考博英语-130
(总分：140.28，做题时间：90分钟)
一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Reading (总题数：5，分数：20.00)
{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
In the United States, 36 states currently allow capital punishment for serious crimes such as murder. Americans have always argued about the death penalty. Today, there is a serious question about this issue: Should there be a minimum age limit for executing criminals? In other words, is it right for convicted murderers who kill when they are minors--i, e. , under the age of 18--to receive the death penalty?
In most other countries of the world, there is no capital punishment for minors. In the United States, though, each state makes its own decision. Of the 36 states that allow the death penalty, 30 permit the execution of minors.
In the state of South Carolina, a convicted murderer was given the death penalty for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In 1977, when he was 17 years old, James Terry Roach and two friends brutally murdered three people. Roach's lawyer fought the decision to execute him. The young murderer remained on Death Row (a separate part of prison for convicted criminals who are sentenced to death) for ten years while his lawyer appealed to the governor. The lawyer argued that it is wrong to execute a person for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In the United States, the governor of a state has the power to change a sentence from the death penalty to life in prison. Nonetheless, the governor of South Carolina refused to stop the execution. Roach was finally executed by electrocution in 1986. This is not the first time a criminal was executed in South Carolina for a crime he committed when he was a minor. In 1944, a 14-year-old boy died in that state's electric chair.
In Indiana, a 16-year-old girl was on Death Row for a crime she committed when she was 15. Paula Cooper and three friends stabbed an elderly woman to death in 1986. They robbed the old woman to get money to play video games. At the time of the murder, the minimum age limit for executions in that state was 10. Cooper's lawyer appealed to the governor of Indiana to stop the execution because the convicted killer was very young and because she was abused in childhood. The Indiana governor, who favors the death penalty, said that he had to let the courts do their job.
（分数：4.00）
(1).According to the passage, Cooper's lawyer ______.（分数：1.00）
A.asked the governor for help
B.stopped the execution
C.let the courts do their job
D.fought with the governor
(2).Which of the following is true?（分数：1.00）
A.All states in the U.S. allow the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder.
B.South Carolina does not allow capital punishment for minors.
C.the governor of a state can stop an execution.
D.Americans agree that it is wrong to execute convicted criminals who are minors.
(3).The author mentioned a 14-year-old boy in paragraph 3 to show ______.（分数：1.00）
A.the boy died in an electric chair
B.Roach was not the first minor criminal executed in South Carolina
C.the boy committed a crime
D.the boy was 14 years old when he died
(4).Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?（分数：1.00）
A.Two Lawyers.
B.Roach and Paula Cooper.
C.No Capital Punishment for Minors.
D.The Death Penalty in tile U. S.: Old Enough to Kill, Old Enough to Die?
National Parks have more and more visitors each year. In the last ten years the number of campers using the camp sites has more than doubled. Camping as a family vacation has suddenly become extremely popular in America. It is a cheap way to travel; its simple pleasures are a pleasant change from hectic urban life; and it can be enjoyed by children of all ages. In car trunks or in racks on top of cars, families load a tent, sleeping bags, inflatable mattresses, cooking pans and eating utensils, and an ice chest for storing food. When they arrive at a camping ground they find a cleared space in which to pitch their tent, a fireplace for cooking, and usually a picnic table and benches--water and firewood nearby. By evening they are settled under the stars, the campsite around them dotted with lights from cooking fires and lanterns hung from trees. Vacations are not all in resorts or in the wilderness. Swarms of vacationing Americans visit New York and Washington each year. They visit New York because there is no place in the world like this tremendous, exciting city, the busiest port in the world, with its great steel and glass skyscrapers, its theaters and shops, its beauty of skyline and shoreline, and its thrilling five-cent ferry ride past the Statue of Liberty. They visit Washington because it is the nation's capital, where they can see their government at work, tour the public rooms of their President's home, the White House, and walk along the wide avenues to the art galleries and museums. Here they can see exhibits of the native peoples of their land--the Indians and the Eskimos. They can look at Lindbergh's small, fragile plane in which he crossed the Atlantic Ocean. They can ride the elevator to the top of the Washington Monument, visit Washington's Mount Vernon home, and feel the shiver of national pride as they stand at the foot of the great Lincoln Monument and read the stirring words of his Gettysburg Address.
For Americans vacation time ends on Labor Day--the first Monday in September. Labor Day is the day when summer cottages are closed, when families head back to their homes. The highways are jammed with cars. The cars are jammed with families and belongings and treasures of the summer. By the time the drivers are back home they sometimes feel that what they need is a vacation.
（分数：4.00）
(1).Which of the following is not a reason for which camping has suddenly become extremely popular in America?（分数：1.00）
A.National Parks provide camp sites.
B.Camping is a cheap way to travel.
C.Camping makes city people have a change.
D.People of all ages enjoy camping.
(2).Which of the following is not mentioned about New York?（分数：1.00）
A.Very great and exciting city.
B.Very wide avenues.
C.Great skyscrapers.
D.Beautiful skyline and shoreline.
(3).Which of the following is not an attraction of Washington?（分数：1.00）
A.Tile public rooms of the White House.
B.The great Lincoln Monument.
C.The Statue of Liberty.
D.Exhibits of the native people of America.
(4).Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（分数：1.00）
A.Vacations in America.
B.Big Cities in America.
C.American Family Life.
D.Camping as a Family Vacation.
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities (实体) directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which soical entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not
conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper, the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may include efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that, war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.
（分数：4.00）
(1).The author holds the opinion that ______.（分数：1.00）
A.like animal fights, competition is a necessity and war is inevitable
https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,petition becomes war when it grows more and more fierce
C.when social entities serve one another, opposition means cooperation
D.while competition is unavoidable, war is not a necessary outcome
(2).The author cites animal fights ______.（分数：1.00）
A.to argue for the inevitability of war
B.to support the theory that the fittest survive
C.to show that animals are free to eat animals
D.to indicate the nature of animal struggle
(3).The tone of this essay is ______.（分数：1.00）
A.serious and resolute
B.humorous and ironical
C.persuasive and convincing
D.subjective and positive
(4).In which book will this passage most suitably be edited?（分数：1.00）
A.Sociology.
B.The Animal World.
C.The History of War.
D.The Making of a Nation.
In the art of the Middle Ages, we never encounter the personality of the artist as an individual; rather, it is diffused through the artistic genius of centuries embodied in the rules of religious art. Art of the Middle Ages is a sacred script, the symbols and meanings of which were well settled. The circular halo placed vertically behind the head signifies sainthood, while the halo impressed with a cross signifies divinity. By bare feet, we recognize God, the angels, Jesus Christ and the apostles, but for an artist to have depicted the Virgin Mary with bare feet would have been tantamount to heresy. Several concentric, wavy lines represent the sky, while parallel lines represent water or the sea. A tree,
which is to say a single stalk with two or three stylized leaves, informs us that the scene is laid on earth. A tower with a window indicates a village; and should an angel be watching from the battlements, that city is thereby identified as Jerusalem. Saint Peter is always depicted with curly hair, a short beard and a tonsure, while Saint Paul always has a bald head and a long beard.
Through this system, even the most mediocre talent was elevated by the genius of the centuries. The artist of the early Renaissance broke with tradition at their own peril. When they are not outstanding, they are scarcely able to avoid insignificance and banality in their religious works; and even when they are great, they are no more than the equals of the old masters who passively followed the sacred rules.
（分数：4.00）
(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：1.00）
A.theorize about the immediate influences on art of tile Middle Ages
B.explain why artists of the Middle Ages followed the rules of a sacred script
C.discuss some of the important features of art of the Middle Ages
D.contrast the art of the Middle Ages with that of the Renaissance
(2).All of the following are mentioned in the passage as elements of the sacred script EXCEPT ______.（分数：1.00）
A.abstract symbols such as lines to represent physical features
B.symbols such as halos and crosses
C.clothing used to characterize individuals
D.symmetrical juxtaposition of figures
(3).The passage would most likely be found in a ______.（分数：1.00）
A.sociological analysis of the Middle Ages
B.treatise on the influence of the Church in the Middle Ages
C.scholarly analysis of art in the Middle Ages
D.preface to a biography of a Renaissance artist
(4).By the phrase "diffused through the 'artistic genius of centuries," the author most likely means ______.（分数：1.00）
A.the individual artists of the Middle Ages did not have serious talent
B.great works of art from the Middle Ages have survived until now
C.an artist who faithfully followed the rules of religious art was not recognized during his lifetime
D.the rules of religious art, developed over time, left little freedom for the artist
At the present time, 98 percent of the world energy consumption comes from stored sources, such as fossil fuels or nuclear fuel. Only hydroelectric and wood energy represent completely renewable sources on ordinary time scales. Discovery of large additional fossil fuel reserves, solution of the nuclear safety and waste disposal problems, or the development of controlled thermonuclear fusion will provide only a short-term solution to the world's energy crisis. Within about 100 years, the thermal pollution resulting from our increased energy consumption will make solar energy a necessity at any cost.
Man's energy consumption is currently about one part in ten thousand that of the energy we receive from the sun. However, it is growing at a 5 percent
rate, of which about 2 percent represents a population growth and 3 percent a per capita energy increase. If this growth continues, within 100 years our energy consumption will be about 1 percent of the absorbed solar energy, enough to increase the average temperature of the earth by about one degree centigrade if stored energy continues to be our predominant source. This will be the point at which there will be significant effects in our climate, including the melting of the polar ice caps, a phenomenon which will raise the level of the oceans and flood parts of our major cities. There is positive feedback associated with this process, since the polar ice cap contributes to the partial reflectivity of the energy arriving from the sun: As the ice caps begin to melt, the reflectivity will decrease, thus heating the earth still further.
It is often stated that the growth rate will decline or that energy conservation measures will preclude any long-range problem. Instead, this only postpones the problem by a few years. Conservation by a factor of two together with a maintenance of the 5 percent growth rate the problem by only 14 years. Reduction of the growth rate to 4 percent postpones the problem by only 25 years; in addition, the inequities in standards of living throughout the world will provide pressure toward an increase in growth rate, particularly if cheap energy is available. The problem of a changing climate will not be evident until perhaps ten years before it becomes critical due to the nature of an exponential growth rate together with the normal annual weather variations. This may be too short a period to circumvent the problem by converting to other energy sources, so advance planning is a necessity.
The only practical means of avoiding the problem of thermal pollution appears to be the use of solar energy. (Schemes to "air-condition" the earth do not appear to be feasible before the twenty-second century. ) Using the solar energy before it is dissipated to heat does not increase the earth's energy balance. The cost of solar energy is extremely favorable now, particularly when compared to the cost of relocating many of our major cities.
（分数：4.00）
(1).The author is primarily concerned with ______.（分数：1.00）
A.describing a phenomenon and explaining its causes
B.outlining a position and supporting it with statistics
C.isolating an ambiguity and clarifying it by definition
D.presenting a problem and advocating a solution for it
(2).According to the passage, all of the following are factors that will tend to increase thermal pollution EXCEPT ______.（分数：1.00）
A.the earth's increasing population
B.melting of the polar ice caps
C.increase in per capita energy consumption
D.expected anomalies in weather patterns
(3).The positive feedback mentioned at the end of paragraph 2 means that the melting of the polar ice caps will ______.（分数：1.00）
A.reduce per capita energy consumption
B.accelerate the transition to solar energy
C.intensify tile effects of thermal pollution
D.necessitate a shift to alternative energy sources
(4).The possibility of energy conservation is mentioned (in paragraph 3) in order to ______.（分数：1.00）
A.preempt and refute a possible objection to the author's position
B.support directly the central thesis of the passage
C.minimize the significance of a contradiction in the passage
D.prove that such measures are ineffective and counterproductive
二、{{B}}Part Ⅱ Vocabula(总题数：20，分数：20.00)
1.The chimney vomited a cloud of smoke.（分数：1.00）
A.ignited
B.immersed
C.emitted
D.hugged
2.Her remarks ______ a complete disregard for human rights.（分数：1.00）
A.magnified
B.maintained
C.manipulated
D.manifested
3.On behalf of my company, I am ______ to you and your colleagues for your generous help.（分数：1.00）
A.subjected
B.inclined
C.available
D.obliged
4.Before the construction of the road, it was prohibitively expensive to transport any furs or fruits across the mountains.（分数：1.00）
A.determinedly
B.incredibly
C.amazingly
D.forbiddingly
5.The rear section of the brain does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.（分数：1.00）
A.advanced
B.growing
C.front
D.back
6.The none of students in the class likes the mistress, who is used to being ______ of everything they do.（分数：1.00）
A.emotional
B.optimistic
C.interested
D.critical
7.Before the disastrous earthquake there was ______ chaos.（分数：1.00）
A.massive
B.ominous
C.suspending
D.imminent
8.The day was breaking and people began to go to work so the murderer was unable to of the body.（分数：1.00）
A.dispense
B.dispose
C.discard
D.discharge
9.I didn't know it then, but this disruptive way of reading started with the very first novel
I ever picked up.（分数：1.00）
A.harmful
B.persistent
C.interruptive
D.characteristic
10.The problem is that the loss of confidence among the soldiers can be highly contagious.（分数：1.00）
A.spreading
B.contemptible
C.contented
D.depressing
11.At dusk, Mr. Hightower would sit in his old armchair in the backyard and wistfully lose in reminiscence of his youth romances.（分数：1.00）
A.hopefully
B.reflectively
C.sympathetically
D.irresistibly
12.I should be able to finish the task on time, ______ you provide me with the necessary guidance.（分数：1.00）
A.in case
B.provided that
C.or else
D.as if
13.The prodigal son spent his money extravagantly and soon after he left home he was reduced to
a beggar.（分数：1.00）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,vishly
B.economically
C.thriftily
D.extrovertly
14.While he was not dumber than an ox, he was not any smarter; so most of his classmates were lenient and helped him along.（分数：1.00）
A.helpful
B.merciful
C.enthusiastic
D.intelligent
15.Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing others and fighting each other.（分数：1.00）
A.hardly active
B.relatively active
C.extremely inactive
D.pathologically active
16.The appearance of the used car is ______, it's much newer than it really is.（分数：1.00）
A.descriptive
B.indicative
C.deceptive
D.impressive
17.The sales manager was so adamant about her idea that it was out of the question for any one to talk her out of it.（分数：1.00）
A.adaptable
B.anxious
C.firm
D.talkative
18.His office is ______ to the President's; it usually takes him about three minutes to get there.（分数：1.00）
A.related
B.adhesive
C.adherent
D.adjacent
19.The unfortunate death of the genius poet caused ______ loss to this country.（分数：1.00）
A.priceless
B.countless
C.incalculable
D.imaginable
20.Can you imagine! He offered me $ 5000 to break my contract. That's ______. Of course I didn't agree. I would take legal action.（分数：1.00）
A.fraud
B.blackmail
C.bribery
https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,pensation
三、{{B}}Part Ⅲ Cloze{{/(总题数：1，分数：20.00)
{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. The history of African—Americans during the past 400 years is traditionally narrated{{U}} (41) {{/U}}an ongoing straggle against{{U}}
(42) {{/U}}and indifference on the part of the American mainstream, and
a struggle{{U}} (43) {{/U}}as an upward movement is{{U}} (44)
{{/U}}toward ever more justice and opportunity.
Technology in and of{{U}} (45) {{/U}}is not at fault; it's much too simple to say that gunpowder or agricultural machinery or fiber optics{{U}} (46) {{/U}}been the enemy of an{{U}} (47) {{/U}}group of people. A certain machine is put{{U}} (48) {{/U}}work in a certain way--the purpose{{U}} (49) {{/U}}which it was designed. The people who design the machines are not intent on unleashing chaos; they are usually trying to{{U}} (50) {{/U}}a task more quickly, cleanly, or cheaply,{{U}} (51) {{/U}}the imperative of innovation and efficiency that has ruled Western civilization{{U}} (52) {{/U}}the Renaissance.
Mastery of technology is second only{{U}} (53) {{/U}}money as the true measure of accomplishment in this country, and it is very likely that by{{U}} (54) {{/U}}this under-representation in the technological realm, and by not questioning and examining the folkways that have{{U}} (55) {{/U}}it, blacks are allowing{{U}} (56) {{/U}}to be kept out of the mainstream once again. This time, however, they will be{{U}} (57) {{/U}}from the greatest cash engine of the twenty-first century. Inner-city blacks in particular are in danger, and the beautiful suburbs{{U}} (58) {{/U}}ring the decay of Hartford, shed the past and learn to exist without contemplating or encountering the tragedy of the inner city.
And blacks must change as well. Tile ways that{{U}} (59) {{/U}}their ancestors through captivity and coming to freedom have begun to loose their utility. If blacks{{U}} (60) {{/U}}to survive as full participants in this society, they have to understand what works now.
（分数：20.00）
A.like
B.as
C.for
D.with
A.charity
B.clarity
C.cohesion
D.oppression
A.charting
B.charts
C.charted
D.to chart
A.progressing
B.progressed
C.clutched
D.clutching
A.itself
B.themselves
C.ourselves
D.himself
A.have
B.to have
C.has
D.to has
A.entirely
B.enter
C.entire
D.entrance
A.for
B.off
C.on
D.at
A.for
B.to
C.with
D.before
A.envelop
B.accomplish
C.enveloping
D.accomplishing
A.followed
B.follows
C.to follow
D.following
A.since
B.on
C.in
D.at
A.before
B.to
C.with
D.from
A.to tolerate
B.tolerate
C.tolerated
D.tolerating
A.encountered
B.encountering
C.to encounter
D.encounters
A.them
https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,
C.themselves
D.ourselves
A.excluding
B.included
C.including
D.excluded
A.where
B.that
C.how
D.what
A.servicing
B.encircle
C.encircling
D.served
A.is
B.were
C.am
D.have
四、{{B}}Part Ⅳ English-(总题数：7，分数：80.00)
(1).According to the passage, Cooper's lawyer ______.（分数：1.00）
A.asked the governor for help
B.stopped the execution
C.let the courts do their job
D.fought with the governor
(2).Which of the following is true?（分数：1.00）
A.All states in the U.S. allow the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder.
B.South Carolina does not allow capital punishment for minors.
C.the governor of a state can stop an execution.
D.Americans agree that it is wrong to execute convicted criminals who are minors.
(3).The author mentioned a 14-year-old boy in paragraph 3 to show ______.（分数：1.00）
A.the boy died in an electric chair
B.Roach was not the first minor criminal executed in South Carolina
C.the boy committed a crime
D.the boy was 14 years old when he died
(4).Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?（分数：1.00）
A.Two Lawyers.
B.Roach and Paula Cooper.
C.No Capital Punishment for Minors.
D.The Death Penalty in tile U. S.: Old Enough to Kill, Old Enough to Die?
National Parks have more and more visitors each year. In the last ten years the number of campers using the camp sites has more than doubled. Camping as a family vacation has suddenly become extremely popular in America. It is a cheap way to travel; its simple pleasures are a pleasant change from hectic urban life; and it can be enjoyed by children of all ages. In car trunks or in racks on top of cars, families load a tent, sleeping bags, inflatable mattresses, cooking pans and eating utensils, and an ice chest for storing food. When they arrive at a camping ground they find a cleared space in which to pitch their tent, a fireplace for cooking, and usually a picnic table and benches--water and firewood nearby. By evening they are settled under the stars, the campsite around them dotted with lights from cooking fires and lanterns hung from trees. Vacations are not all in resorts or in the wilderness. Swarms of vacationing Americans visit New York and Washington each year. They visit New York because there is no place in the world like this tremendous, exciting city, the busiest port in the world, with its great steel and glass skyscrapers, its theaters and shops, its beauty of skyline and shoreline, and its thrilling five-cent ferry ride past the Statue of Liberty. They visit Washington because it is the nation's capital, where they can see their government at work, tour the public rooms of their President's home, the White House, and walk along the wide avenues to the art galleries and museums. Here they can see exhibits of the native peoples of their land--the Indians and the Eskimos. They can look at Lindbergh's small, fragile plane in which he crossed the Atlantic Ocean. They can ride the elevator to the top of the Washington Monument, visit Washington's Mount Vernon home, and feel the shiver of national pride as they stand
at the foot of the great Lincoln Monument and read the stirring words of his Gettysburg Address.
For Americans vacation time ends on Labor Day--the first Monday in September. Labor Day is the day when summer cottages are closed, when families head back to their homes. The highways are jammed with cars. The cars are jammed with families and belongings and treasures of the summer. By the time the drivers are back home they sometimes feel that what they need is a vacation.
（分数：4.00）
(1).Which of the following is not a reason for which camping has suddenly become extremely popular in America?（分数：1.00）
A.National Parks provide camp sites.
B.Camping is a cheap way to travel.
C.Camping makes city people have a change.
D.People of all ages enjoy camping.
(2).Which of the following is not mentioned about New York?（分数：1.00）
A.Very great and exciting city.
B.Very wide avenues.
C.Great skyscrapers.
D.Beautiful skyline and shoreline.
(3).Which of the following is not an attraction of Washington?（分数：1.00）
A.Tile public rooms of the White House.
B.The great Lincoln Monument.
C.The Statue of Liberty.
D.Exhibits of the native people of America.
(4).Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（分数：1.00）
A.Vacations in America.
B.Big Cities in America.
C.American Family Life.
D.Camping as a Family Vacation.
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities (实体) directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which soical entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise
that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper, the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may include efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that, war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.
（分数：4.00）
(1).The author holds the opinion that ______.（分数：1.00）
A.like animal fights, competition is a necessity and war is inevitable
https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,petition becomes war when it grows more and more fierce
C.when social entities serve one another, opposition means cooperation
D.while competition is unavoidable, war is not a necessary outcome
(2).The author cites animal fights ______.（分数：1.00）
A.to argue for the inevitability of war
B.to support the theory that the fittest survive
C.to show that animals are free to eat animals
D.to indicate the nature of animal struggle
(3).The tone of this essay is ______.（分数：1.00）
A.serious and resolute
B.humorous and ironical
C.persuasive and convincing
D.subjective and positive
(4).In which book will this passage most suitably be edited?（分数：1.00）
A.Sociology.
B.The Animal World.
C.The History of War.
D.The Making of a Nation.
In the art of the Middle Ages, we never encounter the personality of the artist as an individual; rather, it is diffused through the artistic genius of centuries embodied in the rules of religious art. Art of the Middle Ages is a sacred script, the symbols and meanings of which were well settled. The circular halo placed vertically behind the head signifies sainthood, while the halo impressed with a cross signifies divinity. By bare feet, we recognize God, the angels, Jesus Christ and the apostles, but for an artist to have depicted the Virgin Mary with bare
feet would have been tantamount to heresy. Several concentric, wavy lines represent the sky, while parallel lines represent water or the sea. A tree, which is to say a single stalk with two or three stylized leaves, informs us that the scene is laid on earth. A tower with a window indicates a village; and should an angel be watching from the battlements, that city is thereby identified as Jerusalem. Saint Peter is always depicted with curly hair, a short beard and a tonsure, while Saint Paul always has a bald head and a long beard.
Through this system, even the most mediocre talent was elevated by the genius of the centuries. The artist of the early Renaissance broke with tradition at their own peril. When they are not outstanding, they are scarcely able to avoid insignificance and banality in their religious works; and even when they are great, they are no more than the equals of the old masters who passively followed the sacred rules.
（分数：4.00）
(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：1.00）
A.theorize about the immediate influences on art of tile Middle Ages
B.explain why artists of the Middle Ages followed the rules of a sacred script
C.discuss some of the important features of art of the Middle Ages
D.contrast the art of the Middle Ages with that of the Renaissance
(2).All of the following are mentioned in the passage as elements of the sacred script EXCEPT ______.（分数：1.00）
A.abstract symbols such as lines to represent physical features
B.symbols such as halos and crosses
C.clothing used to characterize individuals
D.symmetrical juxtaposition of figures
(3).The passage would most likely be found in a ______.（分数：1.00）
A.sociological analysis of the Middle Ages
B.treatise on the influence of the Church in the Middle Ages
C.scholarly analysis of art in the Middle Ages
D.preface to a biography of a Renaissance artist
(4).By the phrase "diffused through the 'artistic genius of centuries," the author most likely means ______.（分数：1.00）
A.the individual artists of the Middle Ages did not have serious talent
B.great works of art from the Middle Ages have survived until now
C.an artist who faithfully followed the rules of religious art was not recognized during his lifetime
D.the rules of religious art, developed over time, left little freedom for the artist
At the present time, 98 percent of the world energy consumption comes from stored sources, such as fossil fuels or nuclear fuel. Only hydroelectric and wood energy represent completely renewable sources on ordinary time scales. Discovery of large additional fossil fuel reserves, solution of the nuclear safety and waste disposal problems, or the development of controlled thermonuclear fusion will provide only a short-term solution to the world's energy crisis. Within about 100 years, the thermal pollution resulting from our increased energy consumption will make solar energy a necessity at any cost.
Man's energy consumption is currently about one part in ten thousand that of the energy we receive from the sun. However, it is growing at a 5 percent rate, of which about 2 percent represents a population growth and 3 percent a per capita energy increase. If this growth continues, within 100 years our energy consumption will be about 1 percent of the absorbed solar energy, enough to increase the average temperature of the earth by about one degree centigrade if stored energy continues to be our predominant source. This will be the point at which there will be significant effects in our climate, including the melting of the polar ice caps, a phenomenon which will raise the level of the oceans and flood parts of our major cities. There is positive feedback associated with this process, since the polar ice cap contributes to the partial reflectivity of the energy arriving from the sun: As the ice caps begin to melt, the reflectivity will decrease, thus heating the earth still further.
It is often stated that the growth rate will decline or that energy conservation measures will preclude any long-range problem. Instead, this only postpones the problem by a few years. Conservation by a factor of two together with a maintenance of the 5 percent growth rate the problem by only 14 years. Reduction of the growth rate to 4 percent postpones the problem by only 25 years; in addition, the inequities in standards of living throughout the world will provide pressure toward an increase in growth rate, particularly if cheap energy is available. The problem of a changing climate will not be evident until perhaps ten years before it becomes critical due to the nature of an exponential growth rate together with the normal annual weather variations. This may be too short a period to circumvent the problem by converting to other energy sources, so advance planning is a necessity.
The only practical means of avoiding the problem of thermal pollution appears to be the use of solar energy. (Schemes to "air-condition" the earth do not appear to be feasible before the twenty-second century. ) Using the solar energy before it is dissipated to heat does not increase the earth's energy balance. The cost of solar energy is extremely favorable now, particularly when compared to the cost of relocating many of our major cities.
（分数：4.08）
(1).The author is primarily concerned with ______.（分数：0.17）
A.describing a phenomenon and explaining its causes
B.outlining a position and supporting it with statistics
C.isolating an ambiguity and clarifying it by definition
D.presenting a problem and advocating a solution for it
(2).According to the passage, all of the following are factors that will tend to increase thermal pollution EXCEPT ______.（分数：0.17）
A.the earth's increasing population
B.melting of the polar ice caps
C.increase in per capita energy consumption
D.expected anomalies in weather patterns
(3).The positive feedback mentioned at the end of paragraph 2 means that the melting of the polar ice caps will ______.（分数：0.17）
A.reduce per capita energy consumption
B.accelerate the transition to solar energy
C.intensify tile effects of thermal pollution
D.necessitate a shift to alternative energy sources
(4).The possibility of energy conservation is mentioned (in paragraph 3) in order to ______.（分数：0.17）
A.preempt and refute a possible objection to the author's position
B.support directly the central thesis of the passage
C.minimize the significance of a contradiction in the passage
D.prove that such measures are ineffective and counterproductive
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ {{B}}Part Ⅲ Cloze{{/B}}
{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. The history of African—Americans during the past 400 years is traditionally narrated{{U}} (41) {{/U}}an ongoing straggle against{{U}}
(42) {{/U}}and indifference on the part of the American mainstream, and
a struggle{{U}} (43) {{/U}}as an upward movement is{{U}} (44)
{{/U}}toward ever more justice and opportunity.
Technology in and of{{U}} (45) {{/U}}is not at fault; it's much too simple to say that gunpowder or agricultural machinery or fiber optics{{U}} (46) {{/U}}been the enemy of an{{U}} (47) {{/U}}group of people. A certain machine is put{{U}} (48) {{/U}}work in a certain way--the purpose{{U}} (49) {{/U}}which it was designed. The people who design the machines are not intent on unleashing chaos; they are usually trying to{{U}} (50) {{/U}}a task more quickly, cleanly, or cheaply,{{U}} (51) {{/U}}the
imperative of innovation and efficiency that has ruled Western civilization{{U}} (52) {{/U}}the Renaissance.
Mastery of technology is second only{{U}} (53) {{/U}}money as the true measure of accomplishment in this country, and it is very likely that by{{U}} (54) {{/U}}this under-representation in the technological realm, and by not questioning and examining the folkways that have{{U}} (55) {{/U}}it, blacks are allowing{{U}} (56) {{/U}}to be kept out of the mainstream once again. This time, however, they will be{{U}} (57) {{/U}}from the greatest cash engine of the twenty-first century. Inner-city blacks in particular are in danger, and the beautiful suburbs{{U}} (58) {{/U}}ring the decay of Hartford, shed the past and learn to exist without contemplating or encountering the tragedy of the inner city.
And blacks must change as well. Tile ways that{{U}} (59) {{/U}}their ancestors through captivity and coming to freedom have begun to loose their utility. If blacks{{U}} (60) {{/U}}to survive as full participants in this society, they have to understand what works now.
（分数：20.00）
A.like
B.as
C.for
D.with
A.charity
B.clarity
C.cohesion
D.oppression
A.charting
B.charts
C.charted
D.to chart
A.progressing
B.progressed
C.clutched
D.clutching
A.itself
B.themselves
C.ourselves
D.himself
A.have
B.to have
C.has
D.to has
A.entirely
B.enter
C.entire
D.entrance
A.for
B.off
D.at
A.for
B.to
C.with
D.before
A.envelop
B.accomplish
C.enveloping
D.accomplishing
A.followed
B.follows
C.to follow
D.following
A.since
B.on
C.in
D.at
A.before
B.to
C.with
D.from
A.to tolerate
B.tolerate
C.tolerated
D.tolerating
A.encountered
B.encountering
C.to encounter
D.encounters
A.them
https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,
C.themselves
D.ourselves
A.excluding
B.included
C.including
D.excluded
A.where
B.that
C.how
D.what
A.servicing
B.encircle
C.encircling
D.served
A.is
B.were
C.am
(1).According to the passage, Cooper's lawyer ______.（分数：0.67）
A.asked the governor for help
B.stopped the execution
C.let the courts do their job
D.fought with the governor
(2).Which of the following is true?（分数：0.67）
A.All states in the U.S. allow the death penalty for serious crimes such as murder.
B.South Carolina does not allow capital punishment for minors.
C.the governor of a state can stop an execution.
D.Americans agree that it is wrong to execute convicted criminals who are minors.
(3).The author mentioned a 14-year-old boy in paragraph 3 to show ______.（分数：0.67）
A.the boy died in an electric chair
B.Roach was not the first minor criminal executed in South Carolina
C.the boy committed a crime
D.the boy was 14 years old when he died
(4).Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?（分数：0.67）
A.Two Lawyers.
B.Roach and Paula Cooper.
C.No Capital Punishment for Minors.
D.The Death Penalty in tile U. S.: Old Enough to Kill, Old Enough to Die?
(5).Which of the following is not a reason for which camping has suddenly become extremely popular in America?（分数：0.67）
A.National Parks provide camp sites.
B.Camping is a cheap way to travel.
C.Camping makes city people have a change.
D.People of all ages enjoy camping.
(6).Which of the following is not mentioned about New York?（分数：0.67）
A.Very great and exciting city.
B.Very wide avenues.
C.Great skyscrapers.
D.Beautiful skyline and shoreline.
(7).Which of the following is not an attraction of Washington?（分数：0.67）
A.Tile public rooms of the White House.
B.The great Lincoln Monument.
C.The Statue of Liberty.
D.Exhibits of the native people of America.
(8).Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（分数：0.67）
A.Vacations in America.
B.Big Cities in America.
C.American Family Life.
D.Camping as a Family Vacation.
(9).The author holds the opinion that ______.（分数：0.67）
A.like animal fights, competition is a necessity and war is inevitable
https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,petition becomes war when it grows more and more fierce
C.when social entities serve one another, opposition means cooperation
D.while competition is unavoidable, war is not a necessary outcome
(10).The author cites animal fights ______.（分数：0.67）
A.to argue for the inevitability of war
2020考博英语作文实用范文三篇 【篇一】2020考博英语作文实用范文 Protecting the Intangible Cultural Heritages Like tangible cultural heritages such as the Great Wall and the Forbidden City, intangible cultural heritages like Peking Opera and Confucius- commemorating rituals are equally crucial. We should make our utmost efforts to preserve intangible heritages because, without heir physical form of existence, they are in greater risk of extinction. 如同长城、故宫之类的物质文化遗产一样，像京剧和祭孔仪式这类非物质文化遗产，也同样至关重要。 我们应不遗余力地去保护非物质遗产，因为它们在不具备物质存有的条件下，失传的可能性更加岌岌可危。 According to UNESCO's Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003), all forms of social customs and habits, folklore, performing arts, rituals, oral traditions, festivals, traditional crafts and various knowledge and practices about nature and universe can be classified as intangible cultural heritages. As a country consisting of a great diversity of ethnic groups and with time-honored history and civilization, China abounds in intangible cultural heritages. Cultural heritages connect modern people with the historical past, allowing them to acquire a cultural and historical identity. Without cultural heritages, we would be rendered absolutely rootless and we would find it hard to cope with challenges at present and in the future.
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
2020考博英语作文热点话题预测及范文：创新意识 The cartoon aims at informing us of the significance of the consciousness of innovation. Definitely, no once can deny the importance of it. A innovative spirit can promote the advancement of both individuals and society as a whole. only those who are keeping on creating new things can make continuous progress and maintain competitive edge. To further illustrate the importance of innovation, I would like to take Steve Jobs as a case in point： how could he, a genius who change the way of modern communication, recreation and even our life, invent so many powerful electronic products without a creative spirit ? From my perspective, at no time should we overlook the power of the consciousness of innovation. Furthermore, we need to develop a habit of discovering new things，using new methods and applying new thoughts in our work, study or simply everyday life. “Innovation is the spirit of human being's progress.” A philosopher once said.
2020考博英语作文预测：前沿科技类必背表达 网恋cyber romance 网购online shopping 团购Group shopping 秒杀Sec-kill 网店online shop/store 信誉credit 退款refund 科学技术science and technology 沉迷网络web-addiction 电脑犯罪computer crime 电子商务e-commerce 虚拟生活virtual life 信息时代information era 网上冲浪surf the Internet 电子书 electronic book 网拍麻豆Net model 浏览器购物Monitor shopping 橱窗购物Window shopping
网上评价internet review 网上纠纷online dispute 恶性骚扰malicious harassment 品质保证quality guarantee 人们对网络的依赖 As is shown above, in front of a computer happily sits a teenager, attempting to work on his homework effortlessly, with the help from the internet finishing the job for him. There has been a heated discussion about this picture in the news paper recently. Simple as the picture is, it does demonstrate certain thought-provoking social phenomenon. The picture tells us that our life has been greatly influenced and changed by scientific and technological advances, an integral part(不可分割的一部分)to every aspect of modern life. What’s more, individuals, organizations and governments attach due attention to this phenomenon.On the one hand, the progress can enhance people’s understanding on a subject, improve people’s learning capacity and skills, shrink the distance between cities and even continents; smooth the communication between residents and rid of the barrier(消除障碍) between people. Technical advances offer all people in the world a quality of life what wasunimaginable(不可思议的) when personal computer first appeared 60 years ago. Our factory hums to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for transaction. Our
考博英语作文范文【三篇】 导读：本文考博英语作文范文【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 【第一篇：直面困难】任何事业，大至国家事业，小至个人生活，要有所成，必然面对各类困难，这时候，良好的面对困难的品质以及解决困难的方法论方面的问题： 坚持/毅力persistence，乐观being optimistic/positive 团结合作cooperation and teamwork 踏实肯干hardworking 创新意识和好奇心innovation and curiosity 学习意识learning 保持学习习惯(keep the habit of reading and learning 行动实践能力(the ability of action and practice “一屋不扫、何以扫天下” If you cant do great things, do small things in a great way Each person whether rich or poor has his own difficulties, because life is not always full of smiles and flowers. So it is very important to have a correct attitude to face up the difficulties. Different people have different views on it. Some people just want to evade and they haven’t tried their best, so they can’t achieve success in the end. But some people believe
北京大学考博英语模拟题14 Part ⅠVocabulary 1. The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a ______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion. A.long B.forever https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,sting D.lively 答案：C [解答] 本题空格处是说留下持久的印记。long的意思是“长期的”；forever的意思是“永远”；lasting的意思是“持久的”；lively的意思是“活泼的，逼真的”。四个选项中只有C项符合题意。 2. The magician picked out several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. A.by accident B.on average C.on occasion D.at random 答案：D by accident偶然的。on average平均的。on occasion有时。at random随意的。 3. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats. A.a sharp set-back B.severe set-back C.a severe blown-up D.sharp blown-up
2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Obviously, the earliest teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents, and they are generally the most involved in the development and education of their children. Yet neither are all parents good teachers nor are those good parents the best teachers. First of all, not all parents are good teachers. As normal individuals, some parents more or less have bad habits. Even though parents almost instinctively devote themselves to cultivating their offspring, the outcome might turn out to be disappointment, for all children tend to unconsciously or subconsciously copy every thing from their parents. Another deficiency of parents as teachers is the fact that most parents are lack of common senses of education. All too often we observe some parents tend to pursue their cherished but failed dream by forcing their children to develop in a prearranged direction. Ironically, if their children did not follow the instructions, the children would be regarded as disobedient or allegedly rebellious. In fact, it is parents rather than their children that virtually disobey common senses. Moreover, some parents are qualified as good teachers, but not all of them are the best ones. When children are in the preliminary school, it is not surprising that parents are capable of teaching their children almost every subject even better than professional teachers in the school. But the situation will not last long. We live in a world where knowledge is accumulated by multiplying and at the same time becomes more and more specialized. Therefore, to be a professional in a certain field today takes much longer time than ever before. No parent is able to be professional in all fields, though they might be experts in one or more fields. Wise parents often release rather than charge their children as early as possible. They are aware of the possibility outside the family. Parents may, nevertheless, help their children much more than do good teachers. Most parts of children education are virtually beyond teachers' reaches. It is parents that supplement. Psychology studies have shown us that parents' love sometimes has astonishingly magic power to their children. Albert Einstein's mother and Forest Gump's mother are both good examples. On the other hand, parents might do their children harm more than do bad teachers as well. The natures of those children whose parents have divorced are often severely distorted. In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers. [404 words] 4. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? Both experiences and books are very essential resources, and both of them have relevant merits. Experiences are the most direct resources we ever have. Almost our every basic skill came from experiences, such as walking, articulating, reading even thinking. Without experiences, some natural born abilities even might lose. Studies have shown that a baby who was robbed by animals into forest for 12 years lost his ability to talk in human language. Furthermore, it is generally accepted that each and every skill develops by experiences, and that's why people always say practice makes perfect. Books are valuable when knowledge is beyond the scope of our experiences. Perhaps the most obvious examples are those fluent writers. They write various stories, the scopes of which are far beyond any individual's experiences. Take Joyce Carol Oates for example, her productivity has been prodigious, accumulating in less than two decades to nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays and literary criticism. Although some of them appear to come from her own direct observations, her dreams, and her fears, much more is clearly from the experiences of others. Her fictive world remains strikingly akin to that real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news and talk shows, and the popular magazines of our day. Yet either experiences or books may give us wrong information. Our direct observations always are subject to our beliefs, hopes, fears, expectations, and our bias, which might make observations unreliable. People vary in their powers of observation, and the reliability of our observations is no better than the reliability of our memories, which as we know can be deceptive. Information printed in papers sometimes is unreliable either, it may be misprinted, or even deliberately distorted. For example, Definitions such as Marxism, Capitalism, Zionism are totally different in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Current English between the original edition and the sanctioned Russian edition. 1
对外经济贸易大学商务英语（MA)考研参考书 Part1：题型部分 英语篇（基英&综英） 词汇： 词汇是所有的基础，非常重要。 没有最基础的东西，那也只能是空中楼阁。积累的时候不能光查查，然后抄抄就了事，要及时复习，反复刺激，形成长期记忆。记忆的时候不要死记单词和中文意思，要结合相关的句子结合语境记忆，尤其是一些固定搭配、固定用法要积累。当然不是把单词的每一条都记下来，要剔除不重要的和太生僻的部分。记忆之后就是运用，除了做词汇题，这些固定搭配有的可以直接运用到作文中使用，会起到很大的作用。平常要结合阅读来积累单词，精读的文章需要每一句都弄得明明白白，经典的词汇和句型也要积累下来，反复复习。可以在自己抄句子的时候，空出单词或者词组部分，把他们写在一旁，然后复习的时候，试着填入，看看自己是否已经掌握，不掌握的勾出来，重点复习。这样不会的就会越来越少。复习的时候不需要拿专门的时间，用平常零碎的时间即可。还有就是积累的时候注意词汇的词根词缀等，养成分析词根词缀的习惯，万一遇到生词不会可以进行合理的猜测。但是不需要对词根词缀进行专门的复习，可以看看常用的词根词缀了解大意即可。 积累的词汇要拿专门的本子，方便集中复习。或者用卡片也行，最好大小一致。卡片就是容易丢失弄乱，也有不好的地方，如果有专业的记忆卡可以尝试。 关于是否需要专门的记忆词汇，依照个人情况而定。
基英选择题词汇部分： 主要是考察用词，词组，语法，难度不是很大，一般是高英中的普通词汇以及和商务结合的词汇，还有一些商务的常用词汇。考的语法也很少也不难。对语法的直接考察不是很多，但是也绝对不能忽视，虚拟语气、倒装、让步和独立主格结构重点复习。'题目给出的句子多与经济相关，以后句子可能会越来越复杂，要学会分析句子结构，抓住考点，从容应对。12年选择题部分出自九几年的大六真题。 关于这部分，大家可以先拿冲击波《专四语法与词汇》看看，然后多做做英语专业基础英语真题的词汇部分，可以参照星火基础英语单词部分（ps：参考书的答案可能有错，大家自己注意）。但是其他学校的词汇题有的和贸大并不十分契合，可以放在前期积累词汇。中期还是应该拿贸大真题好好做做，总结考法，然后相应地在积累的时候有的放矢。 平常多积累词汇，拉丁语常用缩略词也要熟悉一下。以及各种经贸的term和缩写。积累的过程中要注意记新的还要巩固旧的。 阅读题的词汇部分： 难度较大，最好熟悉GRE重点常用词汇并能对某些词形词义相近的词语和词组做出辨析，可适度多次温习。如果觉得GRE太多，可以直接熟练专八词汇。有精力再准备GRE（注意GRE红宝书涵盖生词、怪词量较大，可剔除掉不重要的）。记忆一定要结合语境，以及阅读训练。重点是运用。有的词不需要了解得十分细致，自己把握。 词汇部分的推荐资料： 必备资料： 高英和商务英语阅读的词汇词组部分 中国日报英语点津网站的business hot word版块新词热词版块也可以看看 （网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/147672763.html,/language_tips/） pass bec新编剑桥商务英语难词解译（陈小慰） 《英美报刊核心商务术语释义》兰磊很赞！对商务知识的扩充和报刊阅读很有帮助 其他参考资料（以下资料可以挑着自己需要的看）： 《常春藤专八词汇》 《8级词汇巧学速记》这本的词汇题目和真题风格相似。 《英语文化与:英语成语1000条》。贸大很多习语都是从中出的。 中国日报汉英特色词典 二三级笔译手册（重点看经贸部分，其他部分可以挑着看） 《英语口译常用词语应试手册》中有关经贸的单元、高级商务口笔译的笔译教材里的词汇表、网上下载的资料以及平常做翻译、看新闻时遇到的经济类词汇 《刘毅22000》采用分类的方式，用于记忆同类的词汇，同时辨析词汇的差异。 纽约时报新词 Ps： 谚语部分已经很久没有考察了，大家可以没事的时候积累几个常见的，谚语一般比较有意思，就当放松。对谚语的考查可能会以首字母填空的形式，也有可能是让大家用自己的话解释所
7. How do movies or television influence people's behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer. 如何将电影或电视影响人们的行为？使用原因和具体的例子来支持你的答案。 The impact that modern mass media such as movies or televisions has had on our daily life, and society in general, is undeniable. No doubt it will become even greater as the scope of mass media continues to grow, and as the relevant technologies become more and more sophisticated, and so fascinating that virtually nobody will be able to escape. Already, it can be seen how western movies are exercising influence on our youth generation: they grow long-hair regardless of their sex, commonly part of which are dyed in gold; they wear jeans in each and every season, usually knees of which are deliberately tattered; boys are fond of earrings or other odd pendants; and girls are keen on Marlboros and weird coarse languages. 在这样的电影或电视现代传媒已经在我们的日常生活产生的影响，和整个社会，是不可否认的。毫无疑问，它将成为甚至作为大众传媒的范围更大的继续增长，随着相关技术越来越先进，因此迷人，几乎没有人能够逃脱。已经，可以看到西方电影如何行使对青少年一代的影响：他们长大长头发，无论其性别，通常，其中一部分黄金染色，他们穿在每一个季节，通常是膝盖的牛仔裤故意褴褛，男孩的耳环吊坠或其他多喜欢和女孩的万宝路，怪诞的粗语言激烈。 The major means that mass media influence the public is by creating topics of discussion in the society. Mass media offers people (the consumers) issues to talk and think about. Titanic had brought a worldwide uproar by its extolling and of fascinating immortal love; Prime Color and Wag the dog met the national debate on right and duty of the president of the United States. Antiwar movies such as Tears of the Sun and All Quiet On The Western Front among numerous others have been raising the question that is any war really to uphold justice or is it really worthy that an individual makes sacrifices to his country and at the same time ignores his own family or his personal values? 大众媒体的公众影响力的主要手段，是创造了社会讨论的议题。大众媒体提供人（消费者）问题讨论和思考。泰坦尼克号带来了其迷人的赞美和不朽的爱全世界一片哗然，总理颜色和摇尾狗符合有关的权利和对美国总统职责的全国性辩论。如太阳泪和其他许多在西线无战事反战电影已经提出的问题是任何战争的真正的正义，还是很值得，个人作出的牺牲，他的国家，同时忽略他的家人或他的个人价值？ Mass media also shapes our understanding of what is important and what is not important (to know). The "important" issues are to be found on the first pages of the newspaper (/in the beginning of a television program). The "not important" stories are the ones that are not being told at all. The "not very important" stories are probably very short and hidden in the last pages. In fact censorships present all mass media including its distributing means such as the Internet. By prearranging public issue, the mass media makes decisions for us. Even though there are critical thinking individuals in any society, they are definite minority; the public in whole in deed lack skills of critical thinking, and therefore they are often led by the media. 大众媒体也影响我们对什么是重要的理解，什么是不重要的（知道）。“重要”的问题，必须对报纸的（/在一个电视节目的开始）第一页找到。“不重大”的故事是那些不被告知所有的。在“不太重要”的故事可能很短，在过去的页面隐藏。事实上，目前包括censorships分发
中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题 客观题部分 请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！ II. Vocabulary (10 points) PartA (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1. Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D] 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__ patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated 6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. A. genius B. vires C. disease D. bacteria 7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of competition in schools. A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived. A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated D. attributed 9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese.