Wear263(2007)
472–480
Fretting wear behaviour of ceramic coating prepared
by micro-arc oxidation on Al–Si alloy
M.H.Zhu,Z.B.Cai,X.Z.Lin,P.D.Ren,J.Tan,Z.R.Zhou?
Tribology Research Institute,Traction Power State Key Laboratory,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu610031,China
Received10August2006;received in revised form23December2006;accepted1January2007
Available online13March2007
Abstract
Ceramic coating was prepared on Al–Si alloy by micro-arc oxidation(MAO)method.The fretting wear tests of the micro-arc oxidation coating and its substrate alloy have been carried out under normal load of50N and displacement amplitudes varied from2to40?m.Dynamic analyses in combination with microscopic examinations have been performed in detail through laser confocual scanning microscopy(LCSM)and scanning electric microscopy(SEM).The experimental results showed that the MAO coating could shift the mixed fretting regime and slip regime of the substrate alloy to the smaller displacement in Running Condition Fretting Map.Due to the coarse and porous surface structure,the friction coef?cient of the MAO coating was higher than that of the substrate alloy in initial stage.With the increase of the number of cycles,the coarse and porous surface was ground to a smooth surface in mixed fretting regime and slip regime,and the friction coef?cients in steady stage were reduced to a lower level than that of the substrate alloy.The damage of the coating in partial slip regime was very slight,and it could remain the porous structure even after104cycles.The observations indicated that the delamination was the main wear mechanism for the coating in mixed fretting regime.The damage mechanism of the coating in slip regime was identi?ed as the combination of delamination and abrasive wear.Therefore,the MAO coating exhibited widely potential applications for alleviating fretting wear.
?2007Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
Keywords:Fretting wear;Fretting regimes;Micro-arc oxidation;Ceramic coating;Al–Si alloy
1.Introduction
Aluminium alloys are one of the most attractive materials due to their high speci?c strength,low density,relatively well physic and chemical performance,and very abundance reserves in the earth’s crust.At present,its quantity used in industries has become the second one and only bellow steel,it has been widely used in the aerospace,automobile,high-speed train and, etc.,industrial?elds[1,2].However,it also has some disadvan-tages,such as soft,lower wear resistance and higher friction coef?cient,which limited its tribological applications.
A relatively novel surface modifying technique,convention-ally called“micro-arc oxidation(MAO)”,also commonly called “plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)”,“micro-plasma oxida-tion(MPO)”and“anodic spark deposition(ASD)”in modern scienti?c literatures,is attracting increasing interest in fabri-cating ceramic-like coatings on aluminium,magnesium and ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+862887600971;fax:+862887600971.
E-mail address:zrzhou@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a9739243.html,(Z.R.Zhou).titanium alloys,with the purpose of providing corrosion and wear resistance or various functional properties[1,3–8].The MAO technique is an electrochemical formation of anodic?lms on non-ferrous metals by spark/arc micro-discharges,which are initiated at potentials above the breakdown voltage of the growing oxide?lm and move rapidly across the anode sur-face[2,9].It is characterized by high productivity,economic ef?ciency,ecological friendliness,high hardness,good wear resistance,and excellent bonding strength with the substrate [2,7,10–12].
The wear resistance of MAO coatings on the surface of alu-minium alloys has been widely studied.These studies mostly tested the friction coef?cient and the material loss of wear of MAO coatings.Several ways for improving the wear resistance for MAO coatings have been found[13–15].But all these stud-ies were limited under sliding or rolling condition.In fact,a lot of equipments made of aluminium alloys operate under the condition of fretting.However,no research reports on fretting condition have been indexed yet.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to understand the fretting behaviors of MAO coating which formed on the surface of Al–Si alloy.
0043-1648/$–see front matter?2007Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.050
M.H.Zhu et al./Wear263(2007)472–480473 Table1
The main mechanical properties of LD11alloy and Si3N4ceramics
Materials Ultimate tensile strength(MPa)Bending strength(MPa)Young’s modulus(GPa)Elongationδ5(%)Hardness HV(kg mm?2) LD11403–71 4.8134
Si3N4–800320–
1700
Fig.1.The spectrum of EDX(a)and XRD(b)for the MAO coating. 2.Materials and experimental procedure
2.1.Materials and coating preparation
The substrate is a commercial LD11aluminium alloy with nominal composition of13.0%Si,1.2%Cu,1.0%Mg,1.2%Ni,<0.1%Fe,<0.2%Ti,<0.2%Mn,and<0.2%Zn.Its main mechanical properties are shown in Table1.The specimens in dimension of10mm×10mm×20mm with the surface roughness of about0.2?m were machined.Prior to coating preparation,the specimens were ultrasonically cleaned in the acetone and thoroughly dried.
The MAO coating was deposited at an alternating-current system with the maximum power of75kW.An alkali–silicate solution with PH value of10was used as electrolyte,and the current density was varied in the range of0.3–1.2A cm?2.The MAO coating deposition process,which controlled the elec-trolyte temperature below35?C,was run for10min.Finally,the ceramic coating in thickness of approximately10?m with the surface roughness R a=2.8?m was obtained by the MAO tech-nology.The micro-hardness of the coating was about HV50g572, detecting by Akashi MVK-H21hardness tester.The chemi-cal compositions and the phase structures of the coating was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrum(EDX,EDAX-7760/68ME)and X-ray diffractometer(XRD,PANalytical).As shown in Fig.1(a),the element of Al,Si and Mg come from the substrate alloy,additionally the element of C,Na and Cl come from the https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a9739243.html,bining with EDX and the XRD analyses (Fig.1),it indicated that only aluminium element was oxi-dized to form alumina(Al2O3)during the micro-arc oxidation process.
2.2.Test methods
A hydraulic fretting wear test apparatus,which designed for a ball-on-?at contact con?guration(Fig.2)was used to test the tribological properties of the MAO coating.As seen in Fig.2, the ball specimen(1)was?xed at the upper holder(2),and was moved with the piston(3)of the hydraulic system.The?at spec-imen(4)was?xed on the lower holder(5),which is
mounted Fig.2.Fretting wear test rig:(1)ball specimen;(2)upper holder;(3)piston of hydraulic machine;(4)?at specimen;(5)lower holder;(6)high precision extensometer;
(7)steel wire of spring loading system;(8)load cell;(9)counterbalance weight.
474M.H.Zhu et al./Wear263(2007)472–480
on the specimen chamber.Cyclic movement between two con-tact pairs(i.e.the relative displacement of contact system)was measured and controlled by the extensometer(6)and its control circuit.The normal load(F n)was applied on the clamp of ball specimen by a weight set though a wire(7).The friction force was measured by the sensor of load cell(8).In the fretting test, the whole fretting process was computerized and variations of displacement versus normal load can be recorded as a function of cycles.
In present study,the spheric specimen was a silicon nitride ceramic ball with a diameter of12.0mm and surface roughness R a of0.02?m.Table1shows the main mechanical properties of Si3N4ceramics.During the fretting tests,the displacement amplitudes(D)was varied in the range of2–40?m,the nor-mal load(F n)was imposed at50N,the frequency was5Hz, and the number of cycles was varied from1to104.The fret-ting wear tests were performed under temperature of20–25?C and relative humidity of60±10%.After the fretting wear tests, the morophologies of fretting scars were examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM,QUANTA2000)and laser confocal scanning microscopy(LCSM,OLYMPUS OLS1100),and the depth of fretting scars was measured by LCSM.
3.Results and discussions
3.1.Fretting regimes
For comparison,fretting wear tests of the LD11alloy sub-strate against Si3N4ceramics balls were carried out.According to the variation of F t–D–N curves(fretting logs),three fretting regimes[16,17],i.e.partial slip regime(PSR),mixed fretting regime(MFR)and slip regime(SR),have been observed.Under a imposed normal load of50N,at low displacement amplitudes such as less than10?m(see Fig.3(a)),only micro-slip
occurred Fig.3.(a–h)Fretting logs for the LD11alloy and the MAO coating under different displacement amplitudes.
M.H.Zhu et al./Wear263(2007)472–480475
at the contact edge while the imposed displacement amplitude was mainly accommodated by elastic deformation.The F t–D curves were all presented in the shape of line in all test cycles. Therefore,the fretting processes had run in PSR under these con-ditions.On the contrary,for the higher displacement amplitude (D≥15?m,see Fig.3(c and d)),all F t–D curves were open as quasi-rectangular and relative gross slip took place during the whole fretting process.These were the classic feature of the SR of fretting wear[16,17].For an intermediate displacement amplitude such as12?m(see Fig.3(b)),the F t–D curves were composed of partial slip and gross slip cycles[16,17],depending on the number of fretting cycles.It can be identi?ed from the evolution of the“tangential load-displacement”loops,i.e.when there is a variation in shape of loops(between elliptical and quasi-rectangular loops).Obviously,the MFR had run in a nar-row range of displacement amplitudes between10and15?m. The tangential forces(friction coef?cients)were also quite dif-ferent at the different fretting regimes and will be discussed in the next section.
The fretting logs of the MAO coating at different displace-ment amplitudes are shown in Fig.3(e–h).As D≤7?m(see Fig.3(e)),all the friction logs were located in PSR.However, when the displacement amplitude increased to10?m,the shapes of F t–D curves were composed of quasi-rectangular and ellip-tical loops(see Fig.3(f)).In fact,the gross slip and partial slip cycles occurred one after the other in a same fretting process. Comparing to the substrate,the MFR transferred to the smaller displacement amplitude,i.e.moved from D=12to10?m.As shown in Fig.3(g and h),the all friction conditions were in SR.It is very clearly that the range of the SR of the coating extended to the lower displacement amplitudes.Table2gave the information of the distribution of fretting regimes under dif-ferent displacement amplitudes.It obviously indicated that the MFR and SR of the coating had shifted to the lower displace-ment amplitude.Since the alumina is harder,the contact area changed to smaller than for uncoated alloy corresponding with the increase of tangential stiffness.This smaller contact area is most likely responsible for quicker fretting regime transition in the coated surface.
3.2.Coef?cients of friction
Fig.4exhibits the evolution of the coef?cients of friction (COF)for coated and non-coated samples in the different fret-ting regimes.It is very obvious that there was a great difference on behaviors of friction between the MAO coating and its sub-strate.The COF increased with the increase of the displacement Table2
The distribution of fretting regimes under different displacement amplitudes
Displacement amplitude(?m)
23571012152040
LD11alloy P P P P P M S S S
MAO coating P P P P M S S S S Note:S,slip regime;M,mixed fretting regime;P,partial slip
regime.Fig.4.Friction coef?cients for the LD11alloy and the MAO coating in different fretting regimes.(a)Partial slip regime.(b)Mix fretting regime.(c)Slip regime. amplitudes both the coating and its substrate.From the evolu-tion processes of COF of the coating varied with the cycles, only three stages can be observed,i.e.initial stage correspond-ing at lower cycles and lower values of COF,ascendant stage corresponding with the COF climbed from lower level to higher level,and steady stage corresponding with the values of COF stabilized in a small undulant range at higher cycles.However,a more complex evolution process of COF was presented in MFR and SR for substrate(see Fig.4(b and c)).The detail analyses of COF in different fretting regimes were presented as follows.
3.2.1.In PSR
Same three-stage feature of the COF curves also has been presented for the substrate(see Fig.4(a)).Under the lower dis-placement amplitudes such as D=3?m,the COF of the coating
476M.H.Zhu et al./Wear 263(2007)472–480
was slightly lower than that of the substrate.With the increase of the displacement amplitudes,the COF increased proportion-ally,and the gap of COF between the coating and the substrate enlarged greatly.Different from in MFR and SR,the COF of the coating in initial stage was independent of the increase of displacement amplitude.
3.2.2.In MFR and SR
For the LD11alloy,in the ascendant stage,when the COF raised to approximately 0.5–0.6,a phenomenon of descent and ascent again and again can be observed (see Fig.4(b and c)).It was maybe the reason that the particles detached from the contact interface due to the higher tangential force (i.e.friction force).After the COF reached the maximum values,the third bodies took part in carrying the imposed loads,and then the curves fell down appreciably.With the increase of the fretting cycles,the COF reached a steady stage due to the formation and ejection of debris in a dynamic balance state.It was very clear that the friction behaviors of the aluminum alloy were changed by the MAO coating.Because of the coarse surface of the coating (R a =2.8?m,see Fig.5),the COF in initial stage of the coating was higher than that of its substrate.However,the COF declined apparently in the subsequent stages owing to the protection of alumina on the coating surface and coor-dination of ?ne debris.Form Fig.4(c),the results also showed that the difference of COF values between the coating and its substrate in the steady stage increased with the increase of the displacement amplitudes.Under the condition of D =40?m,the higher tangential force between contact interfaces caused the coating wore out before 104cycles.No coating can be observed at the central contact area in the morphology of the cross-section (see Fig.6),which corresponded with the third friction stage.
In summary,the MAO coating was better to reduce the COF except from the initial stage.This was also the reason that
the
Fig.5.SEM morphology of the surface of the MAO
coating.
Fig.6.LCSM morphology of the cross-section of the MAO coating:D =40?m and N =104cycles.
fretting regimes of the coating has been changed and shifted to lower displacement amplitude.On the other hand,the pore-rich structure on coating surface (see Fig.5)provided the favorable locations to store lubricants (such as oil,or grease)to reduce the COF.Therefore,the MAO coating has a wide potential appli-cation in tribological ?elds,especially under the conditions of lubrication.
3.3.Damage observations and wear mechanisms
3.3.1.In partial slip regime (PSR)
The PSR generally corresponds to a very lower imposed displacement.Displacements in this regime are essentially accommodated by elastic deformation.Apart from the few ?rst cycles,the remainders are quasi-closed cycles.No relative slid-ing takes place at the contact interfaces.Micro-slip at the edge and sticking at the contact centre occur as in the conventional Mindlin’s condition [16,17].As a result of micro-slip occurred at the contact edge,the fretting scar presented a typical mor-phology of annularity on surface of the substrate specimens (see Fig.7(a)).The main damage feature was detachment of silicon particles in the micro-slip zone.
For the fretting scars of the MAO coating,no damage at contact centre still had been observed when the displacement amplitude was very small (D =3?m,see Fig.8(a and b)).The higher displacement,the severer damage occurred (see Fig.8).It was noticed that the feature of annular damage was disap-peared with the increase of displacement amplitude.The damage occurred at the central zone may be induced by relative slid-ing occurred in the initial fretting cycles.The dark black spots (in Fig.8marked with white arrows)were the defect zone of coatings,which was formed during the preparation of the specimens,because they may be observed under the condition of as-received.In PSR,no detachment of the coating can be observed,and the porous structure of the coating had been still https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a9739243.html,paring to the substrate,it was very clear that the damage of the coating was slighter.
M.H.Zhu et al./Wear263(2007)472–480
477
Fig.7.(a and b)LCSM morphologies of the LD11alloy in partial slip regime:D=5?m and N=104cycles.
3.3.2.In mixed fretting regime(MFR)
As mentioned above,the COF in MFR?uctuated strongly accompanying with the dramatic plastic deformation.As seen in Fig.9,the trace of the plastic deformation?ow(waved pattern in Fig.9(b))can be observed on the surface of the LD11alloy, and a third-body contact formed due to a few detached particles covering on the contact zone.For the coating,the degradation presented a different morphology from the PSR with the increase of displacement.As seen in Fig.10,it was observed that the pore-rich structure of the coating was ground and compacted to a lamellate structure only after2000cycles.The lamellate plate detached by delamination mechanism also presented in fretting scar(see Figs.10and11).It can be found that the debris was easy to discharge out the contact zone.To compare with PSR,the degradation was severer visibly.The MFR has been proven to be the most dangerous regime for crack nucleation and service failure[16,17].For this coating,the protection effect was still maintained after104cycles,which was good for alleviating fretting damage.
3.3.3.In slip regime(SR)
In general,in SR,the area and depth of the wear scars increased with the increase of the displacement amplitudes or the number of fretting cycles[16,17].In Fig.12,it showed that the degradation increased with the raising of the displacement amplitudes,and the particles detached by delamination was the main wear mechanism.At the contact zones of these specimens, a thicker debris layer also covered on it(see Fig.12).
For the coating,similar to the substrate,the degradation increased with the increase of the displacement
amplitudes Fig.8.(a–d)LCSM morphologies of the MAO coating in partial slip regime:N=104cycles.
478M.H.Zhu et al./Wear 263(2007)
472–480
Fig.9.(a and b)SEM morphologies of the LD11alloy in mixed fretting regime:D =12?m and N =104
cycles.
Fig.10.(a and b)SEM morphologies of the MAO coating in mixed fretting regime:D =10?m and N =2000cycles (the particles detached by delamination were marked with white arrows).
(see Fig.13(a and c)).When D =20?m (see Fig.13(a and b)),the coating removed incompletely from the contact zone although the lamellate plate detached to form particles.The protection effect of the coating was still existed under this dis-placement amplitude after 104cycles.When the displacement amplitude reached 40?m,the coating in partial area was ?aked off severely,and caused some substrate alloy to expose into the air (see Fig.13(c and d)).The coating was completely degraded due to gross sliding at the interface,i.e.the protec-tion effect of the coating has been lost.As a result,it can be found that the ploughing action occurred due to the gross slid-ing on the surfaces of the coating and the exposed substrate (see Fig.13(b and d)),especially presented on the surface of the soft substrate alloy (see Fig.13(d)).Therefore,the wear mech-anism in SR was the combination of delamination and abrasive
wear.
Fig.11.(a and b)SEM morphologies of the MAO coating in mixed fretting regime:D =10?m and N =104cycles (the particles detached by delamination were marked with white arrows).
M.H.Zhu et al./Wear 263(2007)472–480
479
Fig.12.(a and b)SEM morphologies of the LD11alloy in slip regime:N =104
cycles.
Fig.13.(a–d)SEM morphologies of the MAO coating in slip regime:N =104cycles.
4.Conclusions
(1)The MAO coating could change the fretting regimes of the
substrate,i.e.MFR and SR shifted to lower displacement amplitudes.
(2)The friction coef?cient of the MAO coating in initial stage
was higher than that of the substrate alloy owing to its coarse and porous surface.However,the MAO coating presented lower friction coef?cients at the steady stage in all fret-ting regimes,which exhibited a better property for palliating fretting damages.
(3)The damage in PSR was very slight,and the porous struc-ture was still reserved after 104cycles.In MFR and SR,a lamellate structure was formed due to the gross sliding.Delamination was the main wear mechanism for the MAO coating in MFR.And in SR,the wear mechanism of the coating was the combination of delamination and abrasive wear.
480M.H.Zhu et al./Wear263(2007)472–480
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50521503),the Program for New Cen-tury Excellent Talents in Universities of China(NCET-04-0885) and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20050613015).
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龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/0a9739243.html, 论情景模拟在培训中的运用 作者：赵今巾 来源：《高教学刊》2016年第14期 摘要：面对“新常态”下培训的新特点、新要求，如何在培训中创新培训方法，弥补传统的灌输式教学手段产生的“学”与“用”的断层缺陷，进化成启发式，体验式，实操式的培训方式是一个值得研究的课题。作者从起源、意义、应用和建议等几个方面探讨如何把握关键环节，更好的应用情景模拟教学。 关键词：情景模拟；员工培训；运用 中图分类号：G642 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2096-000X（2016）14-0097-02 Abstract： China's has entered a period of "new normal". It's means there are lots of more new characteristics and new requirements for the training program of leaders. How to innovate the training method？ How to make up for the defects of traditional training methods？ This deserves keen investigation and study. This paper discusses how to grasp the key links to apply the scene simulation teaching from the aspects of origin、 significance、application and suggestion. Keywords： scene simulation； staff training； application 公务员、国企事业单位的员工培训一直以培养具有公共精神的高效领导者为目标，其培养的核心是公共精神意识、高效领导能力、自我管理能力和创新能力，这也是当代“新常态”下领导干部必备的素质和能力。 培训的教学方式经过多年的发展和演变，也由传统的灌输式，进化成启发式，体验式，实操式，激发培训学员在培训中的主动性、实践性和创新性。区别于传统的讲座式教学，情景模拟法在近几年被广泛的应用，其生动性、实操性、趣味性深受培训学员的认可和喜爱。情景模拟已经成为培训中的“标配”培训手段，尤其是对于领导能力提升类课程，包括沟通能力、思维能力、写作能力、应变能力、公关能力、领袖能力、谈判能力等专题以及红色廉政教育类专题相比于传统的灌输式教学来讲，互动性更强的情景模拟更能彰显其衔接理论与实践的优越性，通过身临其境的新模式搭建课堂与社会的分隔的阶梯，缝补学与用空隙，对于增强培训效果作用重大。 一、情景模拟教学的起源 情景模拟教学起源于20世纪80年代在西方发展起来的情景认知理论（SituatedCognition），其早期研究来自杜威、维果斯基、列昂杰夫等学者，即“不是把知识作
wear/dress/put on/in/with的区别 put on，动词短语着重于“穿”这一动作，即由没穿到穿这一动作的完成，意为“穿上、戴上””后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如： I want you to put on this coat and this hat. 我要你穿这件外套，戴这顶帽子。 Put on your heavy winter coat if you are going out. 如果你要出去，穿上你的厚冬衣。 wear 动词，“穿着；戴着”，表示状态，宾语可以是衣帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。而dress, put on 一般不这样用。如： He seldom wears a watch. 他很少戴表。 He wears red T-shirt today. You’d better wear blue or bla ck pants with blown shoes. 穿棕色鞋子的时候, 最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。 Why does he often wear dark sunglasses? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜？ He was wearing a new jacket. 他当时穿着一件新夹克。
Such clothes are not often worn nowadays. 现在那样的衣服很少有人穿了。 dress 动词，常用人作宾语，不接“衣”作宾语，意为“给……穿衣服”。在表示“自己穿衣”时可说get dressed （= dress oneself）。当dress表示状态时，一般要用be dressed in形式。dress up强调着意打扮，意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。例如： My son is now able to dress himself. 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。 It’s time to wake up and get dressed! 该起床穿衣服了。 She is dressed in a fur coat. 她穿着毛皮大衣。 She always dresses well. 她总是打扮得很漂亮 注：dress 还通常用于被动语态。如： The girl was poorly dressed. 这女孩衣着寒酸。 in是介词，表示“穿着、戴着”之意，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。 它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。 He was in a new black coat. 他穿着黑色的新外套。 The girl in red is my sister. 那个穿红衣服的女孩是我妹妹。 练习： It’s very cold outside. You’d bett er____________ your coat. He ____________ his coat and went out. Mr Black often ____________ white trousers. Lucy’s mother often ____________ a pair of glasses. Could you please help me ____________ the children? She was ____________ in a red coat. Do we have to ____________ up to visit her birthday party? Please ____________ your new coat.。 He’s ____________ a white shirt.。 He is ____________ on his blue hat. Could you ____________ the child for me? He cannot get ____________ (=dress himself). She was ____________ in a red coat. She ____________ the baby.
dress, wear, put on, have on, in的用法小结 都含有“穿、戴”之意，但用法不同。 in是介词，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。例如： This is a picture of a young man in a black coat. 这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。这里in a black coat是young man的定语。 He is in a black nylon jacket today. 今天他穿着黑色尼龙夹克。 In a black nylon jacket在这个句子里作表语。 put on “穿上、戴上”，强调“穿”“戴”的动作，后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如： I want you to put on this coat and this hat. 我要你穿这件外套，戴这顶帽子。 Put on your heavy winter coat if you are going out. 如果你要出去，穿上你的厚冬衣。 pull on的意思也是“穿上”，带有“匆忙”的意思： It’s the weekend. I know you’re free. So pull on your jeans and come out with me. 现在是周末，我知道你有空。所以穿上你的牛仔裤，和我一起出去吧。 You’re late! Quickly pull on your clothes and leave! 你迟到了！快穿上衣服走吧！
wear “穿着；戴着”，表示状态，宾语可以是衣帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。例如： You’d better wear blue or black pants with blown shoes. 穿棕色鞋子的时候, 最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。 Why does he often wear dark sunglasses? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜？ dress的宾语通常是人，意思是“给……穿衣服”。dress oneself 或get dressed表示给自己穿衣服。例如： My son is now able to dress himself. 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。 It’s time to wake up and get dressed! 该起床穿衣服了。 be dressed in 的意思是“穿着”，表示状态。 She is dressed in a fur coat. 她穿着毛皮大衣。 dress up的意思是“盛装打扮、乔装打扮”。 I’d like you to dress up for my birthday party tonight. 今晚我希望你为我的生日派对打扮打扮。 Young kids often dress up and have fun at Halloween. 万圣节前夜，小孩子通常都乔装打扮，玩得很开心。have on的意思是“穿着，戴着”，例如： If you're wearing black pants you should have on black shoes and a black belt. 如果你穿着黑色长裤的话，你应该要穿黑色的鞋子，配
军事模拟训练的方法、特点及其不足 模拟训练又称模拟仿真，就是在军事方面进行建模，然后利用仿真的技术进行模拟战局、战略、战术的方法。这种方法应用系统论的观点，并且利用数学建模等多种 建模方法。在实践中，模拟训练对于军事作战的指挥有着很大的指导作用。利用模拟技术特别是计算机技术，以作战原则、作战结构为基础，模拟逼真的战场环境和敌军行动，把行之有效的战法融人模拟系统，用模拟训练的方法改变训练的过程和方式，能极大提高训练质量和训练效益。 一、模拟训练的方法 1、作战模拟 早期的作战模拟定义如下：“在以沙盘和地图表示地形地貌、以标示器表示军队和武器配置的战场模型上，利用反映实战条件约束的若干行动规则，扮演交战双方的指挥官和参谋人员以下棋方式进行策略运筹的对抗”。这种模拟至今仍在各国军队中大量使用，也就是现在军事演习中沙盘的作业演习。 随着计算机技术的发展，作战模拟也达到新的阶段，计算机仿真、交互式对抗模拟相继出现，作战模拟的应用范围也从对作战结果的预测与判定，作战过程的推演与 评价扩展到了从一个军事行为的策划到它的实施终了的全过程，作战模拟的定义也跟着发生了变化。目前对作战模拟的定义五花八门，还没有形成一个权威的定义，这里 只说一下我自己对作战模拟的认识，可能并不充分，所谓的作战模拟就是运用各种手段，借助于模型和和仿真器对包括两支或多支对抗力量的军事冲突，按事先给定的规 则进行的演练。 在进行的模拟斗中，指挥官完全置身于一个由多军兵种部队协同作的空间内，从而使指挥官摆脱二维空间的思维枷锁，使指挥官挑选最佳方案提供依据，指挥艺术得到更充分的发挥。 2、虚拟现实 虚拟现实是近年来出现的高新技术，也称人工环境。虚拟现实是利用电脑模拟产生一个三维空间的虚拟世界，提供使用者关于视觉、听觉、触觉等感官的模拟，让使用者如同身历其境一般，可以及时、没有限制地观察三度空间内的事物。90年代初，一些发达国家开始将其应用于军事训练模拟。利用虚拟现实技术进行训练，训练者不是被动的支观察计算机图表或与实际景物有一定差距的图象，而是在一个虚拟的十分逼真的三维世界中，在视觉、听觉、触觉等人类全部感觉的作用下，犹如身临其境股的全身心地投入到真实的训练中。目前虚拟现实技术已受到许多发达国家的重视，美军认为虚拟现实技术将成为21世纪的主要训练方式。 二、模拟训练的特点 1、真实性 模拟训练能够构造真实环境。用计算机生成的一种特殊环境，作战人员可以通过使用各种特殊装置将自己“投射”到这个环境中，并操作、控制环境，实现军事对抗的目的。 2、经济性 模拟训练能够减少训练费用。如果进行实战训练，需耗费大量经费来部署人员和相关装备，在模拟训练中可以完全省去。同时，模拟训练中还可以省去在野战训练中所需的油料、弹药、生活用品等供给品的费用，也可以省去大量的交通运输等相关费用。 3、高效性 模拟训练能够缩短训练时间。如使用射击训练装置进行模拟训练减少了进出靶场的时间，使用近距离战斗战术训练装置展开各类作战行动，比进行野战训练可大大缩短训练时间。一项军事演习要有足够的时间准备，而模拟训练能够保证时间的大幅度的减少。 4、环保性 模拟训练能够避免环境破坏。模拟训练不会造成任何环境污染，既不会产生诸如车辆碾压、油料废气、炸弹爆炸碎片、空气水源污染等破坏性后果，也不会因为火炮或其它武器射击引发事故，或因为高性能武器装备的运行而产生噪音污染。 5、安全性 训练安全是全军训练关注的重要因素。实兵训练中，不管是战场机动，还是对抗演习，潜在的安全威胁不可避免，甚至会出现人员伤亡的现象。然而，在模拟训练中，演习双方即使进行几百或上千回合的对抗也不会发生任何伤亡。 三、模拟训练的不足 1、模拟训练效果不完全真实 模拟终究还是模仿，虽然现在的科学技术使得模拟训练越来越逼真，越来越接近真实的战场，但有很多东西是模拟不出来的，就像指挥官和作战人员的思想，这种随机的人类灵感体验是计算机无法计算出的。同时，模拟系统产生的视觉运动信号和人的感觉之间存在差异，
fun 用法详解 1. It’s fun后接不定式或动名词均可,意思基本相同. Eg;：It’s great fun sailing a boat.= It’s great fun to sail a boat. 扬帆驾舟十分有趣. 2. 表示做某事很开心,可用have (there is) fun (in) doing sth. Eg：We had fun riding our bicycles to the beach today. 我们今天骑自行车去海滨玩得很开心. There’s no fun in spending the evening doing nothing. 晚上无事可干,很无聊. 3. 以下各例中的fun虽用作表语,但仍为名词,而非形容词,故可用great, much, a lot of等形容词修饰,而不用very等副词修饰. 如：She’s great fun to be with. 同她在一起很有意思. Why don’t you come with us? It’ll be great fun. 干吗不同我们一起去呢?很有趣的. 下面一例中fun前的more为much的比较级.如：It is more fun to go with someone than to go alone. 偕伴同去比自己独自去好玩. 4. 注意for fun（为了高兴,为了好玩）与in fun（不是当真的,闹着玩的,开玩笑地）意不同.比较： I am not saying it for fun. 我说这话并不是在开玩笑. He said so only in fun. 他这样说只是开开玩笑. 实用词汇： dress,?wear,?put?on,?have?on,?in的用法小结 dress,?wear,?put?on,?have?on,?in?都含有“穿、戴”之意，但用法不同。? 1.in是介词，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。例如：? This?is?a?picture?of?a?young?man?in?a?black?coat.? 这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。这里in?a?black?coat是young?man的定语。He?is?in?a?black?nylon?jacket?today.? 今天他穿着黑色尼龙夹克。? In?a?black?nylon?jacket在这个句子里作表语。? 2.put?on??“穿上、戴上”，强调“穿”“戴”的动作，后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如： I?want?you?to?put?on?this?coat?and?this?hat.? 我要你穿这件外套，戴这顶帽子。 Put?on?your?heavy?winter?coat?if?you?are?going?out.? 如果你要出去，穿上你的厚冬衣。 3.wear?“穿着；戴着”，表示状态，宾语可以是衣帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。例如：You’d?better?wear?blue?or?black?pants?with?blown?shoes.?穿棕色鞋子的时候,?最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。? Why?does?he?often?wear?dark?sunglasses?? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜？ 4.dress的宾语通常是人，意思是“给……穿衣服”。 dress?oneself?或?get?dressed表示给自己穿衣服。例如：? My?son?is?now?able?to?dress?himself.? 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。 ?It’s?time?to?wake?up?and?get?dressed!?
实战与模拟训练的区别理论来源于实践。研究作战问题需要实战化训练作为重要的实践平台，以检验作战设计和新质战斗力，探索打赢未来战争的观念模式与思维框架。军事训练越实战化，越逼近未来战争，越能为作战问题研究提供更好的实践基础。未来战争仍处于想象和设计中，充满虚拟与不确定性，作战问题研究因而更加需要实战化训练的“体验厅”，增强对未来作战的感性认识。训练越强调实战化，越逼近未来战争，越能把未来战争由虚变实，为作战问题研究提供强有力的实践基础。 世界军事强国研究作战问题，尽管有一些战争实践作支撑，仍不断强化实战化训练在探求未来战争中的链条作用。只有通过实战化训练，才能弥补作战问题研究中的实战缺项。研究作战问题，实践性既是价值体现，也是重要基石。现在作战问题研究某种程度上存在的低层次徘徊等现象，也使许多一般性的描述很难下沉，落实到部队的每一个战斗细胞，只有将实战化训练作为重要的实践方式，成为深化作战问题研究的切入点和重要抓手，才能使一些重要的具体作战问题。 同样当我们在现在的条件下我们需要进行实战的演练以应对火场可能发生的各种意想不到的情况，如发生爆炸、空气呼吸器压力不足、建筑倒塌和战士体力不足等。而且这
也是模拟训练不容易考虑到的情况。但是，模拟训练同样也有不可或缺的作用。 新的训练应瞄准未来作战保障需求，注重实时感知训练、资源可视训练、精确配送训练和全程调控等训练，创新发展新的保障方式，强化提高信息化条件下的保障能力。美军1996年发布《2010年联合构想》、《2020年联合构想》，解决的是未来作战怎么打的问题，然后才有了武备的发展、军队组织结构的调整和训练转型等问题。作为追求超越的后发者，我军一方面必须加强研究未来战争的本质属性、外军对未来战争的认识、近期发生的高技术局部战争等，形成未来仗怎么打的共识，并对机械化战争的战术战法进行具体筛选；另一方面更应根据信息化战争的基本特点和规律，区分战略战役战斗不同层次，解放思想、大胆创新，从源头上把握未来作战的主动权。同样我们火场作战更需要模拟训练，通过模拟训练我们能对火场进行更好地指挥、全局的把握、火势的发展方向和力量的调度指挥。 我认为作为消防的一员我们要尽可能的做好每一点，既要做好实战演练了解辖区内的重点单位的建筑特点和可能发生的意外，又要进行模拟演练已对事故发生后的有效、快速、准确的进行行动。 我认为随着经济建设的不断发展，火灾危险因素也不断增加，在消防部队与火灾斗争中，总是希望用最短的时间，
put on, pull on, wear, have on , dress的用法区别(1)put on 和pull on 穿上；戴上。相当于及物动词，以衣物作宾语，着重于穿、戴的动作。put on 为普通用语；pull on多用于穿袜子、戴手套或比较随便地穿上。 ①It’s cold outside.You’d better put on your hat.外面很冷，你最好戴上帽子。 ②She put /pulled on her coat and went out of the room hurri edly.她穿上大衣，匆忙地走了。 (2)wear 和have on 穿着；戴着。相当于及物动词，有衣物作宾语，着重于穿、戴的状态。have on不用于进行时态。 ①He always wears/has on black shoes.她一直穿着黑鞋。 ②She is wearing/has on a red coat她穿着红大衣。 (3)dress 穿；戴。可用作及物动词，以人作宾语，即dress sb.（给某人穿衣）；也可用作不及物动词。既可强调动作，又可表示状态，表示状态时常用be dressed in 结构。此外dress还可用作名词。 ①Mary is dressing her daughter.玛丽正给她女儿穿衣服。 ②She usually dresses well.她总是穿得很好。 ③He is dressed in a black jacket.他穿着黑上衣。
(4)in 穿着；戴着。是介词，以衣物或表示颜色的名词作宾语，表示状态。构成的介词短词可作表语或定语。 ①My brother is in a blue jacket.我弟弟穿着蓝上衣。 ②The boy in a blue jacket is my brother.穿蓝上衣的孩子是我弟弟。 ③My brother is in blue.我弟弟穿着蓝衣服。
一、实践教学内容包括实验、实习、实训、社会实践、课程设计、毕业设计(论文)、学年论文等，也包括军训、创业活动以及纳入教学计划的社会调查、科技制作、学科竞赛活动等。上述内容要形成科学合理的体系，对实现人才培养目标有重要作用。实践教学是评估中的关键性指标。实践教学是巩固理论知识和加深对理论认识的有效途径，是培养具有创新意识的高素质工程技术人员的重要环节，是理论联系实际、培养学生掌握科学方法和提高动手能力的重要平台。还应注意学生素养的提高和正确价值观的形成。全面实施实践教学体系：一要以竞赛带动实践教学，二要实践教学与岗位技能培训相结合，三要产学研合作，促实践教学的发展，四要实践教师队伍的建设。 二、实习：跟一般学校的实习没有太大区别，都指去企业中以学生生份具体参加工作实践。 三、实验：这是普通学校在一些专门课程上设定的名词，是掌握知识必须的部分。比如学物理，除了理论知识以外，需要实际操作来观察具体的物理现象。 四、实训，即“实习（践）”加“培训”；本源自于IT业的管理实践和技术实践；目前引入到“营销管理”和“商务管理”专业。是高职中用来对学生进行动手能力实际训练的一种说法，因为职业学院的学生培养主要目的不是为了科学研究，而是去企业参加工作，作为职业化培养的重要环节，需要给学生提供一个类企业的实际操作环境，实训的说法由此而来。 实习和实训区别： 传统的课堂教学往往以教师讲授为主，在教学过程中以教师为中心，教学效率高，更适合理论类课程的教学；企业定岗实习时把学生直接安排到工作岗位上，在工作中学习，更适合以动手操作为主的职业训练。而实训结合了两者的优势，通过模拟实际工作环境，教学采用来自真实工作项目的实际案例，教学过程理论结合实践，更强调学生的参与式学习，能够在最短的时间内使学生在专业技能、实践经验、工作方法、团队合作等方面提高。普通学校老师都是采用传统授课，按照书本规定讲授课程内容。实训基地的老师都是有多年工作经验的工程师或技术总监，讲课内容结合实际工作。模拟工作环境来授课，让学生经过培训后，有能力直接胜任工作。 培训以理论为主，仍无法培养岗位技能及能力，不能对就业形成直接帮助。 实训由具有丰富经验的项目经理小组化指导，强调动手能力培养，具有很强的实战性，能全方位提高学生就业能力。但由于实训成本很高，一般是非盈利性的。 实习很难专业对口，多数实习就是打杂，无机会介入核心工作，煅炼效果难保证，对就业帮助不大。 实训是根据企业真实岗位需求，针对性进行项目开发训练，采用师傅带徒弟的方式，学生学到的是第一手的本领。三个月封闭实训相当于积累一年工作经验。按照职业教育的普遍原则理论分析，“实训”一般是“参观流程，感性认识；主要在于对于工艺流程的视觉印象加深”，一般不要求你动手做；而“实习”是动手为主，逐渐培养动手技能和分析、建构能力；为将来工作做好准备。
怎样正确使用“穿” 在英语中“穿”有很多种说法,wear,dress,puton,haveon,in,on穿戴这几个词在汉语中的用法较为简单,但在英语中有些复杂。初中学生要想做题时得心应手,就要搞清上列几个“穿”的用法。 (1)wear和haveon穿着;戴着。相当于及物动词,有衣物作宾语,着重于穿、戴的状态。haveon不用于进行时态。 ①Healwayswears/hasonblackshoes.她一直穿着黑鞋。 ②Sheiswearing/hasonaredcoat她穿着红大衣。 wear是“穿,戴”的意思。牛津英语第9页有个句子:Danieloftenwearsglasses.这里的wear是戴眼镜的意思。 MissGaooftenwearsasmileonherface.这里的wear是面带微笑的意思。wear作为“穿,戴”通常表示一种穿着状态。如:Nancyiswearingabluecoattoday.该处虽然用的是一般现在时,但却并不表示动作正在发生,而是一种状态,翻译成Nancy今天穿着一件蓝色的外套。 (2)dress有两个基本意义,一个是名词裙子,衣服,另一个是动词,给某人穿衣。dress穿;戴。可用作及物动词,以人作宾语,dress作为动词时,常构成几个词组: dressup(打扮),dressupin(穿),dresssb.(给某人穿衣), bedressedin(穿),特别要 注意的是dresssb.,这个词组常被学生遗忘.即dresssb.(给某人穿衣);也可用作不及物动词。既可强调动作,又可表示状态,表示状态时常用bedressedin结构。此外dress还可用作名词。 ①Maryisdressingherdaughter.玛丽正给她女儿穿衣服。 ②Sheusuallydresseswell.她总是穿得很好。 ③Heisdressedinablackjacket.他穿着黑上衣。 (3)in穿着;戴着。是介词,以衣物或表示颜色的名词作宾语,表示状态。构成的介词短词可作表语或定语。 ①Mybrotherisinabluejacket.我弟弟穿着蓝上衣。 ②Theboyinabluejacketismybrother.穿蓝上衣的孩子是我弟弟。 ③Mybrotherisinblue.我弟弟穿着蓝衣服。
实验、实训、实习 一、实践教学内容包括实验、实习、实训、社会实践、课程设计、毕业设计(论文)、学年论文等，也包括军训、创业活动以及纳入教学计划的社会调查、科技制作、学科竞赛活动等。上述内容要形成科学合理的体系，对实现人才培养目标有重要作用。实践教学是评估中的关键性指标。实践教学是巩固理论知识和加深对理论认识的有效途径，是培养具有创新意识的高素质工程技术人员的重要环节，是理论联系实际、培养学生掌握科学方法和提高动手能力的重要平台。还应注意学生素养的提高和正确价值观的形成。全面实施实践教学体系：一要以竞赛带动实践教学，二要实践教学与岗位技能培训相结合，三要产学研合作，促实践教学的发展，四要实践教师队伍的建设。 二、实习：跟一般学校的实习没有太大区别，都指去企业中以学生生份具体参加工作实践。 三、实验：这是普通学校在一些专门课程上设定的名词，是掌握知识必须的部分。比如学物理，除了理论知识以外，需要实际操作来观察具体的物理现象。 四、实训，即“实习（践）”加“培训”；本源自于IT业的管理实践和技术实践；目前引入到“营销管理”和“商务管理”专业。是高职中用来对学生进行动手能力实际训练的一种说法，因为职业学院的学生培养主要目的不是为了科学研究，而是去企业参加工作，作为职业化培养的重要环节，需要给学生提供一个类企业的实际操作环境，实训的说法由此而来。 实习和实训区别： 传统的课堂教学往往以教师讲授为主，在教学过程中以教师为中
心，教学效率高，更适合理论类课程的教学；企业定岗实习时把学生直接安排到工作岗位上，在工作中学习，更适合以动手操作为主的职业训练。而实训结合了两者的优势，通过模拟实际工作环境，教学采用来自真实工作项目的实际案例，教学过程理论结合实践，更强调学生的参与式学习，能够在最短的时间内使学生在专业技能、实践经验、工作方法、团队合作等方面提高。普通学校老师都是采用传统授课，按照书本规定讲授课程内容。实训基地的老师都是有多年工作经验的工程师或技术总监，讲课内容结合实际工作。模拟工作环境来授课，让学生经过培训后，有能力直接胜任工作。 培训以理论为主，仍无法培养岗位技能及能力，不能对就业形成直接帮助。 实训由具有丰富经验的项目经理小组化指导，强调动手能力培养，具有很强的实战性，能全方位提高学生就业能力。但由于实训成本很高，一般是非盈利性的。 实习很难专业对口，多数实习就是打杂，无机会介入核心工作，煅炼效果难保证，对就业帮助不大。 实训是根据企业真实岗位需求，针对性进行项目开发训练，采用师傅带徒弟的方式，学生学到的是第一手的本领。三个月封闭实训相当于积累一年工作经验。按照职业教育的普遍原则理论分析，“实训”一般是“参观流程，感性认识；主要在于对于工艺流程的视觉印象加深”，一般不要求你动手做；而“实习”是动手为主，逐渐培养动手技能和分析、建构能力；为将来工作做好准备。
dresss, wear,put on, have on的用法有什么区别 in，put on，wear，dress, have on, pull on 用法辨析 都含有“穿、戴”之意，但用法不同。 in是介词，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。例如： This is a picture of a young man in a black coat. 这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。这里in a black coat是young man的定语。 He is in a black nylon jacket today. 今天他穿着黑色尼龙夹克。 In a black nylon jacket在这个句子里作表语。 put on “穿上、戴上”，强调“穿”“戴”的动作，后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如： I want you to put on this coat and this hat. 我要你穿这件外套，戴这顶帽子。 Put on your heavy winter coat if you are going out. 如果你要出去，穿上你的厚冬衣。 pull on的意思也是“穿上”，带有“匆忙”的意思： It’s the weekend. I know you’re free. So pull on your jeans and come out with me. 现在是周末，我知道你有空。所以穿上你的牛仔裤，和我一起出去吧。 You’re late! Quickly pull on your clothes and leave! 你迟到了！快穿上衣服走吧！ wear “穿着；戴着”，表示状态，宾语可以是衣帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。例如： You’d better wear blue or black pants with blown shoes. 穿棕色鞋子的时候, 最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。 Why does he often wear dark sunglasses? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜？ dress的宾语通常是人，意思是“给……穿衣服”。dress oneself 或get dressed表示给自己穿衣服。例如： My son is now able to dress himself. 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。
精益生产模拟训练 主办：上海普瑞思管理咨询有限公司 时间/地点：2010年09月11-12日深圳；2010年09月18-19日上海 课程价格：2800元/人（含培训费、资料费、午餐、茶点等) 课程背景： 本课程培训讲师结合本人在富士康科技集团多年的精益生产管理和现场改善经验，将告诉您如何通过“心”“技”“体”三个层面实施精益改善和构建精益生产体系，结合实际案例的讲解，让您掌握如何将精益生产这样一种新生产技术落实到工厂管理的运作实处，通过推行精益生产技术，降成本、增效益，提高企业的竞争能力！ 课程设计为三个独立部分： 第一天：自我管理，如何举重若轻，提高自身的能力和效率，打下做好管理的基础 第二天：工作管理，掌握管事的规律和方法 第三天：人员管理，体会管人的方法和艺术 课程收益： 1、精益生产技术的内涵与特点 3、精益生产技术的四大招式 2、精益生产技术意识的转变 4、精益生产技术的实践体验 课程提纲： 一、精益生产概述(0.5H) 1、精益生产的产生背景与内涵——制造产品向制造服务转变，传统生产向新生产转变 2、新生产技术三个层面：即观念、技法和实践 3、精益追求反应速度与消除浪费 4、精益生产模式案例分享 --德国大众汽车组装生产线样板工厂案例分享 二、意识篇(2H) 1、精益生产五项原理分析 2、浪费认识——工厂常见的七种浪费 3、库存意识——企业库存的来源和危害 4、效率意识——真效率和假效率的区别 5、精益生产技术实施路线 --日本丰田汽车对精益生产意识的追求案例分享 三、技法篇 （一）第一招式——流线化生产(3H) 1 流线化生产的意义 2 流线化生产与批量生产的差异 3 流线化生产的八个条件 4 流线化生产的步骤
《运动训练学》实践与进步 第一章竞技体育与运动训练 一、释义部分 1、竞技体育 2、运动员选材 3、运动训练 4、运动竞赛 5、运动训练学 二、填空部分 1、竞技体育形成的基本动因，可归结为（）（）和（）。 2、从不同实践过程看，竞技体育包含（）（）（）和（）四个组成部分。 3、竞技体育的基本特点可归纳为（）（）（）（）（）（）六个方面。 4、运动训练活动的目的是（）和（）。 5、运动训练活动的主体是（）和（）。 6、（）为运动员训练提供优质的素材。 7、（）是对训练成效的检验。 8、依理论研究所含盖的领域，可把运动训练理论分为（）（）和（）三个层次。 三、论述部分 1、运动训练学研究的主要目的和主要任务是什么？ 2、简述现代竞技体育的基本特点。 3、简述竞技运动的现代社会价值。 4、阐述现代运动训练的基本特点。 第二章项群训练理论 一、释义部分 1、项群训练理论 二、论述部分 1、简述建立项群训练理论的科学意义。 2、项群训练理论是依据什么作为分类标准？项群训练理论将运动项目分为多少类，各类举三个项目。 第三章运动成绩与竞技能力 一、释义部分 1、运动成绩 2、竞技能力 3、竞技水平 4、竞技能力结构模型 5、运动员竞技能力非衡结构的补偿效应 6、运动员现实训练状态 7、运动员训练目标状态 二、填空部分 1、运动成绩包括（）和（）两个方面。因此运动成绩指标也可分为（）和（）两个子目标。 2、运动成绩都是由（）（）以及（）三方面因素所决定的。 3、运动员自身与对手在比赛中的表现都决定于（）。 4、比赛结果的评定行为包含（）（）及（）三个方面。 5、运动员竞技能力的高低由体能、（）（）（）和（）五个方面能力决定的。其中体能又包含着（）（）和（）三方面的状况。 6、运动员技术水平的高低可从（）和（）两方面判定。 7、战术能力表现为（）（）和（）这样三个部分。 8、运动员竞技能力的（）和（）分别标识着一个完整的训练过程的起点和终点。 9、一个完整的起始状态诊断应包含（）（）及（）；一个完整的训练目标也应相应包含（）（）及（）。
p u t o n着重于“穿”这一动作，即由没穿到穿这一过程的完成，意为“穿上”。如：P l e a s e p u t o n y o u r n e w c o a t. 请穿上你的新大衣。 wear强调“穿着”这一状态，也可表示“戴着”。如： He’swearingawhiteshirt. 他穿着一件白衬衫。 (比较：Heisputtingonhisbluehat.他正戴上他的蓝帽子。) dress既可表示动作，又可表示状态，常由人作宾语，意为“给……穿衣服”。如：Couldyoudressthechildforme? 你能不能替我给小孩穿上衣服？ 当表示自己穿衣服时，一般用“getdressed(=dressoneself)”。如： Hecannotgetdressed(=dresshimself). 他不会自己穿衣服。 当dress表示状态时，一般要用“bedressedin”的形式。如： Shewasdressedinaredcoat. 她穿着一件红色的上衣。 dressup强调着意打扮，意为“穿上盛装；乔装打扮”。如： Shelikestodressupforaparty. 她喜欢打扮得漂漂亮亮的去参加晚会。 “bein+表示颜色或衣服的词”是系表结构，强调“穿着”“戴着”的状态，后面多接颜色。如：Thegirlinredismysister. 穿着红色衣服的女孩是我的妹妹。 ｄｉｅ和ｄｅａｔｈ都是“死亡”的意思，它们的区别在于词性不同：ｄｉｅ是动词，ｄｅａｔｈ是名词，还有ｄｅａｄ是形容词。例如： Ｓｈｅｄｉｅｄｏｆｈｕｎｇｅｒ. 她死于饥饿。 在这里，ｄｉｅ是动词，它在这个句子里作谓语。 Ｈｅｒｄｅａｔｈｗａｓａｓｈｏｃｋｔｏｈｉｍ． 她的死对他是个打击。 在这里，ｄｅａｔｈ是名词，它在这个句子里作主语。 Ｔｈｅｔｉｇｅｒｆｅｌｌｄｅａｄ. 老虎倒地死去。 这里的ｄｅａｄ是形容词，它在这个句子里作表语。
wear/dress/put on/in的区别 put on，着重于“穿”这一动作，即由没穿到穿这一动作的完成，意为“穿上、戴上””后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如： I want you to put on this coat and this hat. 我要你穿这件外套，戴这顶帽子。 Put on your heavy winter coat if you are going out. 如果你要出去，穿上你的厚冬衣。 wear “穿着；戴着”，表示状态，宾语可以是衣帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。而dress, put on 一般不这样用。如： He seldom wears a watch. 他很少戴表。 He wears red T-shirt today. You’d better wear blue or black pants with blown shoes. 穿棕色鞋子的时候, 最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。 Why does he often wear dark sunglasses? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜？ He was wearing a new jacket. 他当时穿着一件新夹克。 Such clothes are not often worn nowadays. 现在那样的衣服很少有人穿了。 dress 可表示动作，常用人作宾语，不接“衣”作宾语，意为“给……穿衣服”。在表示“自己穿衣”时可说get dressed（= dress oneself）。当dress表示状态时，一般要用be dressed in形式。dress up强调着意打扮，意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。例如： My son is now able to dress himself. 我儿子现在自己会穿衣服了。 It’s time to wake up and get dressed! 该起床穿衣服了。 She is dressed in a fur coat. 她穿着毛皮大衣。 She always dresses well. 她总是打扮得很漂亮 注：dress 还通常用于被动语态。如： The girl was poorly dressed. 这女孩衣着寒酸。 in是介词，表示“穿着、戴着”之意，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。 它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。 He was in a new black coat. 他穿着黑色的新外套。
fun 用法详解 1. It 's fun 后接不定式或动名词均可 ,意思基本相同 . Eg;： It 's great fun sailing a boat.= It 's great fun to sail a boat. 扬帆驾舟十分有趣 . 2. 表示做某事很开心 , 可用 have (there is) fun (in) doing sth. Eg： We had fun riding our bicycles to the beach today. 我们今天骑自行车去海滨玩得很开 心 . There ' s no fun in spending the evening doing nothing. 晚上无事可干 , 很无聊 . 3. 以下各例中的 fun 虽用作表语 , 但仍为名词 , 而非形容词 , 故可用 great, much, a lot of 等形容词修饰 , 而不用 very 等副词修饰 . 如： She ' s great fun to be with. 同她在一起很有意思 . Why don' t you come with us? It ' ll be great fun. 干吗不同我们一起去呢 ?很有趣的 . 下面一例中 fun 前的 more 为 much 的比较级.女口： It is more fun to go with some one tha n to go alone. 偕伴同去比自己独自去好玩 . 4. 注意for fun (为了高兴，为了好玩)与in fun (不是当真的，闹着玩的，开玩笑地)意不同. 比较： I am not saying it for fun. 我说这话并不是在开玩笑 . He said so only in fun. 他这样说只是开开玩笑 . 实用词汇： dress， wear， put on， have on， in 的用法小结 dress， wear， put on， have on， in 都含有“穿、戴”之意，但用法不同。 1.in 是介词，后接表示衣服或颜色的词，着重于服装的款式或颜色。它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。例如： This is a picture of a young manin ablack coat. 这是一张穿着黑色外套的年轻人的照片。这里in a black coat是you ng ma n的定语。 Heis in ablack nylon jacket today. 今天他穿着黑色尼龙夹克。 In a black nylon jacket 在这个句子里作表语。 2. put on “穿上、戴上”，强调“穿”“戴”的动作，后接衣服、鞋帽等。例如： I want you to put on this coat and this hat. 我要你穿这件外套，戴这顶帽子。 Put on your heavy winter coat if you are going out. 如果你要出去，穿上你的厚冬衣。 3. wear “穿着；戴着”，表示状态，宾语可以是衣帽，也可以是饰物、奖章等。例如： You'd better wear blue or black pants with blown shoes. 穿棕色鞋子的时候，最好要穿蓝色或黑色裤子。 Whydoes heoften wear dark sunglasses? 他为什么经常戴着深色的太阳镜？ 4. dress的宾语通常是人，意思是“给……穿衣服”。 dress oneself 或 get dressed 表示给自己穿衣服。例如： Myson is nowable to dress himself.