1)这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现。
It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself.
2)凭窗站了一会，微微的觉得凉意侵入。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱，屋子里的别的东
西，都隐在光云里；……
Standing at the window for a while, I felt a bit chilly. As I turned round, my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly. Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.
3)这架收音机该有多大的重量啊！它载着解放区人民的心，载着全中国人民的希望，
载着我们国家的命运。
What a heavy load this aerorplane bore! It carried the hearts of the people of the liberated areas,the hopes of the entire Chinese people,and the destiny of our country.
4)看着信，林震不禁独自笑起来了，他拿起笔把“中于”改成“终于”，准备在回信
时告诉他们下次要避免别字。
Reading the letter, Lin couldn’t help smiling to himself. He changed “rite” to “right” thinking that he should tell them to be more careful with their spelling next time they wrote.
5)人无千日好，花无百日红。
Man cannot be always fortunate;flowers don’t last forever.
6)除了我这间房，大院里还有二十多间房呢。一共住着多少家子，谁说得清？住两间
房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬走。我没那么好的记性。大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗？”透着和气。
Besides the room I occupy, there are more than twenty rooms in the same compound. How many families are living there?Only Gold knows. Few of them occupy two rooms. Besides, they are always on the go. Some move in today and others move out tomorrow. I haven’t got such a good memory as to remember all of them. When people meet, they pass the time of the day with each other, just to show their neighbor feelings.
7)肝炎是全球关注的健康问题。亚洲是全世界肝炎患者最多的地区。
Hepatitis is a global health problem. Asia is the worst hit area.
8)特别是比较偏僻落后的农村，还残存着少数包办买卖婚姻的陋习。
Especially in China’s more remote and backward rural areas,corrupt practices still exist in the form of forced marriage.
9)于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路的身影，雨里、雾里、风里、雪里，只盼
着早些回家……
The gathering dusk often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd.Whether it rains or snows, windy or foggy, I was longing to be home as early as possible.
10)判断我们各方面工作的是非是失，归根到底，要以是否有利于发展社会主义社会的
生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the success or failure of our work in various fields is whether it helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society, to strengthen the overall capacity and to promote the people’s living standards.
11)小路两边，是两行小柳树。树枝细细的，柳叶沙沙响。嫩叶上刷着一层白色的绒毛。Two rows of small willows lined the path. The twigs were slender, with rustling leaves covered by a layer of white villus.
12)密蜂是在酿密，又是在酿造生活；不是为自己，而是为人类酿造最甜密的生活。Making honey is also creating a most sweet life; not for themselves but for human beings.
13)几件小摆设，每一件都代表着一个故事，珍藏着它们就象珍藏着一份份美好的回忆。There are several small souvenirs, each with a story behind it, which are treasured as so many happy memories.
14)我听了他的话，试着站直了身子，突然视野开阔了，天地变大了，只见身前是水，
身后是水，水连着天，天连着水。
I followed his advice and managed to erect myself. My vision greatly broadened. There was a boundless expanse of flooded water-water in front, behind and
everywhere blurring the horizon.
15)在那里，古树摇曳春秋，山花自谢自开，植被茸茸生烟。
There aged trees wave the seasons by, amid dusters of wild flowers and thick carpets of green vegetation.
16) 我厂生产的地毯图案新颖、色调雅致、美丽大方富丽堂皇。
The carpets our factory produced are beautiful and magnificent for their novel designs and elegant colors.
17) 天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。
With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it will rain.
18) 我们要培养出适应社会主义现代化建设需要的一代“四有新人”。
We must bring forth a new generation with lofty ideals, moral integrity, better education and good sense of discipline to adapt to our socialist modernization.
19)花朵虽然看上去可爱，但风吹不得，日晒不得。
Although flowers look lovely, they cannot stand strong wind and heavy rain.
20)她虽是女流，但不受旧思想约束，担任了一家进步杂志的编辑。
Woman though she was, she wasn’t restrained by traditional ideas and became an editor of a progressive magazine.
21)语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。
The master of language is not easy and requires hard work.
22)为此我拼命干活，连春节也不例外。
Therefore I strove to work even during the Spring Festival.
23)他见到你连魂都丢了。
He was confounded at the sight of you.
24)我突然发现童稚是一种最机智最完美的智慧，甚至这种智慧隐寓着深刻的哲理。
It dawned upon me that childish wit represented a most perfect part of wisdom. Sometimes it is even suggestive of profound philosophy.
25)素以能“吃苦耐劳”而著称的中国人，现在竟自觉不如“西洋人”或“东洋人”能
吃苦了。
The Chinese people, who used to be famous for hard work and bravery, are now aware that they are not as hardworking as the people of other nations.
26)搞环境保护的同志真马虎，昨晚下那场大雪，竟没有校园巡视。……
The gardeners were indeed very negligent.They did not even come out to patrol the campus in such a heavy snow as last night’s.
27)有一位歌手，有一次地唱完了歌，竟没有一个人鼓掌。
Once there was a singer who finished her performance without receiving any applause from the audience.
28)她双眼无一丝表情，人们简直以为她根本没有看见对方。
Her eyes were so empty of expression that people may have thought she did not even notice them at all.
29)人们啊，往往如此，有时在一起工作几十年，却依然形同陌路，有时，才碰头，就
好象几辈子之前就相知了。
Life is just like that: sometimes people work together for decades but still remain strangers. While sometimes people become close friends as soon as they meet. 30)他个子足有二米，每进屋门必须低头，才能躲过门框子的拦击。
He was really tall—at least two meters. Thus whenever he passed through the door, he had to lower his head to avoid bumping against the door frame.
31)唉，和前一辈做父亲的一比，我觉得我们这一辈生命力薄弱得可怜。
Alas, compared with the generation of our fathers’, the present generation, I think, is pitifully weak.
32)节日的高潮是除夕夜，在旧年与新年交替之时，家庭全体成员要聚在一起吃年饭，
菜中有道菜是鱼，而且有人讲究不能把它吃守，图个“年年有余”的吉利。
The festival reaches its climax on the lunar New Year’s Eve when the past lunar year gives place to the new one. All the family members are together to have their yearly sumptuous reunion supper on the Eve.Among the dishes, a fish course should be
served. However, the fish must not be eaten up, as some people would emphasize, for the sake of “niannianyouyu”(which means having more than enough to use and eat every year; “Youyu” is pronounced alike in Chinese when standing for “having fish”and “surplus”, indicating an auspicious future.)
33)对于爱恋中的情人来说，这不是雾，是晶莹温暖的初雪，是撩动情肠的万缕情丝。To lovers, it was not fog, but glittering warm early snow that plucked the strings of love.
34)湛江港素有“南海明珠”之称。港内水域宽阔，水深浪静，万吨轮船通行无阻，五
万吨轮船可乘潮自由进出。
Zhanjiang port is noted as “A Bright Pearl on the South China Sea”. Its inner harbor is broad with water calm and deep. Vessels of 10,000 tons can enter or leave the port with ease and 50,000-ton freighter can call at or depart from the port with flood tide. 35)必须采取措施，改善投资环境。还要采取有效措施，切实制止对企业乱摊派、乱收
费的错误做法。
Measures to improve the investment environment must be taken. And effective measures should be adopted to practically check the abuse of levying on foreign and joint enterprises and collecting unreasonable fees among them.
36)上海近两年遇到了好机遇，变化很大，这既是对全国的推动也是全国对上海鞭策的
结果。简洁地概括为三句话；中央关心，全国支持，上海争气。
In recent two years, great changes have taken place in Shanghai owing to reform opportunities. The achievements are not only spurs from but also impetus to the reform being carried out nationwide. We owe them to the concern of the central government, the support of other provinces and effort of Shanghai people.
37)安居工程指中国政府指出的旨在使住房困难的居民早日获得住房的系统工程。
The Anju Housing Project was put forward by the Chinese government, aiming to improve the living conditions of dwellers that are difficult in housing.
38)热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
Customers from various countries and regions were warmly welcomed to develop business contacts with us.
39)下倾盆大雨了。
It’s raining cats and dogs.
40)实事求是地说，解决中国人的吃饭问题，任务艰巨，困难不少，但潜力很大，前景
广阔。
Truly speaking, China has had great difficulty in solving her problem.with food provision. But she also has great potential and prospects for having her people well fed.
41)你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。You must be well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.
42)一切科技成就是建立在理性思维的基础上的，没有理性思维就不可能有科学。
All the scientific technological achievements are founded on rational thinking, without which there would have been no science.
43)世界上最大的都市有日本的东京，美国的纽约，英国的伦敦和中国的上海。
The largest cities of the world are Tokyo, Japan;New York, U.S.A; London, England and Shanghai. P.R.C.
44)复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，因为它能迅速地求出准确的答案。
In complicated calculations we can use a computer, because it can give us an exact and quick answer.
45)早期的电影是无声的，你既听不到演员的对话，也听不到动作所发出的响声。The early films are silent: you could neither hear the dialogues between characters, nor the sounds made by their actions.
46)这两种文明产生于不同地区，它们的发展并行不悖，互不影响。
These two civilizations, which were created in different areas, developed in parallel and without inter influence.
47)大多数高校已有效地将权利下放给系主任，也就是说，系主任有了确定本系人员编
制和按原则使用现有经费的自主权。
In most colleges and universities, the devolution of decision-making rights to the department here has been effective, which means that the department head is given the autonomy to decide on the staffing within the department and also to utilize the available funds under certain guidelines.
48)新建的住宅小区不仅有商业网点、供电供水、垃圾转运等齐全的设备，还有学校幼
儿园、派出所和医疗站。
In the new residential area there are not only commercial networks, water, gas, electricity supply systems and garbage removing services, but also schools, kindergartens, police stations and health-care centers.
49)不但树林能为野生动物提供栖息之所，而且野生动物也能使树木茂起来。
Not only can a forest provide a home for wildlife but wildlife can in turn make the trees and plants flourish.
50)写信也好，打电话也好，打电报也好，反正你得通知他。
You must let him know somehow, whether by letter, by telephone or by telegram. 51)深秋，冷雨霏霏，屋里静悄悄的。他们看了一个下午的书。
They read the whole afternoon through, while the cold November rain was falling upon the silent house.
52)一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
53)Everybody’s thing is nobody’s thing.
54)他放下烟斗，两手交叉着放在脖子后面，转过去看窗子。
He put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck, and turned his face toward the window.
55)阿谀比怨恨更危险，因为阿谀掩饰了污点，而怨恨却能使人消除污点。
Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because the former covers the strain while the latter causes it to be wiped out.
56)人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球赛，彼得也是这样想的，我却认为并非如此。People believe that the American team will win the football game. Peter thinks so, but
I don’t.
57)英译汉不如英译法容易。
Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that into French.
58)叫他干什么他都愿意，只要不再过以往那种日子就行。
He would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life.
59)念死书念出来的学问是没有多大用处的。
Learning by rote will be unprofitable.
60)一个民族的伟大不取决于人口多少，正如一个人的伟大不取决于他的身长一样。The greatness of a people is no more lie in their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.
61)在火车离开的前几分钟他阔步穿进火车站。
He walked through the station a few minutes before the train’s departure.
62)我们在傍晚凉爽的时候在森林里漫游。
We often stroll in the woods in the cool of the evening.
63)他把这个故事讲给他妻子听，他妻子把听到的记下来，然后由他整理出来，让人们
转抄传阅。
He told his wife the story and let her down, then he would collate it for people to copy or circulate.
64)我们必须学习其他国家的经验，与其他国家实行合作和技术交流。
We must learn the advanced experience from other countries, cooperate with them and exchange techniques with them.
65)航行中，我们遇到了大风暴，晚到两天，但平安到达目的地。到达后，很多朋友在
码头迎接我们。
We arrived safely, though two days late, after a rough stormy voyage, and was now welcomed at the dock by a crowd of friends.
66)我们确信，在平等互利的基础上，通过努力加强各种形式的经济贸易合作，相互间
的贸易关系一定有着广阔的前景。
We are firmly convinced that joint efforts to strengthen all forms of economic and trade cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit will lead to broad prospect for the development of our mutual trade relations.
67)王先生每天起得很早，如果天冷，他就点炉子，先暖和暖和再出去。有一天，他正
向办公室里走，发现通往大门的院子里的那棵树上有一只红色的小鸟。
Mr Wang gets up early everyday, and if it’s cold, he will get on the stove, then goes out when feels warm. One day, he found a red bird on the tree in the yard when he was heading for his office.
68)不管遇到多少困难，我们决心为实现四个现代化而努力工作，使中国在本世纪末成
为一个强大的社会主义国家，对人类做出较大的贡献。
No matter what difficulties we will meet, we are determined to work hard for the realization of the four modernizations, making China a powerful socialist country by the end of this century and make greater contributions to human beings.
69)知识分子从书本上得来的知识在没有同实践结合的时候，他们的知识是不完全的，
或者是很不完全的。
Until a intellectual’s book knowledge is integrated with practice, it is incomplete or indeed very incomplete.
70)夜幕已经降临，淡淡的月光照在蜿蜒的道路上，静悄悄的，一点声音也没有，一个
人影也没有。
Dusk has fallen, and the moon is shedding its faint light upon the winding road,
around which silence reigns.
71)杭州，自然风景优美，旅游资源丰富，是全国重点风景旅游城市。“上有天堂，下
有苏杭”，杭州历来为世人所倾慕，赞誉的诗篇枚不胜举。
Hangzhou is a national key tourist city for its beautiful scenery and rich tourism resources. Hangzhou, a city owns countless favorable poems, has always been widely admired and praised for “Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth”.
1)这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现。 It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself. 2)凭窗站了一会，微微的觉得凉意侵入。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱，屋子里的别的东 西，都隐在光云里；…… Standing at the window for a while, I felt a bit chilly. As I turned round, my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly. Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light. 3)这架收音机该有多大的重量啊！它载着解放区人民的心，载着全中国人民的希望， 载着我们国家的命运。 What a heavy load this aerorplane bore! It carried the hearts of the people of the liberated areas,the hopes of the entire Chinese people,and the destiny of our country. 4)看着信，林震不禁独自笑起来了，他拿起笔把“中于”改成“终于”，准备在回信 时告诉他们下次要避免别字。 Reading the letter, Lin couldn’t help smiling to himself. He changed “rite” to “right” thinking that he should tell them to be more careful with their spelling next time they wrote. 5)人无千日好，花无百日红。 Man cannot be always fortunate;flowers don’t last forever. 6)除了我这间房，大院里还有二十多间房呢。一共住着多少家子，谁说得清？住两间 房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬走。我没那么好的记性。大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗？”透着和气。 Besides the room I occupy, there are more than twenty rooms in the same compound. How many families are living there?Only Gold knows. Few of them occupy two rooms. Besides, they are always on the go. Some move in today and others move out tomorrow. I haven’t got such a good memory as to remember all of them. When people meet, they pass the time of the day with each other, just to show their neighbor feelings.
How to Translate from Chinese to English 汉译英翻译技巧 课程教案 Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department Heilongjiang University Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department
Chapter One I.Teaching Objectives On completion of this chapter, students should be able to: 1.be well acquainted with the basic method and techniques needed for translating from Chinese to English 2.be well informed with the basic rules concerning translating from Chinese to English. II.The Points to Be Highlighted 1.verb without subject changed into verb with subject. 2.paralleled sentence without connections changed into complex sentence with connections. 3.implied cohesion changed into clear cohesion.back conclusion changed into front conclusion. III.T eaching Procedures and Contents 1.Greetings Talking about the Weather 2.Warm-up 1) 天气不错，是吧？ 2) 今天天气看上去不错。 3) 看来天气要放晴。 4) 雪开始下小了。 5) 现在已经开始掉小雨点了。 1) Lovely day, isn’t it? 2) It looks to be a promising day. 3) It seems to be clearing up. 4)The snow is beginning to let up. 5) I can feel some small drops of rain now. 3.Body 翻译的方法 “词词对应，句句对应”是把直译绝对化，事实上很难办到，勉强这样做时往往弄得文字别扭，意思歪曲。另一方面，意译如果离原意太远就不能称之为翻译，是不受欢迎的。“语言是翻译之敌”。在翻译的具体过程中，语言时时都在束缚着译者，不少译者眼中只盯着原文的词，句和结构这些属于语言层次的东西，成了它们的奴仆，难以从中解放出来。结果，翻译出来的东西只是一种文字层次的转换，徒具形式，而原文的意义和精神却没有得到很好的传达。翻译的方法应该是：译者在读第二遍原文时，不是逐词逐句分析，而是对全段意思作深层次的掌握，以便从整体上进行翻译，像口译那样把原意尽量传达出来；具体翻译时虽然也适当考虑原文结构，形势却可于原文大不一样。然后再对照原文复核，使之更加切合原意。 规律 汉语是意合式语言而英语是形合式语言，从汉语译成英语便是从意合改为形合。所谓规律也就是指进行这种转变时通常会遇到的问题及处理方法。 Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department
英汉对比研究读书报告
摘要：英语和汉语的对比，通过对两这种语言的语法特征、修辞手段、翻译技巧、思维方式等等方面的具体讲解，把语言和文化结合起来，对中西方思维方式的不同加以对比分析讲解，清晰、不显枯燥的同时又具有说服力。众所周知，要想学好外语，对其特点的了解是必须的，而要了解其特点，最好的方法就是与母语加以比较。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。英语学习，尤其是翻译，不是一蹴而就的，它需要不断地理解学习和练习，更多时候，了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的，因为学习一门语言语言，在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。Speaking of English and Chinese comparison，the language of the two rhetorical devices, translation skills, thinking mode and so on,they combine language with culture. As we all know, in order to learn a foreign language, it is necessary to understand its characteristics, and to understand its characteristics, the best way is to compare with the mother tongue. There are many factors influencing the way of thinking. Learning English, especially translation, not overnight, it needs to understand the study and practice, more often, understanding between English and Chinese and Western cultures, different thinking on the back is necessary, because learning a foreign language is the way of thinking and learning. 关键词：思维方式语法特征修辞手段翻译技巧逻辑思维抽象思维英语注重形合，且注重环环相扣的逻辑关系，所以汉译英时往往要加入连词和对句子进行扩展和组合，形成复合句或长句；相反，由于汉语句子一般结构较为简化，无拖沓，所以在英译汉时也应当注意，常常需要将英语句子进行分解、拆散和重组。英语文章多为长短句交错使用，了解这一特点对平时汉译英和写作时也大有益处。又如，英语通常为物做主语，而汉语则为人，所以在英汉互译的时候要注意其人称、物称主语的转换。文化上的不同也是需要注意的，如在写作的时候，西方人喜欢引用专家学者，尤其是有科学依据的观点，而中国人则频繁使用领袖和伟人的话。思维方式是造成语言差异的重要原因。影响思维方式的因素也多种多样。其中最为明显的，概括而言是中国人的思维方式受到儒、道和佛三家的影响，形成了中国人的悟性，重人文，轻科学，而西方则讲求逻辑思维，以判断推理为主，提倡理性思辨和科学探索。英语学习，尤其是翻译，不是一蹴而就的，它需要不断地理解学习和练习，更多时候，了解英汉语言之间的不同以及中西方文化、思维上的的追根溯源也是必要的，因为学习一门语言语言，在一定程度上也是对其文化和思维方式的学习。The way of thinking,Performance method, rhetorical device,translation skill,logical thinking,abstract thinking, Pay attention to the logical relationship of interlocking, So the translation often join conjunctions and extension and combination of the sentence on the contrary, the Chinese sentence structure is simplified, without procrastination, so in English Chinese translation should also be noted that the English sentence often needs to be decomposed and detached and reassembled. English articles for the length of sentence interlaced, understanding of the characteristics of the usual translation and writing is also helpful. Cultural differences also need to be noted,
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes () are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. Under U.S. law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to co mmunicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “ I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. Unit2 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best. The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood,
英汉翻译讲解（1） I.英汉之间的差别： “对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。”------吕叔湘 国内学者的共识是：汉语是综合性的，描写性的，而英语是分析性的，逻辑性的。在语言学上最重要的区别在于形合和意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis），英语重形合（形式上的融合），汉语重意合（意思或意境的融合）。在句法方面，有学者形象地把英汉比喻为以下几种： 1．雄孔雀/雄狮-----即英语习惯于把最着重的事物放在句首先说出来，开门见山，一语破的，然后再把各种标志一条条补述，一步步交代，慢条斯理，从容不迫，形成一条头短尾长地线性链，象头小尾大地雄孔雀。而汉语则相反，其线性序列的展开好比画龙点睛，先把外围的环境与衬托一一交代周到，最后点出话语的信息中心，水到渠成，给人以豁然开朗之感，形成雄狮型头大尾小地局式。 例如：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。 又如：The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely （不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不）contested （斗争；比赛）. 译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。 2．葡萄/竹竿-----即把英语句子比作“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，内容像竹竿一样一节一节展开，常称为“竹竿型”结构。 She was beautiful, with long dark hair and brilliant green eyes.她长得很美，一头乌黑亮丽的长发，一双晶莹明亮的绿色眼睛。 She has smooth akin as pale and iridescent as the moon shining over a snow-covered landscape.她光滑的肌肤白里透红，宛如皎洁的月光洒在茫茫血地上。 3．多枝共干----英语句子中还有两个或几个动词共受一个状语修饰，共有一个主语或宾语，或者两个或几个状语共同修饰一个动词，两个或几个主语或宾语共一个动词，这就好比几根树枝长在同一根树干上，我们称为“多枝共干”式结构。 4．也有学者认为英语是一种弥漫着“男子气”的语言。逻辑性、组织性和理性是以英语为母语的民族的思维支撑点，从而就形成了英语的“阳刚之美”。而汉语自有汉语之美。汉语不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描摹，不执着于形式结构的规范，中国人的思维支撑点似乎更具有抽象，深邃和疏放的取向，由此繁衍生出的是显赫的暗示和幽远的意境从而形成汉语的“阴柔之美”。汉语的魅力在于她的流散和疏放，系于她超凡的暗示力和意境性。所以汉语的形式机制很弱，主谓宾没有形式标定，主谓间关系松散，宾语无定格，无定位，主语的超句承接功能很强。 如果说汉语是一种“人治”语言，那么，英语则是一种“理性”语言。汉语能化逻辑为内在，英语则必须将逻辑外化，化作种种行合的标记，化作启转承合的纽带。英语语法规范森严，理性十足；英语形式逻辑缜密，滴水不漏。 5．汉语是一种意境语言，一种艺术语言。寥寥数词，就能出意境，出氛围，出画面。
汉英翻译技巧 第一节汉语无主语句的英译处理 一、祈使句对应为祈使句 e.g. 小心轻放。Handle with care. 量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes. 宁为鸡首，不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse. 二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况：一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句；二是有些句子突出宾语部分，在翻译时可以不用补出主
语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g. 这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here. 利用发电机，可以将机械能转变为电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator. 在合同中，详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。 In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail. 没有爱心，就无法了解人生。 Life cannot be understood without much charity. 三、采用倒装语序
e. g. 地下埋藏着大量的金银。Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver. 随着一声吼叫，忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。 Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes. 山里住着个老和尚。 In the mountain lived on an old monk. 四、采用THERE BE 结构 例句：没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there would also be no facility. 剩下的时间不多了。
汉英翻译 正确确立单句的主干： 1主语的确立： 英语主语的严格性，只能由名词（或）代词，例如We can solve the problem. This problem can be solved in many ways.）或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（如动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句>一般指主语从句，例如To solve this problem needs patience. Working ingeniously >adj.有独创性的，具有创造才能的adv. working ingeniously有才能地，巧干> may help you learn English well. It is not known yet whether they will return today.）来充当。 2．直接用原文的主语 1) 如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. 2) 如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。 If vocabulary is the “building materials”for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts”of writings. 3．替换主语以符合英语表达 1) ①鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，②他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，③这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。 Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy－拍马屁，奉承or obsequiousness－谄媚; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people. 原文由意义上相互联系，结构上却相互独立的三个小句组成复句。主语分别为名词“骨头”、代词“他”和“这”。译者将①②合为一个分句，改原来作定语的“鲁迅”为主语，同时舍弃了“骨头是最硬的”这个在汉语中比喻人的品格“刚正不阿”的形象，以 a man of unyielding integrity 这一意译的方式取而代之；“性格”（this quality）一词原在句③充当谓语的述宾结构中的宾语，现改作主语，译文曲尽原意，语言自然。如若搬照原文的主语，死译硬译，则成为典型的中式英语。试比较一下译文： Lu Hsun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people. 2) 胎又瘪了。 We’ve got another flat tire. The tire turns flat again? 3) 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. (刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译) 试比较一下译文(不好): We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints. 4．找出译文中合适的主语 1) 在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。 The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many
大学汉英翻译教程》中的“译例”问题评析 21 世纪的到来，对英语人才的培养提出了更高的标准，同时也为学科建设和教材编写提出了新的要求。《外语院系英语专业高年级系列教材一一大学汉英翻译教程（第4版）》，以下简 称《教程》，由山东大学出版社出版，王治奎等主编。本《教程》的编写旨在培养素质高、能力强的外向型翻译人才，为改革开放和建设有中国特色的社会主义服务。它既可用作本科生主修教材、硕士研究生辅助教材，又可作为翻译工作者和翻译爱好者的工作手册。自1997 年初版，就得到了专家和广大读者的广泛认可，发行量一度达到十三万册，并为不少院校所采用，作为英语专业高年级系列翻译教材使用。 《教程》强调汉语和英语基本功训练，加大了汉语语法和文言文的含量，突出了英语驾驭能力的培养。《教程》介绍了翻译的基本理论、知识和技巧，内容翔实，其中不乏出神入化的佳译、令人叹服的译技、谋篇布局的匠心独运。但是笔者在讲授《教程》的过程中也发现了“译例”中存在诸如译文语法欠佳、选词不当、词义搭配评析不当、译文词汇语体色彩与原著不符、“译例” 截取突兀以及个别译文评价缺失等问题。本文仅以《教程》为例，对书中所引用的“译例”进行分类评析，希望能引起教育界对翻译教材质量的重视，提高翻译教材出版的严谨性。 一、“译例”问题分类评析 翻译教材中截取的“译例”在整个教材的编写中发挥着举足轻重的
作用。只有通过恰当的“译例”传递，才能帮助学生在翻译实践中理解翻译理论，并自觉把所学的翻译理论及技巧在自己的翻译实践中加以运用。因此，选择高质量的“译例”及译文应该引起翻译教材编写者的足够重视。本部分将从以下四个层面对《教程》的“译例”问题分类评析。 1.语法与选词层面评析 （1）助之长着，揠苗者也。（《孟子》）They who assist it to grow long pull out their corn shoots. （Tr. James Legge ） 此“译例”有两处错误，一是译文语法欠佳，另一个是译文用词不精当。语法层面，是由于单复数不一致引起的，译文后面用的 “ their corn shoots ”复数形式，而前半句用的“ it ”单数形式；从选词层面说，译者选用了词组“ pull out ”，给人一种简单粗暴的感觉。《揠苗助长》的故事说的是古时候宋国有个人，嫌禾苗长得太慢，就一棵棵地往上拔起一点儿，回家还夸口说：“今天我帮助苗长了！”他儿子听说后，到地里一看，苗都死了。（见于《孟子?公孙丑上》）后来这个成语用来比喻违反事物的发展规律，急于求成，反而坏事。“译例”中的“ pull out ”是“把禾苗从土地里拔出来”的意思，那禾苗肯定就死掉 了，违背了故事原意，也不合常理。因此，笔者认为可以改译为“They try to help the shoots grow （faster ）by pulling them upwards - spoil things by undue haste destructive enthusiasm. ”更符合原文的意思。
我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。 I don’t know how many days I am entitled to altogether, but my quota of them is undoubtedly wearing away. 这并不是谦虚客气的话，这是真的事实。（我说的话） I did not make this remark out of mere modesty and courtesy. I truly meant what I said. 如果没有摩擦，运动的物体永远不会停止。 A moving object would never come to a stop if there were no friction 我们二三十岁的人比不上六七十岁的前辈，他们虽然老的老了死的死了，但是他们才是真正活到现在活到将来。 We in our twenties or thirties cannot compare with our elders in their sixties or seventies. Today they may be advanced in years or even passed away, but they will, nevertheless, live forever and ever. 液体没有固定的形状，气体也没有。Liquids have no definite shape; nor have gases. 我不出去跑步或散步，而是一下床就干活儿。 Instead of going out for a jog or walk, I’ll set about my work as soon as I’m out of bed. 他宁愿饿死，也不愿行窃。He will die of hunger before he steals. 他虽然贫穷，但无论如何也不会说谎。Poor as he was, he was above telling a lie in any case. 我们决不辜负全国人民对我们的希望。We will live up to the expectations of our people. 那些黑人挣到的钱几乎不够养家糊口。 The negroes barely earn enough money to keep their families alive. 他显然有不同的想法He evidently thinks otherwise. 把瓶盖儿盖好，要不汁液就洒出来了。 Put the cap back on the bottle, otherwise the juice will spill. 不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。 Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge. 部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。 The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops 无产阶级不把大多数人争取到自己方面来，就不能取得胜利。 The proletariat cannot be victorious unless it wins over to its side the majority of the population. 子曰：“不患人之不己知，患不知人也。” The Master said, (the good man) does not grieve that other people do not recognize his merits. His only anxiety is lest he (should) fail to recognize theirs. 名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，…… If language is incorrect, then what is said does not concord with what was meant; and if what is said does not concord with what was meant, what is to be done cannot be effected. 我想：希望本无所谓有，无所谓无。 I thought: hope cannot be said to exist, nor can it be said not to exist. 他在上面费了很多力。He took no little pain over it. 我对你万分感激。I couldn’t thank you enough.完全同意I couldn’t agree more. 直到喷气发动机发明以后，飞机才能以超音速的速度飞行。 Not until the invention of the jet engine could airplanes travel at supersonic speeds 智者千虑，必有一失。Even the wise are not always free from errors. 他想找一个可靠的人帮助工作。He wanted to get someone reliable to help in the work. 医生为救病人，尽到了一切必要的努力。The doctor did everything necessary to save the patient.
The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段： 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲，他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展，维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一：姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二：他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一：开车他没有经验。 译文二：他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一：我眼下有口饭吃，还不是多亏了你吗？ 译文二：还不是多亏了你，我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一：婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二：婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三：我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一：Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二：Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三：Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话，多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二：We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二：German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋，已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二： It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着，扶了洪教头，羞颜满面，自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意：请大家在做作业之前，仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” （Static vs. Dynamic）两章内容。