第一部分殖民主义时期the colonial period
1.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American
writing.
代表人物: cotton mather 科顿.马瑟
Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森.爱德华兹
Anne brandstreet 安妮.布雷斯特里特殖民时期第一位诗人，《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》第二部分理性和革命时期文学reasoning and revolution
1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林
代表作：Poor Richard’s Almanac穷人理查德的年鉴
annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集
Autobiography 自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
2、Thomas Paine 托马斯.潘恩
Rights of man 人的权利
The age of reason 理性时代
American Crisis《美国危机》, signed “Common Sense”.署名为“常识”
3、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺
the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period（18th century）. 是革命战争后
期（18世纪）最杰出的作家。
the “Father of American Poetry”美国诗歌之父
poet of American revolution
4、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊
drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言
第三部分浪漫主义文学/Romanticism
transcendentalism超验主义：
1、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
Nature论自然——新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书
The American Scholar美国学者— our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的
独立宣言。
The Oversoul论超灵; THE Divinity school Address Self-reliance论自立;
The Transcendentalist超验主义者; Representative Men代表人物; English Traits英国
人的特征; School Address神学院演说
2、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗
Walden 《沃尔登》成名作
Civil Disobedience《平民反抗》（essay 随笔。）
3、Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
Moby Dick白鲸；
Moby Dick”《白鲸》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural
white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②The book is steeped in
symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。④在书中说：to write
a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。
Pierre皮尔埃; Piazza广场故事; Billy Budd比利·巴德
4、Washington Irving 华盛顿.欧文美国文学之父
Sketch Book《见闻札记》奠定了他在文学史上的地位
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说
Rip van winkle 瑞普.凡.温可尔
Legends of the Conquest of Spain《西班牙征服记》
A History of New York纽约的历史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作
5、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀
The spy 间谍 the pilot 领航者
Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》，
the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物纳蒂.班波包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、Hawkeye 鹰眼人
“The Prairie”《大草原》“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人
6、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.爱伦.坡
首开近代侦探小说先河，the father of American detective story又是法国象征主义运动的源头
Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李 to Helen 致海伦The Raven乌鸦
他的诗中大多是古怪、奇特、病态的形象，着重描写犹豫的情绪，他认为诗歌就是“美得节奏之创造”7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔.霍桑
清教传统对他影响颇深，反对超验主义，常用象征和隐喻的手法，擅长揭示人物的内心冲突和心理描写，作品宗教气氛浓厚
The Scarlet Letter红字the minister’s black veil 牧师的黑面纱
Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事; Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:
Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;
The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子;
The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇; The Marble Faun玉石雕像
8、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗
he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.
朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。
The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;
Voices of the Night夜吟/夜之声; Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;
Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事——诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼Excelsior 向上 THE QUADROON GIRL
9、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼
擅长free verse (自由诗体) ：Leaves of Grass草叶集:象征着一切平凡的事物和普通的民众，发展中的美国，是19世纪美国的史诗。
Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌; Song of Myself自我之歌
I hear America Singing我听见美国在歌唱;
When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom'd小院丁香花开时;和O captain ,my captain!林肯死后的赞美和哀思
Democratic Vistas民主的前景;
The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;
10、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森
19世纪最伟大，最富影响力的女诗人，是个虔诚的教徒，被称为“阿莫斯特的修女”赞成宗教、超验主义
I died for Beauty我为美而死
Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神
Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径
11、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特
To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗
第四部分现实主义文学/Realism
The age of realism is also what Mark Twain referred as 镀金时代：The Gilded Age
In the late 19th century, although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper,
Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。
Realism：（现实主义）
1、Mark Twain马克·吐温（美国文学中的林肯）
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;
The Innocent's Abroad傻瓜出国记; The Gilded Age镀金时代;
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记; 用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写
The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿; Life on the Mississippi
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;
The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;
The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人
How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事——对美国早期幽默文学的总结
自然主义：naturalism:产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末
代表作家：
1、Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩
the pioneer wrote in the naturalistic tradition
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）； the black riders war is kind
The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章； The Open Boat小划子;
The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇
2、Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯,
Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;
Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;
The Epic of the Wheat（realistic）小麦诗史
2、Jack London 杰克.伦敦
The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们
Martin Eden (autobiographical novel自传体小说)
The Son of the Wolf狼之子, The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;
The Sea-wolf海狼; White Fang白獠牙
Love of Life热爱生命; Revolution革命;
What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;
3、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.
Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.揭露美国社会贫富分化以及道德沦丧
Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘; Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗
Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;
An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;
Darwinism: 达尔文主义
1、O. Henry 欧.亨利 short story 短篇小说世界三大短篇小说大师之一“曼哈顿的桂冠诗人”，“美国生活的幽默
百科全书”
②代表作：“The Four Million”《四百万》小说集、
The Gift of the Magi《麦琪的礼物》单部小说
Sixes and Sevens七上八下 the Man Higher Up黄雀在后
The cop and the anthem 警察与赞美诗
2、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯
Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐； The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；
The Bostonians波士顿人 The Ambassadors大使；
The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；
The Wings of the Dove鸽翼； The Golden Bowl金碗
3、Kate Chopin 凯特.肖邦乡土文学作家
一生未嫁
Wise than a god 智胜神明 at fault 过错
阿卡迪亚 a night in acadie
第五部分现代主义时期 the period of modernism
Imagism 意象派
Lost Generation：迷惘的一代
1、Modernism现代主义
现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and
allusive thought.
2、典型的迷惘一代：
F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby”《了不起的盖茨比》 novel Ernest Hemingway “The Sun
Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》
“A Farwell to Arms”《告别了，武器》 William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》
3、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：
Eugene O’Neill : “The Emperor Jones”《琼斯国王》、
Anna Christie《安娜.克里斯蒂》 The Hairy Ape《毛猿》
4、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)
代表作家：
1、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德（迷惘的一代）
The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比
The Side of Paradise人间天堂;
The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;
Tender in the Night夜色温柔; The Last Tycoon最后的巨头
2、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家迷惘的一代
①写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence
structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.
推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响
的、戏剧化的语调。“创造了冰山原则—简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感、深刻的思想
②代表作：“The Sun Also Rises”太阳照样升起 Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost
generation”
“A Farewell to Arms”永别了，武器
“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、丧钟为谁而鸣
“The Old Man and the Sea”老人与海
In Our Time在我们的年代里; The Torrents of Spring春潮;
短篇小说： Men Without Women没有女人的男人;
The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;
The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇
政论： To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：
A Moveable Feast到处逍遥
3、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳美国南方文学的代表作家，创造了“约克纳帕塔法县“
①作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”
人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。
②作品：短篇小说：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、
“Absalom, Absalom!”、押沙龙，押沙龙“Go Down, Moses”去吧，摩西揭露奴隶制、种族主义和清教的罪恶
Dry September干燥的九月
Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）; Soldiers' Pay兵饷（小说）
③narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness 意识流
2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者
4、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德诗人
①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。
②major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”
The Spirit of Romance罗曼史精神 ; The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;
Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）; Literary Essays文学论;
Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don'ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;
Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;
The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）
5、Robert Frest罗伯特·弗罗斯特自然主义诗人 poet
Boy's Wish少年心愿；
North of Boston波士顿之北（Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后Mountain Interval 山间（成熟阶段）（The Road Not taken没有选择的道路）;
②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.
③“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死
亡、迷惑
6、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯诗人
②代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”《带蓝吉他的人》；
“Necessary Angel”《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry 诗歌的评论.
“Anecdote of the Jar”《坛子的轶事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体
③特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified
elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。
(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come
to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。
(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object,
perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象与现实)
7、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人
②代表作：
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.
“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。
“The Waste Land”《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。
名诗： Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三; Four Quarters四个四重奏
“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧
诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会
8、John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克
①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。
②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant
workers
“The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。
Cup of Gold金杯; Tortilla Flat煎饼房; In Dubious Battle胜负未定;
The Moon is Down月亮下去了 ;Cannery Row罐头厂街; The Pearl珍珠
9、Edwin Arlington Robinson埃德温.阿林顿.罗宾逊
Captain Craig克雷格上尉——诗体小说；
The Town Down the River河上的城镇;
The Man Against the Sky天边人影
Avon's Harvest沃冯的收成; Collected Poems诗集
10、Eugene Oneil尤金?奥尼尔
Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）
The Hairy Ape毛猿; All the God's Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀
11、Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒
Death of the saleaman
Situation Normal情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman推销员;The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall堕落之后;Incident at Vichy维希事件 ;The Price代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop's Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美国时钟
12、Archibald Mac Leish阿基博尔德·麦克利什
Towers of Ivory象牙塔; The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;
Streets in the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新发现的大陆; Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems1912-1952
广播剧：The Fall of the City城市的陷落; Airraid空袭13、Sinclair Lewis辛克莱?刘易斯美国第一个获诺贝尔奖
Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生; The Job求职
The Main Street大先进; Babbitt巴比特;
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
文学史笔记： 一、Early American and colonial period (1607-1765) (religious conflicts Catholism vs.Puritanism) 1.Puritanism: 1.) Simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences,that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. 2.)with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature .To some extent it is a state of mind , a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 3.）Actually it is a code of values , a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds , also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The main features of this period 1).American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
美国文学史美国文学
全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .
美国文学史整理 一、Colonial America 殖民时期 1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教 American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace. 3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and honest. 4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. 5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩 work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》 American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人权》 The Age of Reason《理性时代》 ②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林） Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》 Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
美国文学史作品作家汇总 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 .Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原 Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Jamie Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Little page Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deer slayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity; The Over soul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhoda杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日
名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.