美国文学史整理
一、Colonial America 殖民时期
1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut.
2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教
American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.
3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and
honest.
4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩
work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》
American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》
The Rights of Man《人权》
The Age of Reason《理性时代》
②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）
Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》
Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》
二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期
1、Characteristics：
①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.
反对理性主义的客观性。
②Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common sense.
感受、直觉和情感重于理性和常识。
③An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.
强调个人主义,将个人与团体,反对权威。
④Stress on the close relationship between man and nature.
强调人与自然之间的密切关系。
⑤Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange
疯狂的迷恋,不规则,不定,远程,神秘,奇怪
⑥Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.
对过去有强烈的兴趣,特别是中世纪。
2、Features：New experience in the American Romanticism.
A deep influence from the American Puritanism.
The “newness” of the Americans as a nation.
3、writers and works:
①Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·瓦兹沃思·朗费罗
A Psalm of Life (1838) 《人生礼赞》
V oices of the Night (1839) 《夜吟》
The Song of Hiawatha (1855) 《海华沙之歌》
The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) 《迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚》
Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863) 《路边客栈的故事》
②Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文
A History of New York (1809) 《纽约外史》
The Sketch Book (1819-1820) 《见闻札记》
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《睡谷的传说》
“Rip Van Winkle”《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
(The cognomen o f Crane was not inapplicable to his person…..)
Bracebridge Hall (1822) 《布雷斯布里奇田庄》
Tales of a Traveller (1824) 《旅客谈》
③James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏
Leather-stocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》
The Pioneer 《拓荒者》
The Prairie 《大草原》
The Spy 《间谍》
三、New England Transcendentalism (新英格兰超验主义)
1、Over-soul（超灵）~was an all-pervading power goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.(简答)
Individualism individual was the most important
a fresh view of nature symbolic of the Spirit or God.
2、writers and works:
①Ralph Waldo Emerson 艾默生
Nature (1836)《论自然》
<节选：Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God.>
The American Scholar (1837) 《论美国学者》
Divinity School Address (1838) 《神学院演说》
Self-Reliance (1841) 《论自助》
Representative Men (1850)《代表人物》
The Transcendentalist 《超验主义者》
The Over-Soul 《论超灵》
②Henry David Thoreau 梭罗
<节选Our village life would stagnate if it were not for the unexplored forests and meadows which surround it. ……We can never have enough of Nature. >
四、American Romanticism (later period) 浪漫主义后期
我们可以把超验主义产生之前的那一段称为前期浪漫主义，而把19世纪30年代之后的文学称为后期浪漫主义。前期浪漫主义是以欧文等人将美国文学提高到欧洲水平为特征，后期浪漫主义则是以超验主义激励而起的“文艺复兴”文学兴起，并最终产生了独立的美国文学为标志。
1、High Romantics in fiction
2、①Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑
Twice-Told Tales (1837)《尽人皆知的故事》
Mosses from an Old Manse (1846) 《古屋青苔》
The Scarlet letter (1850) 《红字》
The House of Sever Gables (1851) 《有七个尖角阁的房子》
Blithedale Romance (1852)《福谷传奇》
The Marble Faun (1860) 《玉石雕像》
Our Old House (1863) 《我们的故居》
< symbols and setting, ambiguity, supernatural elements. His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine. His touch is light, but his observation is somber.>
②Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Moby-Dick (1851) 《白鲸》(pp113-118)
Pierre (1852) 《皮埃尔》
Typee (1846)《泰比》
Omoo (1847)《奥穆》
Mardi (1849)《玛迪》
2、High Romantics in poetry
①Edgar Allan Poe 艾伦·坡
< the father of modern horror story and detective story. >
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) 《怪诞故事集》
“The Raven”(1845) 《乌鸦》
“Annabel Lee ”(1849) 《安娜贝尔·李》
②Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼
Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》
Features in Whitman’s poems：
·Organic form ：extremely long, not constrained by the number of beats in a line.
·Thought rhythm：does not move in terms of beats, but in terms of thoughts.
·Parallelism：The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.
·Cataloguing technique：long lists of images, sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.
③Free verse (自由诗)
④Emily Dickinson 艾米丽·狄金森
Theme：Religion & faith Beauty & truth Life & death Nature friendship love & marriage Work：I died for beauty
Features：frequent use of dashes（破折号）， sporadic capitalization of nouns （零星的名词）， convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing（措辞费解不合文法），off-rhymes（压尾韵）, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors（大胆的隐喻）, and aphoristic wit（警句）.
五、The Age of Realism 美国现实主义文学
·at the later part of the 19th century.
·simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature.
·based on the accurate of human experiences.
·It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.
·is inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.
feature：objective and real
Writers and works:
①Howells Their Wedding Journey (1872) 《结婚旅行》
②Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯
The American (1877) 《一个美国人》
Daisy Miller (1878) 《黛西·密勒》
The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇画像》
The Art of Fiction (1884) “小说的艺术”
The Bostonians (1886) 《波士顿人》
The Tragic Muse (1890) 《悲惨的缪斯》
The Wings of Dove (1902) 《鸽翼》
The Ambassadors (1903) 《专使》
The Golden Bowl (1904) 《金碗》
六、Regionalism & Local Colorism（乡土文学与地方色彩文学）
·presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world.
·describes the exotic and the picturesque.
·glorifies the past.
·attempts to show things as they are.
·stresses the influence of setting on character.
·Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic
Writers and works:
①Mark Twain 马克·吐温“the Lincoln of literature”
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆·索亚历险记》
The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 《王子与贫儿》
Life on Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》
The Gilded Age (1873, with Charles D.Warner) 《镀金时代》
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
Feature：use Vernacular language. local color
Style：unpretentious, colloquial, poetic.
②Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈里特·比彻·斯托
Uncle Tom’s Cabin （1852）《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
③Francis Bret Harte 弗朗西斯·布雷特·哈特
The Lost Galleon (1867) 《沉船》
The Luck of Roaring Camp (1870) 《咆哮营里的幸运儿》
Mrs. Skaggs’s Husbands (1873) 《斯凯葛夫人的丈夫们》
An Heiress of Red Dog (1879) 《红狗的女继承人》
七、American Naturalism 美国自然主义文学
美国文学自然主义者认为，人同时受制于（are controlled）自然环境与社会环境，因而遗传因素（laws of heredity）与社会环境（environment）是人的命运不可抵抗的决定力量。他们认为，在受制于不以人的意志为转移的非道德力量的世界中，宣扬道德的地位是毫无意义的。
·more inclusive and less selective than realism. 比现实主义更具包容性，选择却更少·Determinism governs everything 决定论支配一切
·It daringly opened up the seamy underside of society and such topics as divorce, sex, adultery, poverty, and crime.
·It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances.
1、writers and works:
①Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩
The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红色英勇勋章》
② Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯
McTeague (1899) 《麦克提格》
③ Theodore Dressier 西奥多·德莱塞
An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国悲剧》
Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉莉妹妹》
Jennie Gerhardt (1911) 《珍妮姑娘》
The Financier (1912) 《金融家》
The Titan (1914) 《巨人》
The Stoic (1947) 《斯多葛》
The Genius (1915) 《天才》
④ Jack London 杰克·伦敦
Martin Eden (1909) 《马丁·伊登》
The Son of the Wolf (1900) 《狼之子》
The Call of the Wild (1903) 《野性的呼唤》
The Sea Wolf (1904) 《海狼》
White Fang (1906) 《白獠牙》
“Love of Life” (1907) 《热爱生命》
⑤ Upton Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱
The Jungle 《屠场》
八、Modern American Poetry 美国现代诗歌
feature：fragmentation（分散，碎片）
stream-of-consciousness（意识流的）
a break with the past
writers and works:
①Ezra Pound 庞德
Des Imagists 《意象派诗选》 Cantos 《诗章》
Cathay 《华夏》“Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》
② T. S. Eliot 托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特
The Waste Land (1922) 《荒原》
Family Reunion (1950) 《大团圆》
③ Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特
A Boy’s Will (1913) 《少年的心愿》
North of Boston (1914) 《波士顿以北》
After Apple Picking (1914) 《摘苹果之后》
Mountain Interval (1916) 《山间洼地》
New Hampshire (1923) 《新罕布什尔》
West-Running Brook (1928) 《西流的溪涧》
A Further Range (1936) 《又一片牧场》
A Witness Tress (1942) 《一株见证的树》
“Mending Wall”“修墙”
“The Road Not Taken”“没有走过的路”
④ Carl Sandburg 卡尔·桑德伯格
In Reckless Ecstasy 《肆无忌惮的狂想》
Cornhuskers 《辗米机》 The American Songbag 《美国歌袋》Smoke and Steel 《烟与钢》 The Prairie Years 《草原的年代》Good Morning, America 《早上好，美国》 The People, Yes 《人民，好》
九、Modern American Fiction 美国现代小说
1、The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）
Writers and works:
①Ernest Hemingway 海明威
·He was famous for his novels and short stories written in his spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details.
·Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in face of tragedy. ·They reveal man's impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds.
·The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. (一座冰山在海面上移动是很壮观的，因为只有八分之一露出水面。)
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》
The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照常升起》
A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的年代里》
The Torrents of Spring (1926) 《春潮》
Men without Women (1927) 《没有女人的男人》
Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》
To Have and to Have Not (1937) 《贫与富》
Style：Hemingway’s style is noted for its simplicity. In diction, he focus on nouns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives. In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments.
② F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·斯科特·基·菲茨杰拉德
The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》
This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》
Flappers and Philosophers (1920) 《新潮女郎与哲学家》The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) 《美丽的和倒霉的》Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》
All the Sad Young Men (1926) 《所有悲伤的年轻人》
Tender is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》
The Last Tycoon (1941) 《最后一个巨头》
2、others
① Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森
Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 《小镇畸人》
Poor white (1920) 《穷白人》
Horses and Men (1923) 《马与人》
The Triumph of the Egg (1921) 《鸡蛋的胜利》
Death in the Woods (1933) 《林中之死》
Windy McPherson’s Son (1916) 《饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子》
② Willa Cather 薇拉?凯瑟
The Song of the Lark (1915) 《云雀之歌》
My Antonia (1918) 《我的安东尼亚》
O Pioneers! (1913) 《啊，拓荒者！》
A Lost Lady (1923) 《失踪的女士》
The Professor’s House (1925) 《教授之家》
Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927) 《大主教之死》Shadows on the Rock (1931) 《岩石上的阴影》
③ Sinclair Lewis 辛克来·刘易斯
The Grapes of Wrath (1939) 《愤怒的葡萄》
The Moon is Down (1942) 《月亮下去了》
The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) 《我们不安的冬天》
The Pastures of Heaven (1932) 《天堂牧场》
In Dubious Battle (1936) 《胜负未决》
Of Mice and Man (1937) 《鼠与人》
⑤ John Dos Passos 约翰·多斯·帕索斯
The Trilogy U. S. A (1937) 《美国三部曲》
The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) 《一个年轻人的冒险》Three Soldiers (1921) 《三个士兵》
Manhattan Transfer (1925) 《曼哈顿中转站》
1919 (1932) 《一九一九》
The Big Money (1936) 《赚大钱》
Number One (1943) 《第一号》
The Grand Design (1949) 《伟大的计划》
District of Columbia (1952) 《哥伦比亚特区》
十、The Southern Renaissance 美国南方文学（Southern Renaissance.）
1、Themes：
Chevalier heritage.骑士遗产
Agrarian virtue. 农业推崇
Plantation aristocracy.种植园农场的贵族生活
Lost cause.失去的事业
White supremacy. 白人至上的传统
Purity of Southern womanhood. 南方女性的纯洁
2、Writers and works
①William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳
The Yoknapatawpha Saga (约克纳帕塔法世系 )
The Sound and the Fury (1929) 《喧嚣与骚动》
Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Intruder in the Dust (1948) 《尘土中的入侵者》
Sartoris (1929) 《沙托里斯》As I Lay Dying (1930) 《我弥留之际》Sanctuary (1931) 《圣殿》Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》The Hamlet (1940) 《村子》Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》The Town (1957) 《小镇》“The Bear”“熊”
Feature：
·successfully advanced some modern literary techniques: Stream of consciousness. (interior monologue) 意识流
·multiple point of view 多角度的
·talk about the violence and evil in all human beings
·His prose varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction and cadences of American speech.
② Thomas Wolfe 托马斯·沃尔夫
Look Homeward, Angel (1929) (novel) 《天使，望乡》
Of Time and the River (1935) (novel) 《时间与河流》
From Death to Morning (1935) (stories) 《从死亡至早晨》
The web and the Rock (1939) (manuscript novel) 《蛛网与岩石》
You Can't Go Home Again (1940) (manuscript novel) 《有家归不得》
The Hills Beyond (1941) 《远山》
③ Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳·安·波特
The Flowering Judas 《开花的犹大树》
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 《被背弃的老祖母》
Pale Horse, Pale Rider 《苍白的马，苍白的骑手》
Learning Tower and Other Stories 《斜塔和其他故事》
Ship of Fools 《傻瓜的船》
④ Eudora Welty 尤多拉·韦尔蒂
Death of a Traveling Salesman (1936) 《旅行推销员之死》
Delta Wedding (1946) 《三角洲的婚礼》
⑤Carson McCullers 卡森·麦卡勒斯
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1940) 《心是孤独的猎手》
The Ballad of the Sad Café (1943/1951) 《伤心咖啡馆的民谣》
⑥ Mary Flannery O'Connor 弗兰纳里·奥康纳
Wise Blood (1952)
A Good Man is Hard to Find (1955)
The Violent Bear Is Away (1960)
Everything That Rises Must Converge (1965)
⑦ William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦
Sophie's Choice 《苏菲的抉择》
Lie Down in Darkness (1951) 《躺在黑暗中》
The Confessions of Nat Turner 《纳特·特纳的自白》
十一、Modern American Drama 现代美国戏剧
1、Expressionism（表现主义）：
An artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.
2、writers and works:
① Eugene O'Neill 尤金·奥尼尔
Bound East for Cardiff (1914)《东航卡迪夫》
Desire under the Elms (1924)《榆树下的欲望》
Beyond the Horizon (1920)《天边外》
The Emperor Jones (1920)《琼斯皇》
The Hairy Ape (1922)《毛猿》
All God’s Chillum Got Wings (1924) 《上帝的儿女都有翅膀》
The Great God Brown (1926)《大神布郞》
Strange Interlude (1928)《奇异的插曲》
Mourning Becomes Electra (1931)《悲悼》
The Iceman Cometh (1946)《送冰的人来了》
Long Day’s Journey into Night (1956) 《日长路远夜深沉》
② Elmer Rice 埃尔·莫莱斯
Left Bank (1931)《左岸》 Adding Machine (1923)《加算器》
Judgment Day (1934)《审判日》 On Trial (1914)《审讯》
The Mongrel (1924)《混血儿》 Street Scene (1929)《街景》
Dream Girl (1945)《梦幻姑娘》
③Susan Glaspell
Trifles (1916) 《琐事》 The Outside (1917)《外界》
Bernice (1919)《贝尔尼斯》 Inheritors (1921)《继承人》
The Verge (1921)《界限》 Alison’s House (1930)《艾里森的房子》
④ Clifford Odets
Waiting for Lefty (1935)《等待老左》 Golden Boy (1937)《金孩子》
The Country Girl (1950)《乡村姑娘》 Night Music (1940)《夜曲》
Awake and Sing! (1935)《醒来唱歌》 Clash by Night (1941)《夜间冲突》
The Flowering Peach (1954)《开花的桃树》 The Big Knife (1948)《大刀》
⑤ Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯
The Streetcar Named Desire (1947) 《欲望号街车》
The Glass Menagerie 《玻璃动物园》 Night of the Iguana 《鬣蜥之夜》
Summer and Smoke 《夏日烟云》 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof 《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》The Rose Tattoo 《玫瑰文身》 Suddenly Last Summer 《去年夏天突然》Sweet Bird of Youth 《甜蜜的青春之鸟》 Period of Adjustment 《微妙的调整阶段》
⑥ Arthur Miller 米勒
All My Sons 《都是我儿子》
Death of a Salesman (1949)《推销员之死》
The Crucible 《坩锅》/《炼狱》 A View from the Bridge 《凭桥远眺》After the Fall 《堕落之后》 Incident at Vichy 《维希事件》
The Archbishop’s Ceiling 《大主教的天花板》 The Price 《代价》
The Creation of the World and Other Business 《创世记和其他》
⑦ Edward Albee 爱德华·阿尔比
The Zoo Story (1958)《动物园故事》 The Sandbox (1961)《沙袋》
Three Tall Women (1994) 《三个高个女人》 Tiny Alice (1964) 《小小爱丽丝》
A Delicate Balance (1966)《微妙的平衡》 All Over (1971)《万事皆休》
Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962) 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫？》
Box and Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung (1968)《毛主席语录》
⑧David Mamet
American Buffalo 《美国野牛》
⑨ David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦
M. Butterfly 《蝴蝶君》
Broken Promises: Four Plays 《没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本》
十二、African American Literature 美国黑人文学
1、Early African American literature
①Frederick Douglass 道格拉斯
The Life and Time of Frederick of Douglass (1881) 《弗莱德里克道格拉斯的生平和时代》②Booker T. Washington
Up from Slavery (1901)
③W. E. B. DuBois
The Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches (1903) 《黑人的灵魂》
④Jean Toomer
Cane (1923)《拐杖》
2、Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆文艺复兴（or The New Negro Movement）
① Countee Cullen 卡伦，C.
Color (1925) One Way to Heaven (a novel) (1932)
Copper Sun (1927) The Black Christ (1929)
The Lost Zoo (1940) My Lives and How I Lost Them (1942)
②Zora Neale Hurston 佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿
Spunk《胆量》Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934) 《约拿的葫芦藤》
Mules and Men (1935) 《骡子与人》 Tell My Horse (1937) 《告诉我的马》
Mountain (1939) 《山人摩西》 Dust Tracks on a Road (1942) 《风尘仆仆》
③ Langston Hughes 蓝斯顿·休斯
“The Negro Speaks of River” (1920) “黑人说河”
Shakespeare in Harlem (1947) 《哈莱姆的莎士比亚》
I Wonder as I Wander (1956) 《我漂泊，我思考》
The Weary Blues (1926)《疲倦的歌声》 Dear Lovely Death (1931)《亲爱的的死神》Mulatto (1936)《混血儿》(play) The Best of Simple (1961)《辛普尔精选集》
3、African American literature in the 1940s and 1950s
① Richard Wright 理查德·赖特
12 Million Black Voices (1941) 《一千二百万黑人的声音》
Uncle Tom’s Children (1938; enlarged, 1940) 《汤姆叔叔的孩子们》Native Son (1940)《土生子》 The Color Curtain (1956)《有色的窗帘》Black Boy （1945）《黑孩子》 The Outsider (1953)《局外人》
Eight Man (1961)《八人行》 White Man, Listen! (1957)《白人，听着!》The Long Dream (1958)《漫长的梦》 Land Today (1963)《如今的土地》
② Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·艾里森
Invisible Man (1952)《看不见的人》
Shadow and Act (1964) (essay collection)《影子与行动》
Going to the Territory (1986) (essay collection)《走向领地》
③ James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温
Notes of a Native Son 《土生子的笔记》 nother Country 《另一国度》Nobody Knows My Name 《没有人知道我的名字》 Giovanni’s Room 《乔万尼的房间》The Amen Corner 《阿门角》 AJust Above My Head 《就在我头顶上》Go Tell it on the Mountains 《向苍天呼吁》
Blues for Mister Charley 《黑人怨》
4、Contemporary African American literature
①Toni Morrison 托妮·莫里森
The Bluest Eye (1970)《最蓝的眼睛》 Sula (1973)《苏拉》
Song of Solomon (1977)《所罗门之歌》 Tar Boy (1981)《柏油娃娃》Beloved (1987)《宠儿》 Jazz (1992)《爵士乐》
② Alex Palmer Haley 亚里克斯·哈里
he Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965) 《马尔科姆·艾克斯自传》
Roots (1976) 《根》 Hanning《汉宁镇》
③ Alice Walker 艾丽斯·沃克
Meridian (1976)《梅丽迪安》 The Color Purple (1982)《紫色》
(poem collections)：Once 《有一次》 Revolutionary Petunias 《革命的牵牛花》In Love and Trouble (1973)《相爱与烦恼》（short story collection）
十三、Chinese American Literature 美国华裔文学
1、the first stage：开创（end of 19C~20C 60s ）
①Edith Maude Eaton 艾迪丝·伊顿
Mrs. Spring Fragrance (1912) 《春香夫人》——beginning
②Louis Chu 雷庭招
Eat a Bowl of Tea 《吃一碗茶》
2、the second stage：转折 (20C 70~80s)
①Frank Chin 赵健秀
Chickencoop Chinaman (1972)《鸡笼里的华人》
The Year of Dragon (1974)《龙年》
The Chinaman Pacific & Frisco R. Co.《铁路上的华工》
Donald Duck: a Novel《唐纳鸭》
Gunga Din Highway 《贡嘎丁公路》
Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Prose and Poetry (1974) 《哎呀！美国亚裔作家文集》
②Maxine Hong Kingston 汤婷婷
The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts（1976）《女勇士》
China Man (1980)《中国佬》
Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989)《孙行者：他的伪歌本》
3、the third stage、：繁荣（20C 90s~now）
① Amy Tan 谭恩美
The Joy Luck Club (1989) 《喜福会》
The Kichen God’s Wife (1991) 《灶神之妻》
The Hundred Secret Senses(1995) 《百种神秘感》
The Bonesetter’s Daughter (2001) 《正骨师的女儿》
② Gish Jen 任碧莲
Typical American (1991) 《典型的美国人》
Mona in the Promised Land (1996) 《莫娜在希望之乡》
Who’s Irish? (1999) 《谁是爱尔兰人？》
③David Henry Hwang 黄哲伦
M. Butterfly (1988) 《蝴蝶君》
The House of Sleeping Beauties 《睡美人之屋》
The Voyage (1992) 《航行》
Broken Promises: Four Plays 《没有兑现的诺言：四个剧本》
十四、Confessionals 自白派
1、罗伯特·洛威尔
《不一样的国度》（Land of Unlikeness）、《威利爵爷的城堡》（Lord Weary’s Castle）、《卡瓦纳家族的磨坊》（Mills of the Kavanaughs）、《献给联邦死难者》(For the Union Dead）、《大洋附近》（Near the Ocean）、《笔记1967-68》（ Notebook 1967-68 ）、《海豚》（The Dolphin）、《陈旧的辉煌》（The Old Glory）/.....
2、安妮·塞克斯顿
《我生命的房间》（The Room of My Life）
去精神病院半途而归》、《生或死》、《变形记》、《死亡笔记》...
3、西尔维亚·普拉斯
《高烧103度》、《分割》、《死亡与商号》、《燃烧的女巫》、《边缘》....
4、约翰·贝里曼John Berryman
《向布雷兹特里特夫人致意》、《77首梦歌》、《短诗集》、《贝里曼十四行诗集》、《他的玩具，他的梦，他的休息》.....
The literature of colonial America John Smith 1）The1st American writer 2）作品“reports of exploration”have been de scribed as the1st distinctly American literatur e written in English,attracted Pilgrims(朝圣者) &the Puritans. 3）1608，写了封信“A true Relation of Such O ccurance&Accidents of Note as Hath Happen ed in Virginia Since the1st planting of That c olony” 4）1612，第二本书“A map of Virginia:with a Description of the Country” 5）他一共出版了八本书，公司破产以后做了向导，he sought a post as guide to the pilgrims. 1624，“General History of Virginia”讲述How the Indian princess Pocahonats Saved him. 6）他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想，这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。7）早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学), moral(道德),historical and political.
The Puritans in New England embraced hards hips,together with the discipline of a harsh church.They had toughness,purpose and cha racter,they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：hard w ork,thrift,piety and sobriety.（也是美国作品的主导思想） William Bradford&John Withrop 1）William Bradford：“The History of Plymouth Plantation”（从1630年写起，关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程）Cotton Mather评价：“a common blessing and father to them all.” 2）John Withrop：“The History of New England”（1630，登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年出版）3）Puritans -Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was Would-be purifier. -Looked upon themselves as a choosen peol
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
文学史笔记： 一、Early American and colonial period (1607-1765) (religious conflicts Catholism vs.Puritanism) 1.Puritanism: 1.) Simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences,that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. 2.)with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature .To some extent it is a state of mind , a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 3.）Actually it is a code of values , a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds , also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The main features of this period 1).American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国文学史美国文学
全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1