很好。) 2、复数名词以-s结尾的只需要加’构成所有格。 例如： Twins’ father is Mr. Brown. (双胞胎的爸爸是布朗先生。) Girls’ favorite food is ice-cream. (女孩们最喜欢的食物是冰激凌。) 二、名词+of +名词 如果名词是无生命的，我们通常就要用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系。 例如： A bag of mine= my bag (我的书包) The name of the girl =the girl’s name (女孩的名字) The window of the bedroom = the bedroom’s window(卧室的窗户) 三、特殊所有格 若一样东西为两人共有，则后一个人名用所有格；如果不是两人共有，而是各有各的，则两个名词都用所有格，且其后名词应为复数。 例如： This is Tom and Jim’s room. 这是汤姆和吉姆共有的房间。 These are Tom’s and Jim’s rooms. 这些是汤姆和杰森各自的房间。 an hour and a half’s walk （步行一个半小时的路程） 四．'s所有格所修饰的词的省略现象 （1）表示诊所、店铺或某人的家等地点名词，其名词所有格后的被修饰语常常省略。例如：I met her at the doctor's（office）．我在诊所遇见了她。 He has gone to the tailor's（shop）．他到服装店去了。 She went to Mr．Black's（house）yesterday．她昨天到布莱克先生家去了。 （2）名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，往往可以省略，以免重复。例如：Whose pen is this？It's Tom's．这是谁的钢笔？是汤姆的。 The bike is not mine，but Wang Pinpin's．这辆自行车不是我的，是王品品的。 五．双重所有格及其用法 's所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起，构成"of＋所有格"形式，即双重的所有格。它通常表示部分观念，即全体中的一部分，在意义上与"one of．．．"相似，它主要修饰of短语之前的那个名词。此外，双重所有格与指示代词连用时，常带有感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等。它的主
高中英语语法（时态语态篇）练习题精选 ( ) 1. –Where is the morning paper?–I ________ for you at once. A. get B. am getting C. to get D. will get ( ) 2. ________ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are ( ) 3. If they come, we ________ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have ( ) 4. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll go roller-skating. A. isn’t rain B. won’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. doesn’t fine ( ) 5. Tomorrow he ________ a kite in the open air first, and then ______ boating in the park. A. will fly; will go B. will fly; goes C. is going to fly; will goes D. flies; will go ( ) 6. There ________ a birthday party this Sunday. A. shall be B. will be C. shall going to be D. will going to be ( ) 7. They ________ an English evening next Sunday. A. are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have ( ) 8. Sorry, I can’t open the door, for I the key to it. A. lost B. lose C. had lost D. have lost ( ) 9. —It’s good to see you again, Agnes. —This has been our first chance to visit since from Iran. A. you return B. you returned C. you have returned D. returning ( ) 10. — Did you expect Frank to come to the party? — No, but I had hoped . A. him coming B. him to come C. that he comes D. that he would come ( ) 11. — Bob must be very wealthy. — Yes, he more in one day than I do in a week.