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耶鲁大学心理学导论(第三课)

耶鲁大学心理学导论(第三课)
耶鲁大学心理学导论(第三课)

心理学导论第三课

上堂课我们探讨了大脑及其功能The last class we talked about the brain.

接下来我们将进一步学习一些基础理论Now we're going to talk a little bit about some foundations.

所以在今天和星期一So today and Monday

我们将学习两大心理理论we're going to talk about two very big ideas

其代表人物分别是and these ideas are associated with

西格蒙特·弗洛伊德和Sigmund Freud and

伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳B. F. Skinner

这两个理论便是精神分析理论and are psychoanalysis

和行为主义理论and behaviorism.

今天我们先来讲讲精神分析理论And I want to talk about psychoanalysis today 下周再谈行为主义理论and behaviorism next week.

这些理论广阔的适用范围Now, one of these things-- one of the things

则是它们能够吸引大家关注的原因之一that makes these theories so interesting is their scope.

本课程中所学习的大部分理论Most of the work we're going to talk about

大部分学术观点in this class--

它们的应用范围都是狭隘的most of the ideas are narrow.

我们会谈到某人所提出的So, we're going to talk about somebody's idea

关于种族偏见的理论about racial prejudice,

但它却并不是语言获得的理论but that's not a theory of language acquisition.

我们会讲到关于精神分裂症的理论We'll talk about theories of schizophrenia 但它们却并不能用来解释性吸引but they're not explanations of sexual attractiveness.

大多数理论的适用范围都是有所限定的Most theories are specialized theories, 但这两个理论则是大理论but these two views are grand theories.

它们试图对世间的一切做出解释They're theories of everything,

包括了日常生活encompassing just about everything that matters, day-to-day life,

儿童发展心理疾病child development, mental illness,

宗教战争及爱情religion, war, love.

弗洛伊德和斯金纳的理论解释了上述一切Freud and Skinner had explanations of all of these.

当然这里并不是历史课堂Now, this is not a history course.

给你们介绍这两位心理学泰斗I have zero interest in describing historical figures in psychology

并不只是想让大家了解心理学史just for the sake of telling you about the history

of the field.

我想要向你们讲述的是他们的理论What I want to tell you about though is— I want to talk about these ideas

因为它们是众多理论的基石because so much rests on them and,

更重要的是even more importantly,

其中的很多观点对于我们如何理解当下 a lot of these ideas have critical influence on

具有决定性的影响how we think about the present.

就是这张And that's there.

无论如何Now, for better or worse,

弗洛伊德都深深的影响着我们的生活we live in a world profoundly affected by Sigmund Freud.

如果我让大家选出一位If I had to ask you to choose a--

不是说出一位著名心理学家的名字no, name a famous psychologist,

你们大家多数人会回答弗洛伊德the answer of most of you would be Freud.

他是史上最著名的心理学家He's the most famous psychologist ever and

对20世纪与21世纪he's had a profound influence

的心理学界都有着深远的影响on the twentieth and twenty-first century.

据其传记记载Some biographical information:

他生于19世纪50年代He was born in the 1850s.

他的大半生都是居住在奥地利的维也纳He spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria,

却在伦敦去世but he died in London

二战伊始随着纳粹侵占其家乡and he escaped to London soon after retreating there

他被迫背井离乡at the beginning of World War II

后来逃到伦敦在那里终其余生as the Nazis began to occupy where he lived.

他也是史上最著名的学者之一He's one of the most famous scholars ever

但他不是因为某一项发现而名扬四海but he's not known for any single discovery.

相反他却因为提出了极具包容性的Instead, he's known for the development of 心理理论而闻名天下an encompassing theory of mind,

这个理论是他通过数十年的研究才提出的one that he developed over the span of many decades.

弗洛伊德在世时远近闻名He was in his time extremely well known,

是个家喻户晓的名人a celebrity recognized on the street,

纵观他的一生and throughout his life,

他还是一个精力充沛的高产学者he was a man of extraordinary energy and productivity,

部分原因是他是个十足的瘾君子in part because he was a very serious cocaine addict.

但总体而言But also just in general,

他是一个精力旺盛的人he was just a high-energy sort of person.

他曾获得过诺贝尔医学奖和文学奖的提名He was up for the Nobel Prize in medicine and in literature;

但却都未能最终获奖didn't get either one of them;

没能获得诺贝尔医学奖则是因为爱因斯坦didn't get the prize in medicine because Albert Einstein--

大家都喜欢爱因斯坦Everybody loves Albert Einstein.

当时爱因斯坦确实写过一封信Well, Albert Einstein really wrote a letter

因为大会曾征求其他获奖者的意见because they asked for opinions of other Nobel Prizes.

爱因斯坦在信中写到He wrote a letter saying,

"请别把奖项颁发给弗洛伊德"Don't give the prize to Freud.

他不配获得诺贝尔奖He doesn't deserve a Nobel Prize.

他不过是个心理学家"He's just a psychologist."

事情就是这个样子Well, yes.

好了Okay.

他被公认为While he's almost universally acclaimed

极为重要的知识分子as a profoundly important intellectual figure,

但同时他也成为了别人唾弃的对象he's also the object of considerable dislike.

这在一定程度上是由他的性格造成的This is in part because of his character.

他的许多做法都有失妥当He was not a very nice man in many ways.

他雄心勃勃He was deeply ambitious

想要壮大精神分析to the cause of promoting psychoanalysis,

想要向世人展示他的观点to the cause of presenting his view

想要为其观点进行辩护and defending it,

他还经常说谎and he was often dishonest,

对朋友蛮不讲理extremely brutal to his friends,

对竞争对手也毫不留情and terrible to his enemies.

他这人很有意思He was an interesting character.

我最喜欢的关于弗洛伊德的故事是这样的My favorite Freud story was

他在纳粹兴起之际逃离欧洲as he was leaving Europe during the rise of the Nazis, 他正准备逃到英格兰去as he was ready to go to England

我想应该是从德国或者是奥地利出发from, I think, either Germany or Austria, 盖世太保逼迫他签署了一份文件he had to sign a letter from the Gestapo.

盖世太保们拦住了他Gestapo agents intercepted him

要求他签署一份文件上面写着and demanded he sign a letter saying that

他绝没有受到盖世太保的威胁或骚扰at no point had he been threatened or harassed by the Gestapo.

他签署了文件并在下面写到So he signs the letter and then he writes underneath it,

"盖世太保从不曾伤害我"The Gestapo has not harmed me in any way.

实际上我要向大家强烈推荐他们"In fact, I highly recommend the Gestapo to everybody."

这里他表现出了一定的攻击性It's--He had a certain aggression to him.

他还因其观点而遭到唾弃受到憎恨He was also--He's also disliked, often hated, because of his views.

他被认为是支持性本能论的He was seen as a sexual renegade out

其观点试图毁掉to destroy the conception of

人是善良理性而又纯粹的这一概念people as good and rational and pure beings.

上世纪30年代纳粹势力崛起时And when the Nazis rose to power in the 1930s 他被认为是一个he was identified as a Jew

致力于摧毁基督教之中who was devoted to destroying

最神圣的观念的犹太人the most sacred notions of Christianity,

在某种程度上这是很多人对他的看法and to many, to some extent, many people see him this way.

而这一指责在某程度上And to some extent,

也的确是有几分道理的this accusation has some truth to it.

弗洛伊德发表了许多关于人性的言论Freud made claims about people

很多人都并不愿相信他的这些言论that many of us, maybe most of us, would rather not know.

那他究竟说了些什么呢?Well, okay. What did he say?

如果你去询问某个厌恶弗洛伊德言论的人Well, if you ask somebody who doesn't like Freud what he said,

他们定会告诉你一些弗洛伊德说过的蠢话they'll describe some of the stupider things he said

而事实上弗洛伊德发表过很多言论and, in fact, Freud said a lot of things, 只是其中的部分言论不太合理而已some of which were not very rational.

比如For instance,

他因对性器表征的解释而为人熟知he's well known for his account of phallic symbols,

他认为某些建筑纪念碑arguing certain architectural monuments are

是潜意识中阴茎表征的展现subconsciously developed as penile representations.

与此有关的是他提出了And related to this, he developed

臭名昭著的阴茎嫉妒论the notorious theory of penis envy.

根据弗洛伊德的理论And penis envy is an account of a developmental state 阴茎嫉妒是对女性所经历的that every one of you who is female has gone through, 某一发展状态的解释according to Freud.

这个观点认为And the idea is

女性会在发育的某个时期that you discovered at some point in your development 发现自身缺少阴茎that you lacked a penis.

这无疑是一场灾难This is not--This is a catastrophe.

因此这个时候And so, each of you inferred at that point

女性便猜测自己是被阉割了that you had been castrated.

她们本来是拥有阴茎的You had once had a penis

但却被某人夺去了but somebody had taken it from you.

随后她们开始关注父亲 You then turn to your father

并爱上自己的父亲and love your father

因为父亲拥有阴茎because your father has a penis,

从此他成为了阴茎的替代品so he's a sort of penis substitute.

同时女性会排斥母亲You reject your mother,

原因是母亲没有阴茎所以也是卑贱的who's equally unworthy due to her penis

lack,

女性的性心理发展随之成形and that shapes your psychosexual development.

如果大家对于弗洛伊德的了解仅限于此Now, if that's the sort of thing you know about Freud,

一定不会对他及其学说给予太高的评价you are not going to have a very high opinion of him or of his work,

不过弗洛伊德理论的核心but at the core of Freud's declamation,

也是更有价值的观点the more interesting ideas,

是一系列关于人类理性的主张is a set of claims of a man's intellectual importance.

其中的两个主要观点如图所示And the two main ones are this.

这两个观点涉及了无意识动机的存在The two main ones involve the existence of 以及导致心理疾病梦境an unconscious, unconscious motivation,

口误等心理过程的and the notion of unconscious dynamics or unconscious conflict 无意识动力或无意识冲突的概念which lead to mental illnesses, dreams, slips of the tongue and so on.

第一个观点即关于无意识动机的观点The first idea – the idea of unconscious motivation

拒绝承认人类行为受到意识的支配involves rejecting the claim that you know what you're doing.

假设你爱上了某人So, suppose you fall in love with somebody

想要与对方一同步入婚姻的殿堂and you decide you want to marry them

要是有人问你为什么想要与对方共度余生and then somebody was asked to ask you why 你大概会说and you'd say something like,

"现在我已准备好要开始婚姻生活了""Well, I'm ready to get married this stage of my life;

或"我真心的爱着他"I really love the person;

或"他聪明有魅力"the person is smart and attractive;

"我想要小孩了" 等等I want to have kids" whatever.

或许这是你的心里话And maybe this is true.

但精神分析的支持者会说But a Freudian might say that

即使你是如实作答even if this is your honest answer.

并未向他人撒谎you're not lying to anybody else

但却依然存在着支配你行为的欲望和动机\N–still, there are desires and motivations that govern your behavior

只是你没有意识到罢了that you may not be aware of.

所以事实上你想与约翰结婚So, in fact, you might want to marry John

可能是因为他让你想起了你的父亲because he reminds you of your father

或是因为你想要报复曾经背叛了你的人or because you want to get back at somebody for betraying you.

如果有人这样对你说If somebody was to tell you this,

你定会说 "一派胡言"you'd say, "That's total nonsense,"

但精神分析的支持者并不会就此打住but that wouldn't deter a Freudian.

他会说这些心理过程都是无意识的The Freudian would say that these processes

are unconscious

所以你当然意识不到so of course you just don't know what's happening.

由此引出的一个偏激的观点So, the radical idea here is

你根本不知道自己为何要这么去做you might not know what--why you do what you do 这有点像我们获得视觉感知的过程and this is something we accept for things like visual perception.

当我们环顾四周便会产生感知觉We accept that you look around the world and you get sensations

明白这是一辆车and you figure out there is a car,

那是一棵树那边有一个人there is a tree, there is a person.

你根本没有意识到知觉过程是如何发生的And you're just unconscious of how this happens

但当你将无意识概念应用到很多事情中时but it's unpleasant and kind of frightening

你便会感到不悦和恐惧that this could happen, that this could apply to things 比如你为什么会来耶鲁求学like why you're now studying at Yale,

你为什么会觉得应当这样why you feel the way you do towards your friends, 去对待你的朋友和家人towards your family.

婚姻是一个极端的例子Now, the marriage case is extreme

但弗洛伊德还举了很多简单点的例子but Freud gives a lot of simpler examples 来阐释无意识动机是如何发挥作用的where this sort of unconscious motivation might play a role.

例如你是否曾经毫无理由地So, have you ever liked somebody

喜欢或厌恶过某个人or disliked them and not known why?

你是否曾发现自己Have you ever found yourself in a situation

在没有充分的理由的情况下做出某事where you're doing something or you're arguing for something

为某事争论或是做出了某个决定or making a decision for reasons that you can't fully articulate?

你是否曾在最不应该的时候Have you ever forgotten somebody's name

忘掉了某人的姓名at exactly the wrong time?

你是否曾在与爱人激情时喊错了名字Have you ever called out the wrong name in the throes of passion?

这全都属于精神分析中的无意识范畴This is all the Freudian unconscious.

所以这些事情可以通过The idea is that we do these things—

我们无法觉察到的认知系统these things are explained in terms of cognitive systems

予以解释that we're not aware of.

如果无意识是台理智的计算机Now, all of this would be fine

它非常聪明if your unconscious was a reasonable, rational computer,

总在为你寻求最佳利益if your unconscious was really smart

那其实也倒没什么and looking out for your best interest.

但弗洛伊德告诉我们事实并非如此But, according to Freud, that's not the way it works.

根据弗洛伊德的理论According to Freud,

在你的头脑中存在着there are three distinct processes

三种截然不同的人格结构going on in your head

它们之间存在着强烈的内部冲突and these are in violent internal conflict.

你的行为模式与你的思维方式And the way you act and the way you think are products,

并不是单一理性存在的产物not of a singular rational being,

而是一系列冲突事件的产物but of a set of conflicting creatures.

这三种结构分别是本我自我And these three parts are the id, the ego,

和超我and the superego

它们随着个体的发展而逐渐出现and they emerge developmentally.

弗洛伊德认为本我是与生俱来的The id, according to Freud, is present at birth.

是自性中生物性的一面It's the animal part of the self.

本我追求吃喝拉撒保暖It wants to eat, drink, pee, poop, get warm,

和性欲的满足and have sexual satisfaction.

它是盲目的It is outrageously stupid.

遵循弗洛伊德所说的"快乐原则"It works on what Freud called, "The Pleasure Principle.”

本我追求快乐的即时满足It wants pleasure and it wants it now.

根据弗洛伊德的理论And that's, according to Freud,

刚出生的婴儿就是这个样子how a human begins,

也就是说婴儿只有本我pure id.

弗洛伊德美其名曰"多形性反常"Freud had this wonderful phrase, "polymorphous perversity,"

即追求纯粹的快乐this pure desire for pleasure.

但不幸的是现实是残酷的Now, unfortunately, life doesn't work like that.

世事总难以尽如人意What you want isn't always what you get

快乐并不总是在你想要的时候得到满足and this leads to a set of reactions to cope with

你只能通过设法满足欲望the fact that pleasure isn't always there when you want it

或设法抑制欲望either by planning how to satisfy your desires

来应对这样的事实or planning how to suppress them.

这个结构被称为自我或是自性And this system is known as the ego, or the self.

它所遵循的是"现实原则"And it works on the "Reality Principle."

它试图在现实中找到And it works on the principle of trying to figure out 满足本我要求的方法how to make your way through the world,

找到追求快乐的方法how to satisfy your pleasures

有时是去找寻放弃的方法or, in some cases, how to give up on them.

因而在弗洛伊德的理论中And the ego -- the emergence of the ego for Freud -- 自我的出现象征着意识的起源symbolizes the origin of consciousness.

最后如果只存在自我和本我 Finally, if this was all there

那么事情会简单得多it might be a simpler world,

但弗洛伊德又提出了第三种结构超我but Freud had a third component, that of the

superego.

超我是社会家庭规范的内化And the superego is the internalized rules of parents in society.

因此在成长过程中So, what happens in the course of development is,

你试图在现实中满足本我的要求you're just trying to make your way through the world

满足自己的欲望and satisfy your desires,

但有时也会因此而受到惩罚but sometimes you're punished for them.

有些欲望是不适当的Some desires are inappropriate,

有些行为是错的你会因此而受到惩罚some actions are wrong, and you're punished for it.

因为在你的脑海里会闪现出超我The idea is that you come out;

一种道德良知you get in your head a superego, a conscience.

就像是电影里那些盘旋在头上的小天使In these movies, there'd be a little angel above your head

告诉你什么是不应该做的that tells you when things are wrong.

而基本上自性或者说自我And basically your self, the ego,

是介于本我与超我之间的is in between the id and the superego.

需要注意的是One thing to realize,

我之前说过本我是盲目的I told you the id is outrageously stupid.

它只知道 "饿要吃饭性欲要满足It just says, "Oh, hungry, food, sex,

冷了要穿衣服"oh, let's get warm, oh.”

但其实超我也是盲目的The superego is also stupid.

超我并不是一位能够教你明辨是非的The superego, point to point, is not some brilliant moral philosopher

伟大的道德哲学家telling you about right and wrong.

它只懂得说"你该为自己感到羞耻"The superego would say, "You should be ashamed of yourself.

"你真恶心"That's disgusting.

"别再那样做了"Stop doing that.

"天啊"Oh.

在这两个争执的声音之间的结构And in between these two screaming creatures, one of you;

一种声音要你去满足欲望one of them telling you to seek out your desires, 另一种声音却说"你应该感到羞耻"the other one telling you, "you should be ashamed of yourself,"

就是你就是自我is you, is the ego.

根据弗洛伊德的理论Now, according to Freud,

人格结构的大部分是无意识的most of this is unconscious.

我们可以看到So, we see bubbling up

上面的部分是我们的感受to the top, we feel,

我们的经历we experience ourselves.

本我的驱力And the driving of the id,

本我和超我的力量the forces of the id and the forces of the superego,

都存在于我们无法觉察的无意识之中are unconscious in that we cannot access them.

这就像是我们无法察觉We don't know what--It's like the workings

肾和胃的活动一样of our kidneys or our stomachs.

你无法通过自省而感受到它们的存在You can't introspect and find them.

相反它们的活动都是无意识的Rather, they do their work without conscious knowledge.

这就是弗洛伊德提出的理论Now, Freud developed this.

这就是弗洛伊德理论的大体框架This is the Freudian theory in broad outline.

他在此基础上扩展并提出了He extended it and developed it into a theory

性心理发展理论of psychosexual development.

所以正如之前所说And so, Freud's theory is,

弗洛伊德的理论不仅解释了日常生活as I said before, a theory of everyday life, 决策失误以及恋爱等现象of decisions, of errors, of falling in love,

还解释了儿童的发展but it's also a theory of child development.

弗洛伊德认为人格发展So, Freud believed there were five stages

分为五个阶段of personality development,

且每个阶段都与特定的动欲区有关and each is associated with a particular erogenous zone.

弗洛伊德还认为And Freud believed, as well,

如果你在某一阶段遇到了阻碍that if you have a problem at a certain stage, 没能得到满足你就会停留在这个阶段if something goes wrong, you'll be stuck there.

所以根据弗洛伊德的理论So, according to Freud,

在座各位之所以展示出不同的人格there are people in this room who are what they are

是因为你们停留在了口腔期或肛门期because they got stuck in the oral stage or the anal stage.

这可不是什么好事And that's not good.

第一阶段是口腔期So, the oral stage is when you start off.

快乐来源于口腔的动作The mouth is associated with pleasure.

包括吮吸咀嚼等活动Everything is sucking and chewing and so on.

在弗洛伊德看来And the problem for Freud

问题就出在孩子过早断奶上面is premature weaning of a child.

过早断奶Depriving him of the breast,

会对他的人格发展造成严重影响could lead to serious problems in his personality development.

会使孩子形成所谓的口腔期人格It could make him, as the phrase goes, into an oral person.

口唇期人格有一些具体的表现And his orality could be described literally.

弗洛伊德用口腔期人格Freud uses it as an explanation

来解释为什么会有人暴饮暴食for why somebody might eat too much

嚼口香糖或是抽烟or chew gum or smoke.

他们想通过这种口腔运动They're trying to achieve satisfaction through their

mouth

来获得本该在口腔期获得的满足感of a sort they didn't get in this very early stage of development.

口腔期人格也有一些抽象的表现But it can also be more abstract.

如果你的室友很依赖他人很粘人If your roommate is dependent and needy,

你可以去告诉他you could then go to your roommate and say,

"你具有口腔期人格"You are an oral person.

你在出生的第一年里过的并不好"The first year of your life did not go well."

更为人所熟知的一个阶段则是肛门期A phrase even more popular is the anal stage 它出现在口腔期之后and that happens after the oral stage.

如果没能正确掌握如厕训练And problems can emerge if toilet training

那么问题便出现了is not handled correctly.

据弗洛伊德的理论If you have problems

如果你在那几年里你出了问题during those years of life,

那么你就会形成肛门期人格 you could become an anal personality, according to Freud,

你的室友会说"你就是肛门期人格"and your roommate could say, "Your problem is you're too anal.”

根据弗洛伊德的理论And, according to Freud,

这就表示literally,

你不愿意排泄粪便it meant you are unwilling to part with your own feces.

书上就是这么写的It's written down here.

也确实就是这样的I know it's true.

这种人格表现为 And the way it manifests itself,

强迫有洁癖和吝啬as you know from just how people talk,

这些都可从人们谈话方式看出is you're compulsive, you're clean, you're stingy.

这就是肛门期人格This is the anal personality.

接下来的阶段就稍微复杂点了Then it gets a little bit more complicated.

下一个阶段是性器官期The next stage is the phallic stage.

实际上这个阶段也并不是非常复杂Actually, this is not much more complicated.

性器官成为了快乐的主要来源The focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals

固着在此阶段会导致女性或男性and fixation can lead to excessive masculinity 过分男性化in females or in males,

或是导致女性产生对于关注或控制的欲求or, if you're female, need for attention or domination.

这个时期会出现一个有趣的现象Now, at this point something really interesting happens

叫做"俄狄浦斯情结" [恋母情结]called the "Oedipus Complex."

名字来自于一个故事And this is based on the story,

一则国王弑父娶母的希腊神话the mythical story of a king who killed his father and married his mother.

据弗洛伊德的理论And, according to Freud,

我们所有人都会产生这个情结this happens to all of us in this way.

所有人Well, all of us.

不过弗洛伊德指的是所有的男人By "all of us," Freud meant "men."

俄狄浦斯情结是这样的So, here's the idea.

你到了三四岁的年龄You're three or four years old.

处于性器官期You're in the phallic stage.

你会对什么感兴趣呢So, what are you interested in?

你会对自己的性器官产生兴趣Well, you're interested in your penis

之后你会去寻求外部客体and then you seek an external object.

弗洛伊德对此描述的有些模糊 Freud's sort of vague about this,

但其实你是在寻求某种满足but you know, you seek some sort of satisfaction.

但全世界又有谁But who is out there,

是温柔体贴而又慈爱美丽的呢who'd be sweet and kind and loving and wonderful?

妈妈Well, Mom.

所以小男孩会推断So the child infers,

"妈妈很好我爱妈妈""Mom is nice, I love Mom."

到目前为止一切尚算正常So far so--And so this is not crazy;

小男孩爱上了他的母亲a little boy falling in love with his mother.

问题是父亲妨碍了他Problem: Dad's in the way.

现在事情变得越来越诡异Now, this is going to get progressively weirder 但我要说but I will have to say,

我是两个儿子的父亲as the father of two sons,

我的两个儿子在性器官期时both sons went through a phase

都曾明确地说过要娶他们的妈妈where they explicitly said they wanted to marry Mommy.

对我来说如果真有什么不幸And me – if something bad happened to me

也没有比儿子们弑父娶母更糟糕的事情了that wouldn't be the worst thing in the world.

就是这样So, there's this.

但这时会出现一些攻击性But now it gets a little bit aggressive.

男孩决心要去杀掉父亲So, the idea is the child determines that he's going to kill his father.

每个三四岁大的男孩都这么想过Every three- and four-year-old boy thinks this.

但是据弗洛伊德的理论But then because children, according to Freud,

由于儿童无法很好地don't have a good sense of the boundary

在心理和现实之间划清界限between their mind and the world,

这就是个问题which is a problem – the problem is they don't –

即他们认为自己的父亲they think their father can tell

能够看出他们在密谋弑父that they're plotting to kill him

而且他们还认为父亲非常生他们的气and they figure their father is now angry at them.

之后他们会问自己And then they ask themselves,

"爸爸对我施加的最坏的惩罚会是什么""What's the worst thing Dad could do to me?"

答案就是阉割And the answer is castration.

所以他们最终总结出So, they come to the conclusion that

父亲会因为他们对母亲their father is going to castrate them

抱有非分之想而阉割他们because of their illicit love for their Mom.

然后他们向父亲投降 "爸爸赢了"And then they say, "Dad wins"

随后几年他们不再对性感兴趣and then they don't think about sex for several years

也就是来到了潜伏期and that's the latency stage.

在潜伏期阶段The latency stage

儿童不再纠缠于恋父或恋母情结is they've gone through this huge thing with Mom and Dad,

从"爱上母亲想要弑父"fell in love with Mom, wanted to kill my father,

父亲要阉割我" 过渡到dad was going to castrate me,

"不再恋母不再对性感兴趣"fell out of love with Mom, out of the sex business."

在进入性器期之前And then, sex is repressed

性欲一直是被压抑着的until you get to the genital stage.

性征期是我们大家都会经历的阶段And the genital stage is the stage we are all in –

它延续至成年the healthy adult stage.

现在你成年了Now that you're adults and

经历了所有的发展阶段you've gone through all the developmental stages,

那你现在又是处于什么阶段呢where do you stand?

你并没有脱离险境You're not out of the woods yet

因为无意识机制依然存在because unconscious mechanisms are still—

即使你并没在任何阶段里发生固着Even if you haven't got fixated on anything, 你的行为仍然会一直受到本我there's still this dynamic going on all the time with your id,

自我和超我的驱使your ego and your superego.

大家记住你的超我是盲目的And the idea is your superego-- remember, your superego is stupid.

超我不仅要求你别干坏事So, your superego isn't only telling you not to do bad things,

还要求你不要有做坏事的想法it's telling you not to think bad things.

而你的本我则由赤裸裸的原始欲望构成So, what's happening is your id is sending up all of this weird, sick stuff,

包括了疯狂的性欲和攻击欲all of these crazy sexual and violent desires,

如"我要杀了他""Oh, I'll kill him.

"我要那样做爱"I'll have sex with that.

或"我要再吃一份餐后甜点"I'll have extra helpings on my dessert."

超我则在打压这些欲望 "不行"And your superego is saying, "No, no, no."

所以欲望受到了抑制And this stuff is repressed.

这个过程并不会出现在意识层面之中It doesn't even make it to consciousness.

问题在于The problem is

弗洛伊德用所谓的液压理论Freud had a very sort of hydraulic theory

解释了发生的事情of what goes on,

有些受到压抑的欲望and some of this stuff slips out

会通过梦境和口误而表现出来and it shows up in dreams and it shows up in slips

of the tongue.

在某些特殊情况下And in exceptional cases,

受压抑的欲望it shows up

会通过特定的临床症状而表现出来in certain clinical symptoms.

弗洛伊德描述了So what happens is,

很多我们会在日常生活中使用的方法Freud described a lot of normal life

我们用这些方法in terms of different ways we use

来阻止来自本我的原始欲望to keep that horrible stuff from the id

进入到意识之中making its way to consciousness.

他把这些方法称为 "防御机制"And he called these "defense mechanisms."

你通过抵制不适当的原始欲望来保护自己You're defending yourself against the horrible parts of yourself

其中有些防御机制是很有意义的and some of these make a little bit of sense.

用并不专业的非精神分析的话语来表述I mean one way to describe this in a non-technical, non-Freudian way is,

就是我们并不想知道某些事情的存在there are certain things about ourselves we'd rather not know.

有些欲望我们并不想承认There are certain desires we'd rather not know

我们会设法将这些欲望隐藏起来and we have ways to hide them.

例如有一种叫做升华的防御机制So, for instance, there's sublimation.

升华是你有很多的能量Sublimation is you might have a lot of energy,

可能是性能量也可能是攻击能量maybe sexual energy or aggressive energy, 但你并未将它们指向性目标或攻击目标but instead of turning it to a sexual or aggressive target

而是将这些能量以其他方式进行了释放what you do is you focus it in some other way.

你可以想象像毕加索这样的艺术大师So, you can imagine a great artist like Picasso

通过绘画来释放他的性能量turning the sexual energy into his artwork.

还有移置There is displacement.

移置是你将自己某些不道德的想法或欲望Displacement is you have certain shameful thoughts or desires

以安全的方式释放出去and you refocus them more appropriately.

屈于父亲权威下的男孩A boy who's bullied by his father

可能会憎恨他的父亲想要伤害父亲may hate his father and want to hurt him 但这个想法是可耻的也是难以实现的but since this would--this is very shameful and difficult.

孩子可能会去踢狗觉得狗很可恨The boy might instead kick the dog and think he hates the dog

因为狗是可以接受的替代性目标because that's a more acceptable target.

还有投射机制There is projection.

投射是指人们将自己不想拥有的Projection is, I have certain impulses

某种令自己不能容忍的冲动I am uncomfortable with, so rather than own them myself,

投射到别人的身上I project them to somebody else.

弗洛伊德举出的一个典型例子A classic example for Freud

就是同性恋的欲望is homosexual desires.

我对你产生了强烈的性欲The idea is that I feel this tremendous lust towards you, 比如你们所有人你们三个for instance, and— any of you, all of you, you three, 我为这种性欲感到羞耻and I'm ashamed of this lust

所以我会说so what I say is,

"你们干嘛色眯眯地看着我"Hey. Are you guys looking at me in a sexual manner?

你在对我暗送秋波吗太恶心了"Are you lusting after me? How disgusting,"

因为我这样说不仅满足了自我欲求because what I do is I take my own desires 还把想法投射到别人身上and I project it to others.

弗洛伊德认为这或许不难理解And Freud suggested, perhaps not implausibly, 迷恋that men who believe other men--

迷恋其他男人性征的男人们who are obsessed with the sexuality of other men, 把他们自己的性欲投射到了别人的身上are themselves projecting away their own sexual desires.

还有合理化There is rationalization,

是指当你做坏事或有不良想法时which is that when you do something or think something bad

你会将行为合理化you rationalize it

为行为寻找一个更为社会接受的解释and you give it a more socially acceptable explanation.

比如喜欢打孩子的父母A parent who enjoys smacking his child

一般不会说 "我就是喜欢打孩子"will typically not say, "I enjoy smacking my child."

而是说 "这都是为了孩子好Rather he'll say, "It's for the child's own good.

我只是想做一位好家长而已"I'm being a good parent by doing this."

最后来说说退行And finally, there is regression,

意思是回归到发展的某个早期阶段which is returning to an earlier stage of development.

孩子们经常使用这种防御机制And you actually see this in children.

在他们感到压力和受伤的时候In times of stress and trauma,

他们回到更加年幼的阶段they'll become younger,

表现出年幼时的行为they will act younger.

他们可能会哭They might cry.

吮大拇指或是去寻找毯子之类的They might suck their thumb, seek out a blanket or so on.

弗洛伊德认为所有的机制Now, these are all mechanisms that for Freud

都绝非病态的表现are not the slightest bit pathological.

它们是日常生活的组成部分They are part of normal life.

一般来说我们会运用这些机制Normally, we do these things to keep an equilibrium

去维持无意识系统的平衡among the different systems of the unconscious,

但有时防御机制也会不起作用but sometimes it doesn't work.

当防卫机制不起作用时Sometimes things go awry

就会造成一种病症and what happens is a phrase

其名称在如今的心理学领域已经不常用到that's not currently used in psychology 但在弗洛伊德的时代but was popular

这是个非常流行的名称during Freud's time:

这就是癔症 [歇斯底里症]hysteria.

癔症的临床表现包括Hysteria includes phenomena

癔症性失明和癔症性失聪like hysterical blindness and hysterical deafness, 它们是指你在并无器质性损伤的情况下which is when you cannot see and cannot hear 目不能视耳不能闻even though there's nothing physiologically wrong with you –

此外还有瘫痪震颤恐慌症paralysis, trembling, panic attacks,

健忘症之类的记忆缺失等等gaps of memory including amnesia and so on.

上述这些都是实实在在的症状And the idea is that these are actually symptoms.

这些就是试图将欲望抑制在无意识之中的These are symptoms of mechanisms

防御机制所产生的症状going on to keep things unconscious.

电影中有很多这样的例子It's a common enough idea in movies.

电影中常见的情节是Often in movies what happens is

有人会求助于精神分析师that somebody goes to an analyst.

他们都有一些严重的问题They have some horrible problem.

比如失忆了或是意识丧失什么的They can't remember something or they have some sort of blackouts and so on.

精神分析师会向他们进行解释And the analyst tells them something

最后他们会理解这样的想法and at one point they get this insight

明白自己为何会失明或失忆and they realize what—why they've blinded themselves, why they can't remember,

对弗洛伊德来说事情就是这个样子and for Freud this is what happens.

弗洛伊德起初试图通过催眠Freud originally attempted to get these memories out 来唤起这些遗忘的记忆through hypnosis

但随后改用了自由联想机制but then moved to the mechanism of free association and,

弗洛伊德认为according to Freud, the idea is

病人会抗拒自由联想patients offer resistance to this

而精神分析学家的作用and then the idea of a psychoanalyst

则是克服病人的抗拒is to get over the resistance

帮助病人理解他们的内在想法and help patients get insight.

精神分析的关键假设在于The key notion of psychoanalysis

你所遇到的问题is your problems are--

实际上反映出了更深层次的冲突actually reflect deeper phenomena.

这些冲突被你压抑起来You're hiding something from yourself,

一旦你理解了更深层次的冲突究竟是什么and once you know what's going on to deeper phenomena

你的问题便会得到解决your problems will go away.

现在我举一个心理辅导的例子I'm going to give you an example of a therapy

session.

这并不是精神分析取向的心理治疗Now, this is not a Freudian analysis.

稍后的课程我们会详细讨论We'll discuss later on in the course

什么才是精神分析取向的心理治疗what a Freudian analysis is,

该例子不是纯粹的精神分析取向心理治疗but this is not a pure Freudian analysis.

在精神分析取向的心理治疗中A Freudian analysis, of course,

来访者躺在沙发上is lying on a couch;

看不到他们的心理治疗师does not see their therapist;

而心理治疗师也不会有任何暗示性的话语their therapist is very nondirective.

但我之所以要举出这个例子But I'm going to present this as an example here 是因为它展示了大量精神分析理论的主题because it illustrates so many of the Freudian themes,

特别是关于梦境梦的重要性particularly themes about dreams, the importance of dreams,

梦的压抑及其隐含意义这样的主题about repression and about hidden meaning.

例子摘自一段电视剧So, this is from a television episode and the character's —

在座可能已经有人看过Many --Some of you may have seen this.

很多人可能还没看过Many of you will not have.

片中人物饱受恐慌症折磨The character is suffering from panic attacks.

{\an8}保罗·布罗姆教授曾在《黑道家族》中客串演出

尤其是在恐慌症发作的时候In particular as panic attacks, when he seized-- 他的首次恐慌症来自于这样一件事His first panic attack originated

他来到泳池边when he walked to a swimming pool

看到鸭群飞离游泳池and he saw a family of ducks flied away,

他就这样患上了恐慌症and he got his panic attack.

心脏剧烈跳动出汗High heart pounding, sweating,

脸红几乎晕厥过去flushed, and nearly passed out.

恐慌症造成的压力越来越大And this panic attack screws worse and worse

直到他去见了心理医生until he saw a therapist

进行了药物治疗恐慌症才得以治愈who ended up describing in medication.

这是他和心理医生的And this is discussed as one of -- his one of meetings 一次会面he had with the therapies.

弗洛伊德的贡献并不只是局限于Freud's contributions extend beyond

个体心理学和个体病理学的研究方面the study of individual psychology and individual pathology.

正如幻灯片所示Freud had a lot to say about dreams

弗洛伊德对梦境做了大量阐释as you could see in this illustration.

他认为梦是具有显性梦境的He believed that dreams had a manifest content, meaning;

"显性"是指醒后所能记忆的梦境"manifest" meaning what you experience in your dream.

但梦还具有潜性梦境But dreams always had a latent content as well,

潜性梦境是指梦所隐藏的含义meaning the hidden implication of the dream.

他认为所有的梦境都是愿望的满足He viewed all dreams as wish fulfillment.

你做的每一个梦都是你所抱有愿望的展现Every dream you have is a certain wish you have

即使这是个你并不想拥有的even though it might be a forbidden wish that you wouldn't wish to have,

被禁止的愿望you wouldn't want to have.

在弗洛伊德之前就有观点指出And dreams had--and this is an idea that long predated Freud.

梦具有象征意义Dreams had symbolism.

梦境中的事物往往并不像Things in dreams were often

它们看上去那样的简单not what they seemed to be

它们通常是其他事物的象征but rather symbols for other things.

弗洛伊德认为文学作品童话故事Freud believed that literature and fairy tales 儿童读物之类的东西and stories to children and the like

都含有某个一般性的主题carried certain universal themes,

某些方面的无意识冲突certain aspects of unconscious struggles,

以及某种无意识偏见and certain preoccupations of our unconscious mind.

弗洛伊德还为宗教给出了大量解释And Freud had a lot to say about religion.

例如For instance,

他认为大部分人he viewed a large part of our-- of

想要寻求一位全知全能的神the idea of finding a singular, all-powerful god 其实质是在寻找在发展阶段as seeking out a father figure

所缺失的父亲形象的替代品that some of us never had during development.

下面的课我想着重谈谈What I want to spend the rest of the class on

对弗洛伊德的科学评价is the scientific assessment of Freud.

前面我对弗洛伊德的理论进行了概述So, what I did so far is i've told you what Freud had to say in broad outline.

接下来的时间我想来和大家讨论一下I then want to take the time to consider 弗洛伊德的理论是否可信whether or not we should believe this

以及弗洛伊德的理论and how well it

在多大程度上是符合现代科学的fits with our modern science.

但在开始之前 But before doing so,

先给大家几分钟的提问时间I'll take questions for a few minutes.

你们对弗洛伊德Do people have any questions about Freud

或是他的理论有什么问题吗or Freud's theories?

你来Yes.

这问题不错So, that's some question.

他提的问题是The question is:

弗洛伊德在描述性心理发展过程中The conflicts in psychosexual development

存在的冲突时that Freud describes is—

总是假设孩子是拥有父母的always assumes that a child has a mother and a father, one of each,

是处于特定的家庭结构之中的in a certain sort of familial structure.

问题是And the question then is,

"要是孩子成长于单亲家庭会怎样""What if a child was raised by a single parent, for example?"

如果孩子从未接受过母乳喂养What if a child was never breast fed,

而是从小就用奶瓶喂养那又会怎样but fed from the bottle from the start?

即便弗洛伊德的支持者们也对此存有疑问And Freudians have had problems with this.

弗洛伊德非常关注Freud's--Freud was very focused on

与他接触之人的家庭生活the family life of the people he interacted with,

也就是一些欧洲的贵族们which is rather upper class Europeans,

对于这类问题and these sort of questions

相信弗洛伊德本人也很难作答would have been difficult for Freud to answer.

我猜精神分析的支持者会说I imagine that what a Freudian would have to say is, 你会看到系统的差异you would expect systematic differences.

你会看到由单身母亲抚养长大的孩子So, you would expect a child who just grew up with a mother

或由单身父亲抚养长大的孩子or just grew up to be a father--with a father

在某种意义上to be in some sense

会因此而形成心理创伤psychologically damaged by that,

从而无法正常地经历所有的性心理阶段failing to go through the normal psychosexual stages.

下一个问题Yes.

这个问题是The issue--The question is,

"现代精神分析学家们仍然会认为"Do modern psychoanalysts still believe that 女性没有超我吗"women do not have superegos?"

正如你刚才指出的 Freud was--As you're pointing out,

弗洛伊德因一个观点的提出而臭名远扬Freud was notorious for pointing,

他认为与男性相比for suggesting that women

女性在道德上是不成熟的were morally immature relative to men.

我想弗洛伊德会说女性也是有超我的I think Freud would say that women have superegos,

但她们的超我并没有男性的超我强大they're just not the sort of sturdy ones that men have.

我认为当今的精神分析学家们I think psychoanalysts

和精神分析的学者们and psychoanalytic scholars

对此的看法更为多元right now would be mixed.

有些人会坚持性别差异是根深蒂固的Some would maintain that there really are deep sex differences.

其他人则想要抛弃精神分析理论Others would want to jettison

在这个方面的内容that aspect of Freudian theory.

下一个问题Yes.

升华和移置相同吗Do you define sublimation as being displacement?

升华是否属于移置的一种形式Does that make it sort of a subgroup of displacement?

升华是指Well, what sublimation is--

这是一个好问题A lot of these--It's a good question.

这个问题其实在问什么是升华The question is sort of, what is sublimation?

它和其它防御机制有什么关系How does it relate to the other defense mechanisms?

很多的防御机制都涉及欲望和欲望的转换 A lot of defense mechanisms involve taking a desire and turning it.

移置是指将自己的欲望投放到他人身上Now, what displacement does is it takes it from you to her.

比如我在生你的气 Like I'm angry at you

但是可能由于某种原因我无法向你发脾气but maybe that's forbidden for some reason,

所以我就迁怒到她身上so I'll be angry at her.

投射是指个体否认自己的欲望What projection does is takes a desire from me 并认为他人拥有此欲望and then puts it on somebody else heading outwards.

升华是指你放弃了具体对象And what sublimation does is it just gives up the details

保存了能量and keeps the energy.

比如说你的室友通宵复习So, you stay up--Your roommate stays up all night working

你会对他说and you say to your roommate, for instance,

"你是因为太久没做爱"That's just because you haven't had sex in a long time 却又很想做爱 and you want to have sex

所以你才会将全部的精力so you devote all your energy

都投入到数学考试之中"to your math exam."

然后你总结一句 "这叫升华And then you say, "That's sublimation.

我在心理学导论课上学到的"I learned that in Intro Psych.”

想必你的室友会很开心And your roommate would be very pleased.

最后一个问题One more question.

请讲Yes.

是否存在跨文化差异的证据What kind of evidence is there for cross-cultural variation?

这个问题是The question is, which is related to the issue—

将双亲和单亲家庭的问题扩展了一下extending the issue of the two-parent versus one-parent family is,

"这些概念究竟在多大程度上"To what extent are these notions validated

会因跨文化差异而有所变化"cross-culturally?"

这是一个好问题 And that's such a good question

我想压后一下稍后来解答这个问题I'm going to defer it. I'm going to talk about it in a few minutes

因为这个问题实际上涉及到了because that's actually--That speaks to the issue of

对弗洛伊德的科学评价问题the scientific assessment of Freud

所以我一会再回答你的问题so I'm going to try to get to your question in a little bit.

如今精神分析理论存在很多争议Freudian theory is now, at this point of time,

extremely controversial

有很多著名的针对弗洛伊德的批判和攻击and there is a lot of well-known criticisms and attacks on Freud.

《记忆战争》是一本好书This is just actually an excellent book

由弗雷德里克·克鲁斯所著on The Memory Wars by Frederick Crews,

弗雷德里克·克鲁斯是对弗洛伊德批评which--and Frederick Crews is one of the strongest

最为有力也最为激烈的人物之一and most passionate critics of Freud.

弗洛伊德的问题是这样的And the problems with Freud go like this.

你可以在两种情况下拒绝接受一个理论There are two ways you could reject a theory.

理论是否科学可以由两个方面进行判断There are two problems with the scientific theory.

一种情况是理论本身就是存在错误的One way you could reject a theory is that it could be wrong.

假设我提出了一个理论So, suppose I have a theory

阐述了儿童之所以患有自闭症that the reason why some children have autism, 一种严重的发展障碍a profound developmental disorder,

是因为孩子缺乏母爱is because their mothers don't love them enough.

这个理论流行了很多年 This was a popular theory for many years.

它是一种可能的理论It's a possible theory.

但最终被证明是错误的It just turns out to be wrong but another way--

评判一个理论And so one way

是否属于科学理论的另一种情况to attack and address a scientific theory

就是看它是否成功的进行了预测is to view it as just to see whether or not it works.

但一个理论还可能会存在其他方面的问题But there's a different problem a theory could have.

一个理论有可能因为概念模糊A theory could be so vague

且体系庞大而难以得到验证and all-encompassing that it can't even be tested.

这也是大家对弗洛伊德的主要批评之一And this is one of the main critiques of Freud.

这种批评可以用物理学家The idea could be summed up by a quotation

沃尔夫冈·泡利的一句话来进行概括from the physicist Wolfgang Pauli.

有人问泡利对另一个物理学家的看法And Pauli was asked his opinion about another physicist.

泡利说 "那家伙的研究烂透了And Pauli said this: "That guy's work is crap.

他肯定是错的甚至连错都算不上"He's not right. He's not even wrong.”

对弗洛伊德的批评就是And the criticism about Freud

他连错都算不上is that he's not even wrong.

关于概念模糊的问题The issue of vagueness is summarized

哲学家卡尔·波普用一个更加专业的术语in a more technical way

进行了总结by the philosopher Karl Popper

他提出了"可证伪性"这个术语who described--who introduced the term of

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耶鲁心理学导论第十四课笔记—是什么驱使我们行动-性

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2.对于雌性,不管怎样,总能找到雄性,所以单纯的数量并不重要,所以她们的策略是跟更优秀的 雄性交配,那样,后代的存活率更高 3.从生物学上讲,雌性是挑剔的,所以雄性不仅要跟其他雄性竞争,而且还要取悦雌性。 4.雌性比雄性更加专一,女同比起男同,拉拉更倾向于一夫一妻。对于艾滋病的研究也发现,男同 性恋往往会有成百上千个性伴侣 4.造成差异除了生物学原因之外,还有文化方面的原因,男孩女孩从婴幼儿开始就会被区别对待 5.雌性表现方面的差异 1.同情心是一个核心的性别差异,睾丸酮越多社交性越差。 2.男生在社会认知理论的思维任务中表现往往不如女生。 3.孤独症、艾斯伯格综合症、行为障碍和精神病等男性的患病比例都相对较高。 4.平均来说女性在生理上就对逻辑推理这类不怎么在行。 性吸引力 对跨文化的10000个人的研究发现,每个人都喜欢善良聪明的 女性更加关注权利和地位,并且非常看重伴侣是否愿意为孩子投资(年龄并不是特别的重要,因为20岁的男人和35岁的男人在精子质量上并没有多么大的差异),女人大脑的标配就是去寻找有这样特质的男人。 漂亮实质是健康和年轻。

耶鲁大学公开课

甭看名人励志演讲了,去看看耶鲁大学的公开课吧(中文字幕),能学到太多了,国内的大学真是误国误民啊。。。转来当日志收着来源:陈俐彤小C~的日志 最近一朋友和我讲,YALE大学把他们上课的内容录了下来,并发布在因特网上,供网络传播浏览。 一个全世界排名第二的大学,竟然把自己课程的内容完全录了下来,并在全世界传播,在大学产业化的中国,有些人会觉得不可思议,你没交学费,怎么可以把我的课程免费的给公众提供呢?可是人家并不是这样认为的,本着人不分贵贱,教育不分你我的原则,耶鲁大学做出了这个匪夷所思的举动,实在是非常钦佩。。。 好了,不说大话,这个公开课真的非常的好,我有义务分享给我的朋友们 首先你得会用电驴,具体怎么用百度去 ps:我分享的这个是有字幕的,而且这个字幕是非常考究的,所以出的非常慢,理解一下。。。 =========================================== 音乐学 聆听音乐Listening to Music(教授本人著述) 课程简介: 本课程培养在对西方音乐理解基础上对音乐的感悟。它会介绍各种类型的音乐是如何搭配,并教导如何聆听各种类型的音乐,从巴赫,莫扎特,格里高利咏叹调到蓝调 关于课程主讲人: Craig Wright在1966年于the Eastman School获得钢琴乐和音乐史双学位,在1972年于哈佛大学获得博士学位。 Craig Wright从1973年开始在耶鲁大学任教,目前是the Henry L. and Lucy G的音乐教授。 在耶鲁大学,Craig Wright的成就包括常年流行的入门课程“聆听音乐”和选择性研讨会“探索大自然的天才”。 每年夏天,他都会带领一些耶鲁大学的社团区法国,德国和意大利采风。

(完整版)耶鲁公开课--博弈论笔记

耶鲁公开课一博弈论笔记 第一节、 名词解释 优势策略(Dominant strategy ):不论其他局中人采取什么策略,优势策略对一个局中人而言都是最好的策略。 即某些时候它胜于其他策略,且任何时候都不会比其他策略差。 注:1、"优势策略”的优势是指你的这个策略对你的其他策略占有优势,而不是无论对手采用什么策略,都占有优势的策略。 2、采用优势策略得到的最坏的结果不一定比采用另外一个策略得到的最佳的结果略胜一筹。 严格劣势策略(strictly dominated strategy):被全面的严格优势策略压住的那个策略, 也就是说不是严格优势策略以外的策略。 弱劣势策略:原来不是严格劣势策略,但是经过剔除严格劣势策略后,这个策略就成了严格 劣势策略。 例:囚徒困境 甲沉默{合作)甲认罪(背叛 乙沉默(合作)二人同服刑半年甲即时获释!乙眼刑F评 乙认罪(背扳)甲腮刑10年;乙即时获释二炯服刑2年 囚徒到底应该选择哪一项策略,才能将自己个人的刑期缩至最短?两名囚徒由于隔绝监禁,并不知道对方选择;而即使他们能交谈,还是未必能够尽信对方不会反口。就个人的理性选 择而言,检举背叛对方所得刑期,总比沉默要来得低。试设想困境中两名理性囚徒会如何作出选择:若对方沉默、背叛会让我获释,所以会选择背叛。 若对方背叛指控我,我也要指控对方才能得到较低的刑期,所以也是会选择背叛。 二人面对的情况一样,所以二人的理性思考都会得出相同的结论一一选择背叛。背叛是两种 策略之中的支配性策略。因此,这场博弈中唯一可能达到的纳什均衡,就是双方参与者都背叛对方,结果二人同样服刑2年。 例:协和谬误20 世纪60 年代,英法两国政府联合投资开发大型超音速客机,即协和飞机。该种飞机机身大、装饰豪华并且速度快,其开发可以说是一场豪赌,单是设计一个新引擎的成本就可能高达数亿元。难怪政府也会被牵涉进去,竭力要为本国企业提供更大的支持。 项目开展不久,英法两国政府发现:继续投资开发这样的机型,花费会急剧增加,但这样的设计定位能否适应市场还不知道;但是停止研制也是可怕的,因为以前的投资将付诸东流。随着研制工作的深入,他们更是无法做出停止研制工作的决定。协和飞机最终研制成功,但因飞机的缺陷(如耗油大、噪音大、污染严重等)以及运营成本太高,不适合市场竞争,英法政府为此蒙受很大的损失。

心理学专业排名-最权威的美国大学排名解析

心理学专业排名-最权威的美国大学排名解析心理是一门涉猎广泛的学科,通过研究直觉、情绪、人格、行为等多种心理现象、精神功能及行为,通过理论研究与应用科学大道更好诠释心理的结果。心理学起源早,领域广,内容多。 心理学专业排名No.1:斯坦福大学 斯坦福大学的心理学分为五个研究方向,即认知、发育、神经科学、科学情感与社会心理学,虽然这些研究并不提供临床、咨询、组织等课程,但学校和老师们会为同学们提供他们所需的一切资源,还会联合其它学校进行跨学科的合作。 斯坦福大学心理系网址:https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/133867787.html,/ 心理学专业排名No.1:加州大学伯克利分校 通过研究神经科学、行为学、社会学、人文学及精神病学,加州大学伯克利分校的心理系致力于研究所有包括人、思考、行动等集体,使心理学上升到高度跨学科、跨领域的科学研究,并运用其独特的训练方式提供更好的教育。 出出国自成立以来一直致力于提供顶级美国留学咨询服务,革命性地采用了递进式专家团队服务新概念,将深度个性化和标准化服务科学的结合起来,实现了信息化系统管理,开创了留学教育咨询服务的新时代。两年间获得了前30位的学校占比27%,前50位学校占比60%,学生的录取结果普遍比预期提升20-50位排

名。 加州大学伯克利分校心理系网址:https://www.doczj.com/doc/133867787.html,/ 心理学专业排名No.3:哈佛大学 哈佛大学的心理系有着很悠久的历史,从1800年代后期第一次出现在哈佛大学的学科中开始就一直处于该领域的前沿,其很多领域一直都是美国的顶级项目,从这里走出的心理学人才也不计其数。 哈佛大学心理系网址:https://www.doczj.com/doc/133867787.html,/icb/icb.do?keyword=k3007 心理学专业排名No.3:加州大学洛杉矶分校 2010年至今出出国荣任中国企业联合会理事特约教育顾问、教育中介机构委员会特约培训师机构,被评选为“保护消费者权益315信用品牌”。两年间出出国接受了中国教育台《学海风云录》专题报道、CCTV《学无止境》专访、新浪教育频道专访、北京青年报报道等。 UCLA以努力简历良好的城市关系、促进青年发展、经济进步、艺术和文化事业为己任,并设有研究中心,使得加州大学洛杉矶分校的心理学研究不仅局限于理论研究,从而使他们创造出更好、更广泛的方法合理有效的达到研究的目的。 加州大学洛杉矶分校心理系网址:https://www.doczj.com/doc/133867787.html,/

心理学笔记-15.道德(耶鲁大学公开课《心理学导论》)

心理学笔记-15.道德 一个在世界上的人——道德 我们将从三个方面学习道德:道德情感,道德判断,道德行为。。 道德情感 移情,存在与我们大部分人中间,但不是全部..... 日常的道德; 内群性:群体内的团结合作,群体间的竞争关系....消除的方法是:让不同的群体有共同的最高目标,,,,比如,消除不同宗教矛盾的方法是让外星人攻击地球,这个。。也就是说,关心、移情等部分取决于我们本身所属的群体。。。 道德判断:好坏之分,公平和不公平之分 我们在心理学上所说的道德,不是指你对一些重大问题的立场,例如政治问题或者重大的道德问题,堕胎或者死刑......道德判断是一种你不停的作出的判断,通常是无意作出的..

三个特点——强制,惩罚,道德推理 Shweder 理论:认为思考可以分为3种,3种不同的道德思想体系,3种不同的伦理...... ?自治道德(an ethnic of autonomy):道德哲学家——对√,平等,自由; ?但很多重于集体道德,强调义务、地位、等级制度、互相依赖; ?还有的文化重于神性道德,他们的道德则与纯洁,神圣,亵渎,罪孽等有关。 西方文化具有强烈的自治道德,所以我们文化中的争议都是从自治道德的观点出发的。但是,我们会遇到一些道德困境,道德直觉是无意识的,即“总之,这是不对的”。而真正的认为“比如,宠物狗死了,我们晚餐就吃了它吧”....这可能是真正的自治道德者。。 使人变坏的力量: 1.去个性化:抹杀自己的个性,你不再是你自己................责任分散 ——群体的责任而不是我个人的责任,群体的一个作用是使得责 任变小(再比如,“接受命令”、“匿名”也是减少责任的方法); 例子,在街头被抢大喊救命,不如指着某个人说“穿绿色毛衣的 那个人,快报警”。

耶鲁大学公开课

耶鲁大学公开课-心理学导论第1课中文课件 欢迎大家来到心理学导论的课堂,我是保罗.布罗姆博士,是本门课程的教授; 如果还有同学没领取教室前面的教学大纲,请举手示意我,研究生助教会发给你,如果你还没领到教学大纲的话; 大家也可以在这个网站上下载教学大纲,这个网站将会成为你学习本门课程的得力助手;网站上资源里有教学大纲,我会不定期更新,会非常及时,所有的课程资料也会放在网上,包括我所展示的幻灯片,包括我现在放的这个课件,还有关于练习考试和每一次阅读作业的细节要求,所以大家要经常登录这个网站,以获取最新的课程信息; 今天的课会很简短,只是帮助大家理清本课程的研究方向;介绍一下课程,我知道课程都在预选阶段,所以我希望让大家,对课程有一个整体感知;首先我会向大家展示,本门课程的安排与考核,以及会涉及书目等等;接下来我会给出一些我们会涉及话题的具体实例,但我在开始之前,我要告诉大家这个课程的一点特别之处,我们会被录像,本课程是“耶鲁大学公开视频课程计划”的七个实验课程之一;那么这也就意味着,在本年度结束时,所有的视频录像都会在网上,免费对所有人开放,希望它能够通过网络传播到各个国家,为无法通过正常渠道接受大学教育的人们提供便利;我视此为耶鲁之容,更是对资源的充分利用;当然,这也是耶鲁建立“世界学术霸权”的大计;因此,来自媒体创新中心的耶鲁大学节目制作组,将会在教室后面全程录制本课程;这一计划的目标在于,让全世界看到真实的耶鲁课堂,让观看录像的人们获得与在座各位同样的知识,因此他们需要录制的是课程,也就是我和后面的幻灯片,而不会拍摄同学们,所以没有让各位签署授权协议;两点需要说明:第一就我而言,我会尽量注意自己的言辞,因为可能会有孩子观看,所以我会很注;另一件事情就是,如果你们坐在第一排,或者前几排,那么你们的头部,背部甚至脸部,都可能被镜头扑捉到,如果你在证人保护计划之内,或者是个逃犯级人物,就尽量不要坐在前排了;各位要是现在想换到后排,就放心换,没关系的我不介意;好,我们可以开始了; 欢迎大家选择心理学导论这门课程,我是保罗.布罗姆博士,负责教授本门课程,本课程旨在让大家在宏观上对人类心智研究形成基本的认识因此我们讨论的主题会非常广泛,其中囊括了大脑;儿童;语言;性;记忆;狂躁;厌恶;歧视以及爱恋等等..我们将会探讨的问题诸如,如何合理解释两性差异,动物究竟能否学习语言;我们作呕究竟因何而起,为何我们有些人会进食过量,而我们又该如何阻止,为何当人们融入团体时会变得疯狂;我们同样关注,你能否相信自己的儿时记忆,以及为何抑郁只存在于一部分人中;这门课一周两节,也会有指定的阅读材料,要想在这门课中取得好成绩,必须要认真听讲,用心阅读指定书目;两者内容会有些重叠,有时讲课的内容与阅读内容紧密相连;但部分阅读

耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文 字幕10

在这门课刚开始的时候We began the course 我们讨论过一个现代心理学的基本观点by talking about one of the foundational ideas of modern psychology. 弗兰西斯·克里克称之为This is what Francis Crick described as "惊人的假说""The Astonishing Hypothesis," 我们的心理活动 the idea that our mental life, 我们的意识我们的道德观念our consciousness, our morality, 我们做出决定和判断的能力our capacity to make decisions and judgments 皆由一个物质的生理大脑所产生is the product of a material physical brain.今天我想讲的What I want to talk about today and introduce it, 将会是and it's going to be a theme 贯穿我们接下来课程的一个主题that we're going to continue throughout the rest of the course, 也是第二个同样惊人的观点is a second idea which I think is equally shocking, 甚至可能更惊人perhaps more shocking. 这个观点和我们的心理活动的来源有关And this has to do with where mental life comes from, 重点不在于它的物质性not necessary its material nature, 而在于它的起源but rather its origin. 这又一"惊人的假说"And the notion, this other "astonishing hypothesis," 被哲学家丹尼尔·丹尼特称之为is what the philosopher Daniel Dennett has described 达尔文的危险思想as Darwin's dangerous idea. 这个观点解释了现代生物学中And this is the modern biological account 生物现象的起源of the origin of biological phenomena 包括心理现象including psychological phenomena. 人们很久以来就对Now, people have long been interested in 复杂事物的进化感兴趣the evolution of complicated things. 有一个观点在历史中被不断提及And there is an argument that's been repeated throughout 却还深深的吸引着人们history and many people have found it deeply compelling, 包括达尔文自己including Darwin himself. 达尔文在写《物种起源》的时候Darwin, as he wrote The Origin of Species, 就被神学家威廉姆·佩利提出的一个观点was deeply persuaded and moved

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