2011年1月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷课程代码06422）
I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word ,whose initial letter has been given.
1. The 3 branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and a__________ phonetics.
2. When 2 different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings ,they are said to be in a m_________ pair .
3. R__________ motivation refers to the fact that learners learn a second language for external purposes .
4. Later Noam Chomsky prefers this innate endowment as UG ,i.e. U_____ Grammar.
5. In "NP → （Deg )A(pp)……", the dots in the rule indicate that other c________ options are available .
6. The articulatory apparatus of human being are contained in 3 important areas :the p______ cavity，the oral cavity ,and the nasal cavity.
7. L________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community .
8. H________ refers to the sense relation between a more general ,more inclusive word and a more specific word .
9. The description of a language at a given point in time is a s______ study.
10. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication is called p_________.
11. The structure corresponding to the final syntactic output of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called s______ structure.
12. The term d________, first used by Ferguson in 1959,refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism .
13. Learners' independent system of the second language which is of neither the second language is known as i______.
14. The sound ［p］in pit is pronounced with a strong puff of air, which is said to be a________.
15. C_______ model states that in word comprehension words are analyzed by hearers from beginning to end.
16. S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form and is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form .
17. Major lexical categories are Noun, Verb , Adjective , and P___________.
18. S_______ is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between linguistic and society between the uses of language and social structures.
19. P________ is concerned with the progress of language comprehension and production.
20. Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but languages in g____.
II. Multiple choice(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.
21. __refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed .
A.Syntax
B. Etymology
C. Lexicology
D. Morphology
22. ___ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication .
A. Phonetics
B. Phonemics
C. Phonology
D. Phonotactics
23. Language ___ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.
A. aptitude
B. competence
C. performance
D. attitude
24. ___ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional ,social, gender, and age variations .
A. Idiolect
B. Pidgin
C. Sociolect
D. Creole
25. A(n) ___ is a word formed by combining parts of other words , e.g. smog .
A. back -formation
B. blend
C. abbreviation
D. clipping
26. The traditional and the only way to study the brain in the past was through ____ studies .
A. experimental
B. surgical
C. autopsy
D. observational
27.___ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form ,i.e. Different words are identical in sound or spelling ,or in both .
A. Polysemy
B. Synonym
C. Homophone
D. Homonymy
28.The arrow in the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP " is read as ___.
A. is equal to
B. generates
C. has
D. consists of
29.___ of neighbouring sound is , for the most part ,caused by articulatory or physiological progress .
A. Assimilation
B. Formalization
C. Derivation
D. Patterning
30.The drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture is called ____ motivation .
A. instrumental
B. resultative
C. integrative
D. intrinsic
31There are different types of affixes pr morphemes .The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __.
A.derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free form
32.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyzed the language people actually use ,it is said to be ___
A. descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. synchronic
D. diachronic
33.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by __ in 1957.
A. L. Bloomfield
B. F. Saussure
C. N. Chomsky
D.M.A.K Halliday
34. Of the following sound combination ,only ___ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English .
A. mible
B. bmil
C. imlb
D. ilbm
35 Which of the following English words is formed by clipping ?
A. smog
B.UNESCO
C. baby-sit
D. disco
36 Of the following words ,____ belongs to the open class word .
A. emai
B. but
C. the
D. they
37 The sense relation for the pair of words "doctor and patient "is __
A. synonymy
B. hyponymy
C. antonymy
D. homonymy
38 In learning a foreign language,instances of mother tongue interference can be found act the level of ___.
A. pronunciation
B. vocabulary
C. syntax
D. all of the above
39 According to F .de Saussure,____ refers to the system of language .
A. langue
B. parole
C. competence
D. performance
40.The utterance "We 're already working 25 hours a day, 8 days a week " obviously violates the maxim of ___
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation
D. manner
III. True of false judgement (20%)Judge whether the following statements are true or false .Write T in ye corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one .
41.Damage to parts of the brain in front of the central sulcus will cause fluent aphasia .
42.D-structure is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's supercanonization properties .
43.An illocution act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something .It is the consequence of the utterance .
44.The LAD was described as an imaginary "black box "which is said to contain rules that are specific only to human languages .
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511267419.html,ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structure semantics to analyze lexical word meaning .
46.Garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the speakers and takes them down the garden path to a wrong direction .
47.Acronyms are words derives from the initials and ending of several words .
48. Diglossia refers to the dialect having to do with separation brought about by different social conditions.
49.In daily life people often see the situation in which adult speak differently when talking to little children ,they use a special speech called motherese.
50.Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are produced by human speech organs
IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)
51.broad transcription vs narrow transcription
52.selection restriction
53.speech act theory
54.Critical Period Hypothesis
55.Draw a tree diagram for the surface structure of "A man will find the dog"
V. Write a passage of 120-150 words on the following topic .(15%)
56. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning ?
部分参考答案：
1. acoustic
2. minimal
3. Resultative
4. Universal
5. complement
6. pharyngeal
7. Langue
8. Hyponymy
9.synchronic 10. pragmatics
11.surface 12. diaglossia 13. Interlanguage 14. aspirated 15. Cohort
16. Sense 17. Preposition 18. Siciolinguistics 19. Psycholinguistics 20. general
21. D 22.C 23.A 24.A 25. B 26. C 27. D 28.D 29. A 30.C
31. C 32.A 33.C 34. A 35.D 36. A 37. C 38.D 39.A 40.A
41.F 42.F 43. F 44.T 45.T 46. F 47. F 48.F 49. T 50.F
2011年10月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷（课程代码06422）
I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.
1. The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic r_______.
2. I________ motivation refers to learners learning the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.
3. The phonetic transcription, n______ transcription ,is normally used by phoneticians to give minute and detailed descriptions of speech sounds.
4. The way that new words are coined from already existing words by “subtracting ” an affix thought to be part of the old word is called b_______.
5. The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic f_______.
6. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t________ across generations.
7. P______ is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.
8. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart to let air go through without vibration, the sounds thus produced are v_________.
9. The social group that is singled out for any special study is named as the s_______ community.
10. According to N. Chomsky, c________ refers to the ideal user ’s knowledge of the rules of his language .
11. P_____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
12. The notion of c_______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
13. Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called f_____ aphasia.
14. The c__________ view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
15. Lexical d________ task is a kind of experiment psycholinguistics employ to investigate lexical access.
16. A theory which explicitly empl oys the notion “concept ”is the semantic t________ proposed by Ogden and Richards in their book The Meaning of Meaning.
17. Clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c_________ distribution.
18. Since there are often intermediate forms between the two members of an antonymous pair, so they are called g________ antonyms.
19. S_______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
20. A t_______ experiment is a technique that is used to study the determinants of sentence processing difficulty.
II. Multiple choice(15%)Choose the best answer to the following items.
21. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes,_______, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed , added , lost or altered.
A. phrases
B. sentences
C. morphemes
D. utterance
22. The consonant [ f ] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features :
A. voiceless, bilabial, stop
B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative
C. voiced , bilabial, stop
D. voiced, labiodental, fricative
23.The study of language as a whole is often called ______.
A. universal linguistics
B. common linguistics
C. prescriptive linguistics
D. general linguistics
24.In the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP”，the arrow can be read as _______.
A. is equal to
B. consists of
C. has
D. generates
25.The illocutionary point of _____is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.
A. representatives
B. commissives
C. expressives D declarations
26.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _____ in 1957.
A. L. Bloomfield
B. F. Saussure
C. N. Chomsky
D.M.A.F. Halliday
27._____ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.
A. Instrumental
B. Functional
C. Integrative
D. Social
28.While different words may have the same or similar meaning , the same word may have more than one meaning. This kind of words are called _________.
A. polysemic words
B. homographs
C. homonyms
D. synonyms
29.The term _____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. historical comparative
30.Speech act theory was origin ated with the British philosopher ____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
A. M.A.F. Halliday
B. L. Bloomfield C . J. Searle D. J. Austin
31.If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language ,it is said to be _______.
A. descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. synchronic
D. diachronic
32.In the case of spit, the consonant [ p ] is said to be _____.
A. aspirated
B. voiced
C. unaspirated
D. unprounceable
33.What the elemen t “-es ” indicates is third person singular ,present tense ,the element “-ed ” past tense, and “-ing ”progressive aspect .Since they are the smallest units of language and meaningful ,they are also _______.
A. phonemes
B. phones
C. allophones
D. morphemes
34.Synoymous are classified into several kinds .This kind to which ‘girl ’ and‘lass ’ belong is called ___ synonyms.
A. stylistic
B. dialectal
C. emotive
D. collocational
35.In a speech community People have something in common _____: a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it..
A.socially
B. linguistically
C. culturally
D. pragmatically
III. True of false judgement (20%)
36. The interactionist view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops .
37. A creole is said to be formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community ,and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language .
38. Garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the speakers and takes them down the garden path to a wrong direction .
39. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can distinguish two words .
40. Register refers to the type of utterance which is selected as appropriate to the type oftypology .
41. Phonology studies the functioning of the speech sounds.
42. Predication analysis was proposed by the British linguist J. Searle to analyze the meaning of utterance .
43. Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles since they help make more precise the meaning of the head and mark a phrase boundary.
44. Different language offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity.
45. Metacognitive strategies deal with the wayside learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native .
IV. Explain the following notions briefly (25%)
46. derivational morpheme
47. IPA( International Phonetic Alphabet)
48. cultural transmission
49. Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure
50. The naming theory
V. Essay question (20%)
51. According to Austin ,what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance ? Give an example.
参考答案
1.repertoire
2.Intrinsic
3.narrow
4.back-formation
5.features
6.transmission
7.Phon ology
8.voiceless
9.speech https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511267419.html,petence11.Parole 12.context 13. fluent
14.contextualist 15.dicision
16.triangle https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511267419.html,plementary 18.gradable 19.Sense
20.timed-reading
21. C 22. B 23.D 24. B 25.C 26.C 27.C 28. A 29.B 30.C
31.B 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.B
36.T 37.T 38.F 39.T 40.F 41.T 42. F 43. T 44.T 45. F
46. Morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of the words to which they attach. 47. It is
a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.
48. While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to ac quire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.
Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by i nstinct 49. The first, formed by the XP rule in a accordance with the head's subcategorization propertie s ,is called deep stmcture.
The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate tr ansformations, is called surface structure
50. One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one, was the naming theor y proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The words used in a language are taken to be labels of t he objects they stand for.
51. locutionary act ------the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It?s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely .,the act of s aying something :the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.(言内行为指的是用句子来叙述，报告，描写。言内行为指话语过程本身，诸如：句法，词汇与发言等。) illocutionary act -----the act of expressing the speaker?s intention; it is the act performed in saying something ;its force is identical with the speaker?s intention. The making of a statement, offer promise, etc, in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conve ntional force associated with it. the act of using a sentence to perform a function such as command, re quest, etc(言外行为是指说话过程中通过话语的一些约定俗成的关联力量进行陈述，承诺等。说话带有目的性。)
perlocutionary act --- the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it?s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act perfomed by saying so mething, the bringing about of effects on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects b eing special to the circumstances. the results or effects that are produced by means of saying sth(言后行为是指行为本身就是讲话的结果。即讲话所产生的情感，思想，行动等的某种反应。)
Illocutionary force: the intention or purpose underlying the act of saying sth. (speaker?s meaning) e.g. You have left the door wide open
The locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words “you”“have”“d oor”“open” etc. and expressed what the words literally mean. locutionary: utterance of all the word The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance, he has expre
ssed his intention of speaking ,i.e. asking sb. to close the door. “or making a complaint
The prelocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker?s message and sees the speaker means to ask someone to close the door, the speaker has successfully br ought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the prelocutionary act is successfully performed. perlocutionary : the hearer close the door or his refusal to comply with the request
2012年10月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷（课程代码06422）
I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.
1. Three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, a_______phonetics, and acoustic phonetics.
2. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head , and the words on the right side of the heads are c____________.
3. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling ,or in both.
4. S__________ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.
5. There are two types of a__________ dyslexia: phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia.
6. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around , they think and speak differently , this is known as linguistic r_______.
7. The most basic and the smallest meaningful element of meaning is traditionally called m___________.
8. The i__________ view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which he develops.
9. C___________ determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him
10. If the linguistic study aims lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using lang uage, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be p___________.
11. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v___________”.
12. R__________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.
13. A__________ refers to a number of acquired language disorder due to the cerebral lesions caused by vascular problems, a tumor, an accident and so on.
14. Minor Lexical Categories refer to D_________, Degree word, Qualifier , Auxiliary and Conjunction.
15. Linguistics is a scientific study because it is based on the s_____________ investigation of linguistic data.
16. Grammatical of functional words are referred to as being c_____
class words .
17. A p___________ is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.
18. A________ are words derived from the initials of several words, such as WTO.
19. I________ motivation refers to the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.
20.Chomsky uses the term p________ to refer to the actual realization of the knowledge in linguistic communication.
II. Multiple choice(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items.
21. Different from contrastive analysis, _______ gave less consideration to learners’ native language.
A . negative transfer B. mistake analysis
C. positive analysis
D. error analysis
22. The social group that is singled out for any special study is called the __________.
A. public society
B. common group
C. speech community
D. speech group
23. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _____ of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.
A. force
B. position
C. manner
D. pattern
24. ___________ analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.
A. Componential
B. Contrastive
C. Comparative
D. Inflection
25. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.
A. morphemes
B. elements
C. segments
D. constituents
26. ____________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.
A. Positive
B. Integrative
C. Instrumental
D. Intrinsic
27. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as _______.
A. modifiers
B. qualifiers
C.specifiers
D. determiners
28.The following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT____.
A.[t]
B.[s]
C.[p]
D.[k]
29. The sentence that has a NP and a PP can be shown in a ______ formula “S→NP PP”.
A. hierarchical
B. tree diagram
C. vertical
D. linear
30. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be______.
A. prescriptive
B. descriptive
C. synchronic
D. diachronic
31.The relationship between “ flower “and “ rose” is _______.
A.homonymy
B. hyponymy
C. polysemy
D. synonymy
32.The pair of words “ east ”and “ west “ is ________.
A. gradable antonyms
B.co-hyponyms
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511267419.html,plementary opposite
D. relational opposites
33.Which of the following hypothesis is put forward by Eric Lenneberg?
A. Critical Period Hypothesis
B. Input Hypothesis
C. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
D. Language Acquisition Device Hypothesis
34. X: John has taken part in the London Olympic Games.
Y: John is a sportsman.
The sense relation between the above sentences is _____.
A. X entails Y
B. X is inconsistent with Y
C. X presupposes Y
D. X is synonymous with Y
35.The word “unreasonably” consi sts of ____ morphemes.
A. 4
B. 3
C. 5
D.2
36.____ occurs when the Cooperative Principle is violated.
A. Locutionary act
B. Illocutionary act
C. Conversational implicature
D. Intralingual error
37. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two sound combinations are said to form a __________.
A. adjacency pairs
B. minimal pairs
C. complementary pairs
D. similar pairs
38.”Brunch” is a word f ormed by _____.
A. clipping
B. back-formation
C. coinage
D. blending
39.Which of the underlined morphemes below is a derivational morpheme?
A. started
B. jumping
C. physician
D. suffixes
40.____ is concerned with the processes of language comprehension and production.
A. Pragmatics
B. Morphology
C. Semantics
D. Psycholinguistics
III.True of false judgement (20%)
41. The brain, weighing about 1,400grams, consists of about ten billion nerve cells called neurons.
42. What is measured in the ing experiment is the extent to which the prime influences the subject’s psychological decision performance on the target stimulus.
43. According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
44. Diacritics are added to the letter-symbols to bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
45.Mode of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question.
46.”Language is arbitrary” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds since different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.
47.Derivational morphemes are the group of morphemes such as –en,-ate, and –ic etc. Because when they are conjoined to other morphemes (or words), a new word is derived of formed.
48. Locutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
49.The cortex is separated by the longitudinal fissure into two parts: the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
50. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by N. Chomsky in 1967.
IV.Explain the following notions briefly (25%)
51.behaviourist
52.sense and reference
53.Wh-Movement
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511267419.html,D
55.Draw a tree diagram for “The girl bought the book.”
V. Essay question (15%)
Write a passage of 120-150words on the following topic .
56. What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?Illustrate your answer with concrete examples.
部分参考答案
1.auditory
2. complements
3. Homonymy 4 Sociolect 5. acquired 6. relativity
7. morpheme 8. interractionist 9. Context
10. Prescriptive 11. voicing 12. Reference
13. Aphasia 14 . Determiner 15. systematic
16. closed 17. pidgin 18. Acronyms
19. Integrative 20. performance
21. D 22. C 23. C 24. A 25. A
26.B 27. C 28. B 29. D 30.B
31.B 32.D 33. A 34.C 35.A
36. C 37.B 38. D 39. C 40.D
41.T 42. F 43.T 44. T 45. F 46. T 47.T 48.F 49.T 50.F
2016年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 语言学概论试卷(课程代码 00541) 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题l分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡” 的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂或多涂均无分。 1.下面各项中，属于汉语北方方言的是 A.广州话 B.福州话 C.重庆话 D.上海话 2.汉语拼音字母b、p、m都是 A.舌尖音 B.唇齿音 C.正齿音 D.双唇音 3.下面各项属于自源文字的是 A.英文字母 B.甲骨文 C.腓尼基字母 D.希腊字母 4.儿童“以词代句语言”出现在 A.单词句阶段 B.语法句阶段 C.简单句阶段 D.复杂句阶段 5.“叶子岀水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙”一句采用的修辞手法是 A.比拟 B.仿写 C.夸张 D.比喻 6.下面各项中含有轻声音节的是 A.渐渐 B.妈妈 C.声声 D.人人 7.“在家休息”是一个 A.动宾词组 B.主谓词组 C.偏正词组 D.兼语词组 8.不同行业有自己的“行话“行话”属于 A.地域方言 B.社会方言 C.亲属语言 D.混合语言 9.“半两棉花——免弹（谈)”采用的方法是 A.转移欢关 B.语义汉关 C.语音双关 D.替代双关 10.下面各项属于语言符号特点的是 A.约定性 B.自然性 C.固定性 D.想象性 11.一种语言的共同语是在某一个方言的基础上形成的，这种方言叫 A.母方言 B.底层方言 C.基础方言 D.原始方言
12.谈话体属于 A.书面语体 B.宣传语体 C.文学语体 D.口语语体 13.唐太宗名李世民，唐代人便把“世”改为“代'把“民”改成“人”，这是为了 A.避讳 B.图吉利 C.讨口彩 D.自谦 14.中国历史上推行“书同文”措施的是 A.齐桓公 B.秦始皇 C.汉武帝 D.唐玄宗 15.汉语中“罗汉、菩萨、塔、阎罗”等词的出现，是因为 A.儒家学说的兴盛 B.道教的兴起 C.名教的影响 D.佛教的传入 16.“弟弟吃苹果”不能说成“苹果弟弟吃'这是受制于语言符号的 A.组合关系 B.聚合关系C联想关系 D.分类关系 17.音高取决于声波的 A.振幅 B.数量 C.长短 D.频率 18.“这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天”，这个句子是 A.反复句 B.顶真句 C.对偶句 D.回环句 19.中国叫“绥远、定远”之类名字的地方，往往当年 A.水草丰美 B.山川秀丽 C.曾发生战乱后被抚平 D.人口特别多 20.—个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言转而使用另一民族语言的现象叫 A.语言混合 B.语言转用 C.克里奥尔 D.双语现象 二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。未涂、错涂、多涂或少涂均无分。 21.下面关于语言和民族、国家关系的说法中，正确的有 A.—个民族只能说一种语言 B.—个民族可以说多种语言 C.一个国家只有一种语言 D.—个国家可以有多种语言 E.不同民族可以说同一种语言 22.下面各项中，属于元音的有 A.[a] B.[f] C. [l] D.[o] E.[p] 23.下面各项中属于发散思维的表现形式的有 A.音乐 B.舞蹈 C.绘画 D.推理 E.文学 24.下面各项中彼此有亲属关系的语言有 A.日语 B.葡萄牙语 C.老挝语 D.朝鲜语 E.英语 25.下面各项中，属于借词的有
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
2014年10月高等教育自学考试英语（二）试卷 （课程代码00015） 本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1．本卷所有试卷必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2．第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。 3．第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0.5毫M黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 第一部分选择题 一、阅读判断（第1—10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题纸相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 The Stranger Who Changed My Life It was a sunny morning in the spring of 1966. I was driving a taxi, looking for a customer. While passing New York Hospital, I found a man running down the hospital steps, waving at me. I stopped. The man reached the taxi and jumped in. “The Airport, please,”he said. As always, I wondered about my passenger. Was this man a talker? After a few moments, he started saying, “How do you like driving a taxi?” “It’s OK” I said. “I make a living and meet interesting people sometimes.” “What do you do?” I asked. “I am a doctor at New York Hospital.” Many times during long rides, I’d developed a good relationship with my passengers and received very good advice from them. This time I decided to ask for his help. “Could I ask a favor of you?” He didn’t answer. “I have a son, 15, a good kid. He wants a job this summer. Is it possible that you get one for him?” He still wasn’t talking, and I was starting to feel foolish. Finally, he said, “Well, my students have a summer research project. Maybe he could join in. Have him send me his school record.” He left his address and paid me. It was the last time I ever saw him.
1.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the detail of language have to be taught and learned. 2.Displacement means that language can be used to refer to thing which present or not present, real or imagined matter in the past, present or future or in far-away places. https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511267419.html,nguage is a system considering of two sets of structures, or two levels. https://www.doczj.com/doc/2511267419.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 5.Chomsky defined competence as the ideal speaker’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 7.Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken from of language. 8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 9.Psycholinguistic relates the study of language to psychology. 10.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 11.Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. 12.vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing 13.of all the speech organs , the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 14.when the obstruction is partial and the air if forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point ,the speech sound thus produced is a fricative in the production of
2019年10月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二）试卷（课程代码：00015） 本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。 必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。 第一部分：阅读判断（第1?10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 To Lease(租赁) or Not to Lease Planning to lease a car because you don't think you can afford to buy? Think again. Leasing can end up being just as expensive as buying. Most people think about leasing because they believe it will cost them less money. They're right-it is cheaper, but only in the short term. For example, if you were to lease anew Subaru Forester, you might pay $300 per month for the car. If you were to buy the same car, you would pay about $400 per month. Over a three-year, you would save $3600-a big savings. But after your lease is over, you have to give the car back. Many people want to lease because they can drive a more expensive car than they might otherwise be able to afford. For example, if you spend $300 monthly on a car, you might be able to lease a new Ford Explorer. For the same price, you might have to buy a used Explorer, or buy a new but much less expensive model. A lease，therefore，allows you to drive the latest models of more expensive cars. However, whatever car you can afford to buy you get to keep it, and it will always have a resell or trade-in(以新旧换)value if you want to upgrade to a new car later. Furthermore, people who lease cars are often shocked by how much they must pay when the lease is over . Most leases limit you to a certain number of miles. If you go over that, you must pay for each mile. As a result, you may end up paying thousands of dollars in mileage(里程) fees. In addition, when you lease ,you have to pay for regular maintenance and repairs to the vehicle. Since you must return the car finally, you are paying to repair someone else's car.
2016年10月高等教育自学考试英语（二）真题 第一部分：阅读判断（第1~10题，每题1分，共10分）下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Being ”Cool” in Middle School A new study shows that gentle and quiet kids in middle school will grow up to rule. Or, they’ll live healthier and more productive lives than the “cool” kids will. The study looked at 13-year-olds who acted old for their age by having “cool”behavior, such as early romantic relationships. They were seen as “cool” and popular kids. But as they grew up, things changed. The study found that these kids tended to have problems with drugs and relationships by their 20s. Their behavior was no longer linked with popularity. Instead, they were thought to be less socially skilled by their peers. Besides, the average “cool”kids, by age 22, did more poorly than the average kids in the study. They had a 45 percent greater rate of problems due to drugs and alcohol. They also had a 22 percent greater rate of criminal behavior. The study also found that these kids failed to develop important life skills. They spent so much time trying to seem cool. They didn’t
历年全国自考语言学概论真题 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1. 答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2. 每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。 1．下列关于语言符号的表述,不正确的一项是 A．语言符号包括能指和所指 B．语言符号的音和义不可分割 C．语言符号音义关系具有任意性 D．语言符号不能分解和重新组合 2．几万、几十万个词通过排列组合可以产生无限多的句子,这主要是由于语言符号具有 A．离散性 B．强制性 C．可变性 D．任意性 3．下列关于韵律特征的表述,不正确的一项是 A．韵律特征在不同的语言中具有不同的特点 B．韵律特征自身不能单独占据一个时间段落 C．韵律特征从构成要素看是一种对比性特征 D．韵律特征包括“音质特征”和“音段特征” A．同化 B．异化 C．弱化 D．增音
6．下列关于“语”的表述,正确的一项是 A．“语”指的是那些由语素构成的固定词组 B．“语”和“词”在内部构造方面没有分别 C．“语”的结构往往不具有固定性和整体性 D．“语”的结构常常呈现为某种特定的格式 7．英语动词“like(喜欢)”的单数第三人称形式是“likes”,这属于 A．变形构词 B．变性成词C．语汇构词 D．语法构词8．“众人拾柴火焰高”属于 A．惯用语 B．谚语C．歇后语 D．成语9．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是 A．语素和语素组 B．语素组和词C．词和词组 D．词组和句子10．对“很中国”中“中国”一词用法的说明,正确的是 A．仍然是名词 B．变成了形容词 C．名词活用作形容词 D．名词兼形容词11．“你吃点什么吗?”这个句子是 A．一般疑问句 B．特指疑问句C．选择疑问句 D．反问疑问句12．下列词语,属于相对反义词的一组是 A．必然—偶然 B．萧条—繁荣
现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are
2011年1月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷课程代码06422） I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word ,whose initial letter has been given. 1. The 3 branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and a__________ phonetics. 2. When 2 different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings ,they are said to be in a m_________ pair . 3. R__________ motivation refers to the fact that learners learn a second language for external purposes . 4. Later Noam Chomsky prefers this innate endowment as UG ,i.e. U_____ Grammar. 5. In "NP → （Deg )A(pp)……", the dots in the rule indicate that other c________ options are available . 6. The articulatory apparatus of human being are contained in 3 important areas :the p______ cavity，the oral cavity ,and the nasal cavity. 7. L________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community . 8. H________ refers to the sense relation between a more general ,more inclusive word and a more specific word . 9. The description of a language at a given point in time is a s______ study. 10. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication is called p_________. 11. The structure corresponding to the final syntactic output of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called s______ structure. 12. The term d________, first used by Ferguson in 1959,refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism . 13. Learners' independent system of the second language which is of neither the second language is known as i______. 14. The sound ［p］in pit is pronounced with a strong puff of air, which is said to be a________. 15. C_______ model states that in word comprehension words are analyzed by hearers from beginning to end. 16. S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form and is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form . 17. Major lexical categories are Noun, Verb , Adjective , and P___________. 18. S_______ is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between linguistic and society between the uses of language and social structures. 19. P________ is concerned with the progress of language comprehension and production. 20. Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but languages in g____. II. Multiple choice(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items. 21. __refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . A.Syntax B. Etymology C. Lexicology D. Morphology 22. ___ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication . A. Phonetics B. Phonemics C. Phonology D. Phonotactics 23. Language ___ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. A. aptitude B. competence C. performance D. attitude 24. ___ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional ,social, gender, and age variations . A. Idiolect B. Pidgin C. Sociolect D. Creole
2018年4月高等教育自学考试《英语（一）》试题 课程代码：00012 一、阅读判断 Finding Paradise (天堂) and Success in Retirement Ivy Singh and her husband had their retirement all planned out. They wanted to have a place with enough land to grow plants. The couple successfully found a proper place and turned it into a farm called Bollywood Veggies. "We came and had a look and we found paradise. We started Bollywood Veggies there and then," she says. The basic idea of starting the farm was to keep themselves busy in retirement. Mrs. Singh says it was never begun as a business. "We started this as a lifestyle project for retirement." The farm's produce includes beans, cabbage and other crops. Soon, more people found out about the farm. Visitors often asked whether the farm offered any food or drinks. So the couple started a restaurant and a food museum on the farm. As the farm changed from a retirement to a commercial project, Mrs. Singh sought new business opportunities. A key area was growing bananas. Given the popularity of bananas and their use in a range of food products, she saw great potential. The farm uses its crop to make products such as banana chips and bread. Mrs. Singh, driven by the success of the project, now wants to open a retirement home on the farm. She says the farm is a nice place for people who have retired. Mrs. Singh says she does not care much about the profit, because she is getting to live her dream while making a difference to society. 1. Ivy and her husband made a careful plan for retirement. A. True B. False C. Not Given 2. Before retirement, the couple were doing business on plants. A. True B. False C. Not Given 3. The couple started Bollywood Veggies for business purposes. A. True B. False C. Not Given 4. Cabbage was the first vegetable planted on the farm. A. True B. False C. Not Given 5. The couple opened a restaurant close to the farm. A. True B. False C. Not Given 6. Mrs. Singh planted bananas because they were very popular. A. True B. False C. Not Given 7. Visitors to the farm like its banana chips the best. A. True B. False C. Not Given 8. Mrs. Singh built a retirement home on the farm. A. True B. False C. Not Given 9. Mrs. Singh thinks the farm is a good place for retired people.
全国2011年1月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题答案及解析点评 （课程代码：00838） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20%) 1. C 【解析】句意：语言使用者所知道的语言能力，与我们在实际生活中对语言的产出和理解的具体运用之间存在着区别。因此应当选C。参考书本第7页。 【点评】本题考查语言学中语言能力与语言运用的区别，属重点，应识记。 2. A 【解析】The letter “ch” in the word “church” pronounces /t?/, while the letter “dge” in “judge” pronounces /d?/. /t?/ and /d?/ are all affricates. Affricates means “赛擦音”. 【点评】本题考查英语语音的分类。属概念题，应理解记忆。 3. D 【解析】能够表示如数，时态，级，格这样的语法关系或语法范畴的语素是曲折词缀。曲折词缀——inflectional morpheme 相见书本第52页。 【点评】本题考查形态学中的语素特性，应了解。 4. D 【解析】X-标杆理论中XP可能不仅仅只包含X，它通常包含核心语（head），补语（complement），另外还有指示语（specifier），故选D specifier 详见书本80页。 【点评】本题考查X-标杆理论中XP包含的成分，应了解。 5. C 【解析】意义是词汇内在的，抽象的，游离于语境之外的，是词汇所有特征的集合，而词汇所制成的客观世界中的事物，所指讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。详见书本第96页。 【点评】本题考查意义与所指两个术语的概念，属于常考点，应识记。 6. C 【解析】言外行为是表达说话人意图的行为，是在说话过程中完成的行为。 【点评】本题考查奥斯汀语言实施行为的3种行为中的言外行为。属重点，应牢记。 7. C 【解析】语音系统的变化包括元音的变化，语音的丧失，元音的增加，语音移位。语音的丧失中的尾音脱落（apocope）指词尾语音成分的去除。如name在古英语中发音为/nɑ:ma: /，而在中世纪英语中发音是/nɑ:m? /,再到现代英语中的/neim/, name 的发音在英语发展中词尾的发音脱落掉了。