当前位置：文档之家› 外文资料及中文翻译

外文资料及中文翻译

中文译文

从新型葡萄籽IH636中提取的低聚原花青素和盐碱酸内的铬对治疗仓鼠的动脉粥样硬化症有良好的作用

摘要：动脉硬化症是大动脉上的一种疾病，患有此病在内部动脉壁上会长有脂肪扁桃体颗粒，这些脂肪颗粒最终会堵塞血液流通。以确认的导致动脉硬化症的危险因素包括：遗传、饮食习惯、生活方式、抽烟、循环流通着的脂质和胆固醇含量以及慢性血管炎症和流通信号。黄酮类化合物和动脉硬化症之间有一定的关系，主要是由于黄酮类化合物具有抗氧化剂类的性质，并且黄酮类化合物还有抑制体内低浓度脂蛋白的氧化作用。美国人普遍存在着血脂醇过高现象，而这正是导致心脏血管疾病的主要危险因素。从葡萄籽中提取的低聚原花青素已被证实具有广泛的化学保护特性和心脏保护特性以免受氧危害。最近的一项研究表明从IH636葡萄籽中提取的低聚原花青素与NBC一起使用能降低血脂醇过高的人体中的胆固醇及低浓度脂蛋白和被氧化的脂蛋白总含量。本实验通过分别给仓鼠单独喂食葡萄籽中的低聚原花青素及和NBC一起服用，证实了低聚原花青素对仓鼠的动脉硬化症有益处。因为当给仓鼠服用含0.2%的胆固醇、10%的椰子油的高血胆脂醇食物时他们就会长有与血胆脂醇过多的人像似的脂脂膜。仓鼠食用10周椰子油后就会长出泡沫细胞这是动脉硬化症早期的生物标志。与椰子油一起服用，当低聚原花青素的浓度为50mg/kg 、100mg/kg时，仓鼠得动脉硬化症的几率分别降低50%及60%。若低聚原花青素与NBC一起使用时患病几率大约降低32%。每一实验组用7~9只仓鼠。无论是单独使用葡萄籽中的低聚原花青素或是与NBC 一起使用都对胆固醇、甘油三酸酯的含量，不仅如此还对氧化性脂质损害有很好的抑制作用。这一点已通过硫酸反应物的形成所证明。这一数据表明葡萄籽提取物低聚原花青素（GSPE）和烟碱酸内的铬（NBC）可以提供良好的健康因子。这是通过降低泡沫细胞的形成从而大幅度改变动脉硬化症的发生率来实现的。

关键词：GSPE NBC 动脉硬化症仓鼠泡沫细胞胆固醇甘油三酸酯硫酸反应物

引言

氧分压升高是血胆脂醇过高的一个主要标准，这导致了动脉粥样硬化。心脏内氧分压的形成是由于产生了过量的自由基，正是这些自由基引起了脉管组织的损伤。动脉粥样硬化症是一种疾病，此病可使内部动脉壁上产生脂肪条纹，从而堵塞了血液流通，动脉硬化症及其并发症如冠心病、心肌梗塞、心肌梗死和心脏中风这些都是导致死亡的头号杀手。患有动脉硬化症的巨噬细胞和平滑肌肉细胞内中无法控制的胆固醇和积累的脂质将导致泡沫细胞的形成和一系列动脉粥样硬化薄片。通过对一种新型葡萄籽IH636种提取的低聚原花青素进行多次研究后证实了低聚原花青素具有绝好的清除氧自由基和保护心脏的特性。GSPE具有清除生物反应产生的自由基功能，如：超氧化阴离子、羟基自由基和过氧化氢自由基，并且比维生素C 、维生素E和β-胡萝卜素的抗氧化性能力更强更优越。此外，葡萄籽中的低聚原花青素对老鼠体内损伤和心肌局部缺血有独特的保护功能，并且是亚德里亚霉素诱发了老鼠心脏中毒性物质的产生。近期的一项人体研究发现葡萄籽中的低聚聚原花青素和NBC一起作为氧调和铬的盐碱聚合体可以明显的降低人体内的胆固醇、低浓度脂蛋白和被氧化的低浓度脂蛋白的总含量。

本实验的研究就是为了确定葡萄籽中的低聚原花青素是否可以阻止泡沫细胞的形成即是否可能阻止动脉粥样硬化症的形成。仓鼠连续10周食用含0.2%的胆固醇、10%的椰子油的血胆脂醇过高的食物，使这些动物体内产生泡沫细胞，这是早期动脉粥样硬化症的生物标志。葡萄籽中低聚原花青素的保护功能是由其用量所决定的，这是通过分别单独使用花青素及与NBC一起使用使胆固醇和甘油三酸酯的含量有所降低上来确定的。而且在此类仓鼠中也证实了硫酸反应物和泡沫细胞确实减少了。

原料和方法

化学原料

GSPE—作为商业上所公认的苯丙酸诺龙（商品名）和NBC—作为商业上所公认的铬合金巴拉圭茶均来自美国加州一所内部营养食品健康合作机构。从葡萄籽中提取的低聚原花青素是一种天然提取物，含有大约76%的齐聚物花青素和3%的单节显性生物黄酮类化合物，通过对严重的口腔病、皮肤病和初级眼疾病的研究及为期90天的慢性口腔毒性和长期毒性的研究，证实了GSPE是安全的并无任何毒副作用，最近低聚原花青素又通过了一致的安全认定。NBC是一种独特的铬

复合物可以很好的提高人体内的生物功能及铬的生物活性，增强胰岛素的新陈代谢作用。老鼠体内每千克体重大约含有一克铬中静脉内的脂质蛋白，而且在食物中添加盐碱酸铬的浓度达4.6g/kg连续使用20周，并未出现生长缓慢或其他毒副作用。美国环境保护局科技部人类危险性鉴定组织调查了铬的安全性和毒性，并且确定了相关剂量标准为：每天每千克食物中铬含量为1000微克。除非有其他明文规定，所有化合物和试剂均来自斯格码化学所，并且是分析级或最高级。动物和治疗

本实验所用的是雄性、刚断奶的叙利亚婴幼仓鼠来自查尔斯饲养实验室并且连续四周喂食商业的未纯化的啮齿目动物食物。尔后这些动物被分成数组，每组都具有相对均匀的重量。

这些动物饲养在塑料笼子里，每只笼子有3～4只老鼠，笼子内设有木条小床，温度控制在室温（20℃）,光照周期光/黑暗为12小时，给他们提供充足的食物和水。总之这些动物的饲养遵循了Scranton 大学的指南协会动物护养和用途委员会的指导方针。

为实验组的动物提供高胆固醇和高脂肪的食物，简要地说就是1000克粉状啮齿目动物食物中加入600毫升水，并且含有0.2%的胆固醇和10%的椰子油，而后融化混合物。除此之外，水中还要加入十个独自的地甜味剂。低花青素食物中大约每千克啮齿目动物食物含有0.88克低聚原花青素，而高花青素食物中大约每千克啮齿目动物食物含有1.76克低聚原花青素。在低花青素食物中每千克原花青素大约加0.88克NBC，每千克啮齿目动物食物加40毫克，半固体混合物就会凝固，从而分裂成综合色物质。

在喂养十周后接着给仓鼠断食12小时，用戊巴比妥将其麻痹，从而造成心脏穿孔。在含有乙二酸四乙胺的微量容器内血液就会聚集，学浆被分离，在90℃下储存一作分析使用。麻痹后的仓鼠喷洒含10%的甲醛磷酸缓冲液从而分离出大动脉已备组织学研究使用。

按Kowalaet al所描述的方法进行解刨和分析。从离心脏1毫米处截取大约4～5毫米长的一段大动脉，进行脱脂、修饰并拥油红O着色。在16x40倍放大镜下观察上层样品以确定泡沫细胞的数量、大小和分布。

泡沫所覆盖的面积用微型放映机放大后可通过电脑数字垫料块进行测定。甘

油三酸酯总量可用斯格码酶分析技术测定出来。胆固醇总量可用斯格码配套元件测定。通过斯格码磷酸盐试剂降低浓度脂蛋白沉淀后，高浓度脂蛋白可用相似的方法测定。

为了确定GSPE在仓鼠体内的作用，使用了一种体内型仓鼠，因为当给仓鼠服用含0.2%的胆固醇、10%的椰子油的高血胆脂醇食物时他们就会长有与血胆脂醇过多的人像似的脂脂膜。仓鼠食用10周椰子油后就会长出泡沫细胞这是动脉硬化症早期的生物标志。在喂食GSPE的动物中可以测定动脉粥样硬化的指数。结果

仓鼠的食物中葡萄籽中低聚原花青素的含量分别为50g/kg和100g/kg, 都连续10周服用含0.2%的胆固醇、10%的椰子油的高血胆脂醇食物，结果得动脉粥样硬化症的几率分别降低了50%和63%。在同样的条件下，若50g/kg的低聚原花青食物加入NBC的病几率就降低32%。

每组动物的食物消耗量和体重并未出现任何异样。实验前仓鼠的平均体重是86±6g，试验结束后四组仓鼠的平均体重和标准偏差控制在：151±26g,低聚原花青素食物：155±9g, 高聚原花青素食物：154±14g,低聚原花青素食物加NBC:148±9g。每只仓鼠平均每天消耗的食物大约为11g。

表一：不同浓度的葡萄籽中低聚原花青素分别单独使用及与盐碱酸中的铬同使用时对胆固醇、三油酸甘酯、血浆油脂氧化前体（TBARS）含量及大动脉上泡沫细胞的百分比，泡沫细胞是体内大动脉的一种标志。

组别胆固醇

(mg/dl)

三油酸甘

酯

(mg/dl)

动脉粥样硬化症

(% 大动脉上泡沫细胞所

占百分比)

TBARS

(μM)

Control (n = 8)592 ±

40.0

898 ±

767

5.93 ± 3.64%

0.285 ±

0.039

GSPE (50 mg/kg) (n = 9)443 ±

49.0

806 ±

433

3.00 ± 0.44%*

0.379 ±

0.070

GSPE (100 mg/kg) (n = 9)457 ±

67.0

593 ±

401*

2.19 ± 0.28%**

0.311 ±

0.157

GSPE (50 mg/kg) + NBC (2.2 mg/kg) (n = 7)346 ±

103*

203 ±

122*

4.01 ± 1.96%

0.066±

0.022***

*p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.

食物中葡萄籽中低聚原花青素的含量分别为50g/kg和100g/kg,连同高脂蛋

白一起服用，总胆固醇含量分别降低了25%和34%，甘油三酸酯分别降低10%和34%。

若低原花青素食物再加上NBC总胆固醇量就降低42%甘油三酸酯降低了77%（如图表一所示）。

无论是否含有低聚原花青素，血浆脂质的前氧化体都未有明显的变化。但是若低聚原花青素（50g/kg）再加上NBC血浆脂质前氧化体就降低了77%（如表一所示）。

讨论

动脉硬化症及其并发症如冠心病、心肌梗塞、心肌梗死和心脏中风被定为发达国家中导致死亡的都号杀手。高血压、糖尿病、抽烟和食用高胆固醇高脂肪的食物都有可能过早地患有动脉粥样硬化症。此外，个人的遗传因素和与众不同的生理特性在这种病理学上也发挥着很重要的作用。患有动脉硬化症的巨噬细胞和平滑肌肉细胞内中无法控制的胆固醇和积累的脂质将导致泡沫细胞的形成和一

系列动脉粥样硬化薄片，这一点众所周知。更奇怪的是高含量的低浓度脂质蛋白与动脉粥样硬化症一起产生。当巨噬细胞流过内皮血管病吞噬氧化脂质时，由于自由基所产生的氧化低浓度脂质蛋白对血管内形成的脂肪条也有很大的影响。葡萄籽中的低聚原花青素可以保护老鼠免收心肌局部缺血剂梗塞的损害，这是通过有规律的改变基因cJUN、JNK1来实现的。

体内氧压增高是血胆酯醇过高的一个主要特征，正是血胆酯醇过高导致了动脉粥样硬化症，氧化活性的升高可以调节血管组织免收伤害。有多种方法可以降低低浓度脂质蛋白胆固醇的含量。降低胆固醇含量的最简单方法就是通过饮食、新型抗氧化物和运动锻炼。一种有利的抗氧化物可以作为治疗动脉粥样硬化症的化学保护剂。以前的体内研究就说明了GSPE对保护由于抽烟所引起的氧化压力和人类处级组织中的死亡细胞有很好的作用。通过体内和体外的研究，证实了GSPE 具有清除生物反应产生的自由基功能，如：超氧化阴离子、羟基自由基和过氧化氢自由基，并且比维生素C 、维生素E和β-胡萝卜素的抗氧化性能力更强更优越。不仅如此，低聚原花青素对保护由于阿霉素所引起的心脏中毒更有效果。

长久以来就已证实缺少铬对患动脉硬化症有决定性的作用。早期研究就表明了铬可以降低胆固醇和三油酸酯的含量。铬的这种作用机制是通过调节葡萄糖和胰岛素的代谢途径并且对心绪不宁也有一定的作用。NBC对降低人类和动物血液中的胆固醇和血脂酯也有很好的效果和安全性。并且它在动物体内有很高的生物

活性，可以自发地防止老鼠由于高糖所产生的高血压及维护糖的良好浓度，降低肝肾脏的氧化前体。在对一项人体的临床研究中，表明NBC可以有效地降低免疫学清的适度含量，平均降低了14%，并且使男性运动员体内的胆固醇和高脂质蛋白的比提高了7%。

GSPE和NBC的作用分通过单独和一起在布朗.挪威菲斯格棕色老鼠身上进行的实验得到了验证。这些研究证实了低聚原花青素和NBC单独服用或一起服用都可以明显地降低心脏收缩血压，影响葡萄籽—胰岛素而且凝乳血管紧素缩系统在血压正常和高血压的鼠内均没有导致任何明显的毒性作用。

对随意抽取的40个胆血脂醇过高的人进行临床研究。这些人或服用安慰剂或服用100mgGSPE和200vgNBC,每天服用两次，连续服用2个月。GSPE和NBC一起服用使胆固醇总量和低浓度脂质蛋白胆固醇分别降低16.5%和20%，单独服用GSPE及GSPE和NBC共同服用LDL含量分别降低了30.7%和44.0%，而安慰剂和NBC单独服用分别降低了17.3%和10.4%。

治疗动脉粥样硬化症最好的药物如：利普妥、辛戈他等虽然都能很好地降低胆固醇含量和欢心脏病的几率，但是则写药物都有很大的副作用如造成肌肉酸痛和人失忆，这也是早衰的原因。肌肉酸痛是由于骨骼肌肉细胞大量死亡，严重时还会导致人或其他生命的死亡。也有些药物可使肝细胞和肾脏受损，而GSPE对肝细胞和肾脏有很好的保护功能，且无任何副作用。

最近一项研究发现GSPE和NBG之间并无协同作用，这也许与我们所选的实验动物类型有关。还发现无论是葡萄汁还是高纯度红酒都能有效地降低仓鼠患动脉粥样硬化症的几率。并且红酒中对心脏有益的因子是从GSPE中获得的。这些数据并同以前的研究都说明了GSPE和NBC保护心脏的机制是不同的。总之，GSPE和NBC 都是改良人体和动物动脉粥样硬化症的新型治疗工具。

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能李专，肖鹏，熊翔粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日）摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with

外文翻译

Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学院：专 2011年6月电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Overview https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, is part of https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/316284940.html, Web pages on your own computer.

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

毕业设计外文翻译资料

外文出处：《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）

唯美的中文翻译成英文

唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。

How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。

中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译

韶关学院期末考核报告科目：专业英语学生姓名：学号：同组人：院系：专业班级：考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师：评分：

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced

文档之家