河北理工大学轻工学院
COLLEGE OF LIGHT INDUSTRY, HEBEI POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
本科毕业设计
资料翻译（汉译英）
论文题目：在线考试系统
学生姓名：
学号：
专业班级：
学部：
指导教师：
2013年05月25日
摘要
系统采用https://www.doczj.com/doc/097421386.html,和SQL Server 2008数据库，开发了基于B/S三层体系结构的C#在线考试系统。第一层客户层，该层是位于客户端的Web浏览器，用户由Web浏览器访问Web服务器, 在客户端的Web浏览器上显示所需要的主页。第二层应用层,是具有应用程序扩展功能的Web服务器。该层的任务是接受用户的请求,执行相应的程序与数据库的连接,通过SQL方式向数据库提出数据处理请求,等待数据库服务器将数据处理的结果提交给Web服务器,再由Web服务器传回客户端。第三层数据库层,就是数据库服务器。它的任务是接受Web服务器对数据库操纵的请求,实现对数据库查询,修改,更新等功能,把运行结果交给Web服务器。
系统分为三大模块：系统管理模块、用户注册模块和考试模块。其中系统管理模块是进行用户、试题、试卷等的添加、修改和删除，是系统运行的基础；用户注册模块实现了学生用户的注册，学生注册后才有资格参加考试；考试模块是客户端用户通过自己的账号以及密码登陆系统，进入界面时由系统按照管理员预先设置好的试卷结构从题库中随机抽取适合的题目，形成试卷。
系统对提高了教学质量，改进了学生的考核手段，实现了由传统考试方式向网络无纸化考试方式的转变。
关键字https://www.doczj.com/doc/097421386.html,；考试；组卷； SQL Server 2008
目录
摘要................................................................................................................... I 目录.................................................................................................................. II 第一章数据库设计 (3)
1.1 数据库选择 (3)
1.2数据库逻辑设计（E-R图） (3)
1.3数据库表结构 (3)
第二章系统设计 (7)
2.1系统功能设计 (7)
2.2在线考试流程图 (8)
2.3系统功能模块 (8)
结论 (10)
第一章数据库设计
1.1 数据库选择
数据库服务器选用Microsoft SQL Server 2008数据库，它能够处理大量数据，同时保持数据的完整性并提供许多高级管理功能。它的灵活性、安全性和易用性为数据库编程提供了良好的条件。
1.2数据库逻辑设计（E-R图）
图1.1数据库E-R图
1.3数据库表结构
根据本系统基本功能和所涉及人员对数据库建立了若干表，其具体表结构如下所示。
UserInfo表用于存放系统用户信息，其结构如表1-1所示。
表1-1 UserInfo表结构
UserScore表用于存放学生成绩，其结构如表1-2所示。
表1-2 UserScore表结构
PaperInfo表用于存放试卷信息，其结构如表1-3所示。
表1-3 PaperInfo表结构
RubricInfo表用于存放试题信息，其结构如表1-4所示。
表1-4 RubricInfo表结构
SubjectInfo表用于存放科目信息，其结构如表1-5所示。
表1-5 SubjectInfo表结构
第二章系统设计
图2.1在线考试功能结构图
2.2在线考试流程图
图2.2在线考试流程图
2.3系统功能模块
系统中模块分别为：用户信息管理、试题信息管理、试卷信息管理、成绩查询统计管理、系统信息管理。
各功能模块的具体功能如下：
1．用户信息管理：主要是对系统用户信息进行增、删、改及查询的管理。
2．试题信息管理：系统能进行多种试题的录入，当试题录入量比较大时，本系统还支持excel文本文件的上传功能。极大地方便了管理员的操作。
3．试卷信息管理：组卷是考试的重要以环节，本系统提供了手工组卷和随机组卷两种方式，这样方便了老师出题的针对性，其中组卷方式中的随机组卷和试卷显示方式中的逐题显示，也大大地降低考试当中学生的作弊行为，这都是比较合理化的设计。
4．成绩查询统计管理：可选择不同的查询条件，输入不同的查询值，主要是对学生以往考试的成绩进行查询统计，以达到考试的目的，有利于老师对学生
学习薄弱环节的掌握。
5．系统信息管理：主要是对以上几个管理系统常常调用的信息进行录入，方便其他管理的操作，也保证了录入信息的准确性。
结论
在我完成了在线考试系统网站设计这一重要部分的内容后，我觉得自己就像又重新将自己曾经学习过的知识再次学习了一遍一样，对于在线考试系统网站设计的各个步骤的安排，又有了近一步的熟悉。在做毕业设计的过程中，每一步都是自己亲自了解制作的，虽然遇到的问题、难题也非常多，但在经过遇到问题、思索问题、解决问题的过程中，这一收获是最多的。以往没有在意到的问题，都在这一次的毕业设计中得意体现，这些都培养了我的细心、耐心和恒心。而且指导老师给予的指导更加让我受益良多，无论是理论工作上的编制，还是实际中毕业设计遇到的问题，老师都给我们做了详细的分析，也让我在网站设计时更能理论结合实际，更合理地进行思考。我相信学海无涯，只要自己努力想学，这些知识对自己都是有帮助的。
Abstract
The system uses https://www.doczj.com/doc/097421386.html, and SQL Server 2008 database, the development of online examination system based on B / S three-tier architecture in C #. The first layer of the client layer, the layer is located on the client's Web browser, users from a Web browser to access the Web server on the client's Web browser to display the required Home. The second layer is the application layer, with the extended functionality of the application Web server. The task of this layer is to accept the user's request, to perform the procedure and the database connection to the database through SQL data processing request and wait for the database server to the data processing of the results submitted to the Web server, and then back to the client by the Web server . The third layer of the database layer, the database server. Its mission is to accept the request of the Web server to the database manipulation, the database query, modify, update, and run results to the Web server.
The system is divided into three modules: system management module, user registration module and test module. System management module user questions, papers add, modify, and delete system running; student users registered user registration module, student registration to be eligible to take the exam; exam module is the client user through their account number and password to login into the interface by the system in advance in accordance with the administrator set a good paper structure randomly selected from the exam for the title, the formation of the papers.
System to improve the quality of teaching and improved student assessment means to achieve a paperless examination shift from the traditional examination to the network.
Keywords https://www.doczj.com/doc/097421386.html,; Examination; Test paper; SQL Server 2008
Directory
Directory
Abstract ...................................................................................................................... XI Directory ................................................................................................................... X II Chapter database design . (13)
1.1 Database Selection (13)
1.2 Logical Database Design (E-R diagram) (13)
1.3 database table structure (13)
Chapter II System Design (17)
2.1 System Functional Design (17)
2.2 Flowchart online exam (18)
2.3 System Function Module (18)
Conclusions (20)
Chapter Database Design
1.1 Database Selection
Database servers use Microsoft SQL Server 2008 database that can handle large amounts of data, while maintaining data integrity and provides many advanced management capabilities. Its flexibility, security and ease of use for the database programming provides a good condition.
1.2 Logical Database Design (E-R diagram)
Figure 1.1 Database E-R diagram
1.3 database table structure
According to the basic system functions and personnel involved in establishing a number of tables in the database, and its specific table structure is shown below.
UserInfo table is used to store user information system, its structure is shown in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1 UserInfo table structure
UserScore table used to store student achievement, the structure shown in Table 1-2.
Table 1-2 UserScore table structure
PaperInfo table is used to store information on paper, its structure is shown in Table 1-3.
Table 1-3 PaperInfo table structure
RubricInfo examination table used to store information, the structure shown in Table 1-4.
Table 1-4 RubricInfo table structure
SubjectInfo table is used to store account information, and its structure as shown in Table 1-5.
Table 1-5 SubjectInfo table structure
Chapter II System Design
Figure 2.1 Functional Block Diagram online exam
2.2 Flowchart online exam
Figure 2.2 Flowchart online exam
2.3 System Function Module
System modules are: the user information management, test information management, information management papers, query results statistics management, information management system.
Each functional module specific functions as follows:
1. User information management: The main users of the system information to add, delete, change and query management.
2. Questions Information Management: The system can perform a variety of questions of entry, when questions larger than entry, the system also supports excel text file upload feature. Greatly facilitates the administrator's action.
3. Paper Information Management: Test Paper is an important examination in part, this system provides a manual test paper and random test paper in two ways, so convenient for the teacher the topic relevance, which means the random test paper test paper and paper display in the way each question show, but also greatly reduces exam
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河北理工大学轻工学院 COLLEGE OF LIGHT INDUSTRY, HEBEI POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY 本科毕业设计 资料翻译（汉译英） 论文题目：在线考试系统 学生姓名： 学号： 专业班级： 学部： 指导教师： 2013年05月25日
摘要 系统采用https://www.doczj.com/doc/097421386.html,和SQL Server 2008数据库，开发了基于B/S三层体系结构的C#在线考试系统。第一层客户层，该层是位于客户端的Web浏览器，用户由Web浏览器访问Web服务器, 在客户端的Web浏览器上显示所需要的主页。第二层应用层,是具有应用程序扩展功能的Web服务器。该层的任务是接受用户的请求,执行相应的程序与数据库的连接,通过SQL方式向数据库提出数据处理请求,等待数据库服务器将数据处理的结果提交给Web服务器,再由Web服务器传回客户端。第三层数据库层,就是数据库服务器。它的任务是接受Web服务器对数据库操纵的请求,实现对数据库查询,修改,更新等功能,把运行结果交给Web服务器。 系统分为三大模块：系统管理模块、用户注册模块和考试模块。其中系统管理模块是进行用户、试题、试卷等的添加、修改和删除，是系统运行的基础；用户注册模块实现了学生用户的注册，学生注册后才有资格参加考试；考试模块是客户端用户通过自己的账号以及密码登陆系统，进入界面时由系统按照管理员预先设置好的试卷结构从题库中随机抽取适合的题目，形成试卷。 系统对提高了教学质量，改进了学生的考核手段，实现了由传统考试方式向网络无纸化考试方式的转变。 关键字https://www.doczj.com/doc/097421386.html,；考试；组卷； SQL Server 2008
附录A With the new network technology and application of the continuous rapid development of the computer network should. Use of becoming increasingly widespread, the role played by the increasingly important computer networks and human. More inseparable from the lives of the community's reliance on them will keep growing. In order for computers to communicate, they must speak the same language or protocol. In the early days of networking, networks were disorganized in many ways. Companies developed proprietary network technologies that had great difficulties in exchanging information with other or existing technologies; so network interconnections were very hard to build. To solve this problem, the International Organization for Standardization（ISO）created a network model that helps vendors to create networks compatible with each other. Finding the best software is not easy. A better understanding of what you need and asking the right questions makes it easier. The software should be capable of handling challenges specific to your company. If you operate multiple distribution centers, it may be beneficial to create routes with product originating from more than one depot. Few software providers though, are capable of optimizing routes using multiple depots. The provider should be able to support installation of its product. Make sure to clearly understand what training and software maintenance is offered. Obviously, selecting the right routing/scheduling software is critically important. Unfortunately, some companies are using software that may not be best suited to their operation. Logistics actives with responsibility for approving the software ought to be comfortable they've made the right decision. It is important to realize that not all routing/scheduling software is alike！ There questions to ask are：Which operating system is used？How easy is the software to use？Here is a good way to tell. Ask if its graphical user interface（GUI）is flexible. Find out about installation speed - how long does it take？Is the software able to route third party customers with your core business？When was the software originally released and when was it last upgraded？ In 1984, ISO released the Open Systems Interconnection（OSI）reference model,
全国翻译资格考试笔译模拟练习及答案 各成员领导人指示部长们于2002年部长级会议前确定具体的行动和措施，与私营部门密切合作，在2006年前将APEC贸易便利化原则付诸实施。目标是力争在未来5年内将APEC地区的贸易交易费用降低5％。 领导人还指示部长们探讨为贸易便利化确定客观标准的可能性，在这一过程中要充分考虑APEC成员的多样性，以及各成员已经取得的进展。同时，领导人一致认为，开展援助项目来提高发展中成员实施贸易便利化的能力非常重要。 ［参考译文］ Leaders instruct Ministers to identify，by Ministerial Meeting in 2002，concrete actions and measures to implement the APEC Trade Facilitation Principles by 2006 in close partnership with the private sector. The objective is to realize a significant reduction in the transaction costs by endeavoring to reduce them by 5% across the APEC region over the next 5 years. Leaders also instruct Ministers to explore the possibility of setting objective criteria on trade facilitation， taking fully into account the diversity among the members as well as progress achieved in respective economies so far. Leaders also agree that assistance programmes to help build the capacity of developing economies in trade facilitation is particularly important. Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (英译汉) This section consists of two parts, Part A - "Compulsory Translation"
英文文献翻译
二〇年月日
科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS”because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system”instead of “MIS”to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s
西班牙全国大学入学考试中在线语言考试的实 PAULEX UNIVERSITAS项目 作者：安娜吉梅诺 - 桑斯*＆何塞马卡里奥德斯奎拉CAMILLE研究小组，应用语言学系，瓦伦西亚理工大学，卡米诺维拉14，46022 摘要 本文详细介绍了PAULEX UNIVERSITAS项目，一个在线系统，用来设计、发表和评估西班牙大学入学考试中的一个必要部分即国外语言考试。外语考试对想要接受高等教育的所有学生都是强制性的。学生们可以选择下面语言之一考试：英语，法语，德语，意大利语或葡萄牙语。每年，大约有27000名学生同时在巴伦西亚自治区（包括3个省：阿利坎特，卡斯特利翁和瓦伦西亚）参加考试，并且25000多名学生选择英语考试。本文参照当前西班牙形势政策的变化，介绍此次大学入学考试的背景，包括来自平台阐述，以及关于系统管理工具，数据安全性和用户交互问题的讨论。论文通过呈现200多名学生在瓦伦西亚进行试验得出的一些结果，并通过处理有关PAULEX在线考试区域平台的实施所遇到的一些问题，进而得出结论。 1 介绍 2008年12月西班牙教育部颁布了一项新的法律来规范国家大学入学考试。这项新的法律规定：基于阅读理解题和写作的传统英语考试，现在应该包括对听力理解和口语技能的测试。这恰巧与提交给西班牙科学和创新部的一个项目建议书目标一致，就是要设计一个网络平台正式发表高考外语考试。以CAMILLE研发组在瓦伦西亚理工大学开展的前期研究即INGENIO创作工具和传送环境（吉梅诺2008A和2008B ）为起点，小组成员着手设计了一个完整的网上平台，包括设计外语考试，网上发表，评估所有考试，提供考试成绩给当地学校。该三年期项目从2007年9月运行至2010年底。 2 PAULEX UNIVERSITAS 该PAULEX在线考试传送平台是由一个位于大学核心信息和通信系统单元内
附录 一、英文原文： The NetWorks Birth of the Net The Internet has had a relatively brief, but explosive history so far. It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960's by the U.S. Department of Defense. The DoD wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network were damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work. That network was ARPANET, which linked U.S. scientific and academic researchers. It was the forerunner of today's Internet. In 1985, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created NSFNET, a series of networks for research and education communication. Based on ARPANET protocols, the NSFNET created a national backbone service, provided free to any U.S. research and educational institution. At the same time, regional networks were created to link individual institutions with the national backbone service. NSFNET grew rapidly as people discovered its potential, and as new software applications were created to make access easier. Corporations such as Sprint and MCI began to build their own networks, which they linked to NSFNET. As commercial firms and other regional network providers have taken over the operation of the major Internet arteries, NSF has withdrawn from the backbone business. NSF also coordinated a service called InterNIC, which registered all addresses on the Internet so that data could be routed to the right system. This service has now been taken over by Network Solutions, Inc., in cooperation with NSF. How the Web Works The World Wide Web, the graphical portion of the Internet, is the most popular part of the Internet by far. Once you spend time on the Web,you will begin to feel like there is no limit to what you can discover. The Web allows rich and diverse communication by displaying text, graphics, animation, photos, sound and video. So just what is this miraculous creation? The Web physically consists of your personal computer, web browser software, a connection to an Internet service provider, computers called servers that host digital data and routers and switches to direct the flow of information. The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client; the remote computers that store electronic files are the servers. Here's how it works: Let's say you want to pay a visit to the the Louvre museum website. First you enter the address or URL of the website in your web browser (more about this shortly). Then your browser requests the web page from the web server that hosts the Louvre's site. The Louvre's server sends the data over the Internet to your computer. Your web
全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语三级笔译实务模拟试题 Part 1 English-Chinese Translation (英译汉) Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (60 points, 100 minutes). I leave the vault, and as the guard closes the door, a marine archaeologist asks if I want to see anything else. As an example he shows me an astrolabe, a navigation tool that preceded the sextant. Few have survived. "We have three of the oldest known," he says. He directs me to a paper on astrolabes written by a Cuban colleague, who quoted a 16th-century instruction: "He who wants to take the sun with an astrolabe at sea, must be seated near the main mast, the place where the boat oscillates the least and is quiet." I want to take the measure of Cubas past, so I tell the archaeologist I would like to go to the place where the plain things are. I am here not only to see treasures that glitter but also to see and touch objects that illumine moments of the past. Smiling, he takes me into storage rooms where he and other archaeologists preserve cargoes from four centuries of wrecks. Jumbled on these shelves is the stuff of Cubas long reign as counting house and command center for Spains New World colonies. I see knickknacks destined for one of the annual 18th-century trade fairs, where Cubans bought imports from Spain. I also see, pallid from centuries in the sea, dozens of little painted ceramic dogs, lions, cats, and deer later shipped from England. Stacked nearby are sets of dinner dishes, tankards, an hourglass, a bottle of very Old Spanish wine. On another day, in fading light, I walk the ramparts of El Morro, its lighthouse standing tall over Havanas harbor. The old fortress, by day a warren of tourist stops, changes by night, looming deeper into the shadows of Havanas past. As torches light the darkness, I watch Cuban soldiers, costumed as 18th-century Spanish sentries, march along the ramparts of the Castillo de San Carlos and fire a cannon that salutes
在线考试系统方 案 书
概述 传统的考试方式组织一次考试至少要经过人工出卷、考生考试、人工阅卷、成绩统计和试卷分析五个步骤。随着考试规模的不断扩大，工作量将会越来越大而且容易出错。因此开发一套在线考试系统具有重要的现实意义： 1、在线考试突破了时空限制。在线考试系统突破了传统考试模式的时间、空间的限制，有利于组织大规模异地实时考试，可以满足任何授权的考生在规定的时间段内在任意时间和可用地点参加考试，大大提高了教学内容和考核方式的灵活性。 2、提高了工作效率。在线考试系统减轻了考试主管部门人员尤其是教师在命题、组卷、阅卷等方面繁重的工作量，提高了工作效率。 3、节省财政开支。在线考试真正实现了无纸化办公，节省了纸张、印刷等考核费用。 系统总体设计思想 1、以提高教学效率为主要目的 在线考试系统提高了教学内容和考核方式的灵活性，减轻了出题、组卷、阅卷、试卷统计等繁重的工作量，增强了试卷批阅及试卷数据统计的客观公平性，实现了考试信息管理以及考试流程的系统化、规范化和自动化，大大提高了教学效率。 2、以安全稳定为系统设计指导思想 安全性是考试系统质量高低一个重要的检测标准。测试系统中的重要内容如试题、试卷、成绩、身份等信息都应高度保密，必须采取相关措施，为系统设置安全的入口，防止非法访问和非法攻击。 3、以智能便捷为系统设计原则 考试系统应融入智能化思想，组卷、阅卷等较繁琐的工作过程需要以较智能的形式呈现给用户，把大量的信息适当的分解后呈现给用户，使用户的操作有章可循，提高系统的便捷性。 主要模块设计及系统管理功能说明： 一、我的考试功能模块
我的考试分为参加考试，历史考试 1、参加考试功能分析：参加考试这块是给学生们考试用的，学生可以通过学号， 密码进入考试系统，并选择要考试的科目进行考试。实现了无纸化考试，提高了工作效率。考生点击“开始答题”按钮后，显示试卷内容，并且开始计时，考生在规定时间内没有交卷，时间到时就会强迫交卷；在规定时间内交卷，交卷后自动阅卷，考生可直接看到自己本次考试的成绩。 2、历史考试功能分析：历史考试是学生们以前考过的试卷以及成绩存档，方便学 生查看自己的成绩以及试卷具体的内容，使学生知道自己哪方面的知识掌握不牢错了。 并可以对自己成绩进行分析。 二、我的练习功能模块 我的练习功能就分为一个日常练习，这是供学生们在闲暇时间在线练习，巩固知识，这里面可以分科目进行练习。 三、考试管理功能模块 考试管理功能分为科目管理、题库管理、试卷管理、评分阅卷、成绩查询。 1、科目管理功能分析：在线考试时可以分科目进行的，在科目管理里面可以添加 科目，修改科目，删除科目。 2、题库管理功能分析：管理员对题库中科目，系别，题型进行添加，删除，修改，并对科目进行分类。老师可以对题库添加、删除、修改试题，可以选中对应的系别，科目，题型，添加试题进入题库，客观题可以输入正常答案。可以删除自己对应系别，科目下的试题和答案，可以修改自己对应系别，科目下的试题，答案。 扩展：1.即时检查一些主要信息是否为空，是否符合格式 2.可用excel导入试题 3、试卷管理功能分析：试卷管理是供教师管理的，教师可以在里面添加、修改、删除试卷的题型、科目、以及适合哪些班级考试。 4、评分阅卷功能分析：客观题部分，可以根据题库中的答案对比，直接算出学生得到的分数。系统对主观题有自动判分功能，但人为可以干预，在系统自动判分的基础上进行加分或减分。系统会地明细一一记录。对一些考试主观题进行批卷而设计，在本系统主要体现在“问答题”上。只有批改权限的人员才可以查看到相关数据。 注：考生信息：批卷人员无法查看到，为了防止打人情分作弊。
姓名：准考证号： 2012年度上半年全国翻译资格（水平）考试试卷 笔译实务 （英语·三级） 国家人事部中国外文局 二○一二年五月
Section1: English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）（50 points）Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 100 minutes. PALOS DE LA FRONTERA, Spain — Back home in Gambia, Amadou Jallow was, at 22, a lover of reggae who had just finished college and had landed a job teaching science in a high school. But Europe beckoned. In his West African homeland, Mr. Jall ow?s salary was the equivalent of just 50 euros a month, barely enough for the necessities, he said. And everywhere in his neighborhood in Serekunda, Gambia?s largest city, there was talk of easy money to be made in Europe. Now he laughs bitterly about all that talk. He lives in a patch of woods here in southern Spain, just outside the village of Palos de la Frontera, with hundreds of other immigrants. They have built their homes out of plastic sheeting and cardboard, unsure if the water they drink from an open pipe is safe. After six years on the continent, Mr. Jallow is rail thin, and his eyes have a yellow tinge. “We are not bush people,” he said recently as he gathered twigs to start a fire. “You think you are civilized. But this is how we live here. We suffer here.” The political upheaval in Libya and elsewhere in North Africa has opened the way for thousands of new migrants to make their way to Europe across the Mediterranean. Already some 25,000 have reached the island of Lampedusa, Italy, and hundreds more have arrived at Malta. The boats, at first, brought mostly Tunisians. But lately there have been more sub-Saharans. Experts say thousands more — many of whom have been moving around North Africa trying to get to Europe for years, including Somalis, Eritreans, Senegalese and Nigerians — are likely to follow, sure that a better life awaits them. But for Mr. Jallow and for many others who arrived before them, often after days at sea without food or water, Europe has offered hardships they never imagined. These days Mr. Jallow survives on two meals a day, mostly a leaden paste made from flour and oil, which he stirs with a branch. “It keeps the hunger away,” he said. The authorities estimate that there are perhaps 10,000 immigrants living in the woods in the southern Spanish province of Andalusia, a region known for its crops of strawberries, raspberries and blueberries, and there are thousands more migrants in areas that produce olives, oranges and vegetables. Most of them have stories that echo Mr. Jal low?s. From the road, their encampments look like igloos tucked among the trees. Up close, the squalor is clear. Piles of garbage and flies are everywhere. Old clothes, stiff from dirt and rain, hang from branches. “There is everything in there,” said Diego Ca?amero, the leader of the farm workers? union in Andalusia, which tries to advocate for the men. “You have rats and snakes and mice and fleas.” The men in the woods do not call home with the truth, though. They send pictures of themselves posing next to Mercedes cars parked on the street, the kind of pictures that Mr. Jallow says he fell for so many years ago. Now he shakes his head toward his neighbors, who will not talk to reporters. “So many lies,” he said. “It is terrible what they are doing. But they are embarrassed.”