新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版
第1章导言
本章要点：
1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study
语言学的定义和研究范围
2. Important distinction in Linguistic
语言学的一些重要区分
3. The definition and the design features of language
语言的定义和识别特征
4. Function of language
语言的功能
本章考点：
语言学考点：
语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。
语言的考点：
语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能
1,The definition of linguistics语言的定义：
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language structure)
2.The scope of linguistics语言学的范围
A：micro-linguistics
Phonetics（语音学）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication.
Phonology（音系学）: the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式) Morphology（形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.
Syntax（句法学）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language.
Semantics（语义学）: the study of meaning.
Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use. B：macro-linguistics
Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch.
Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology.
Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.
3. Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中的重要区分
A: Descriptive vs Prescriptive 描写式与规定式
Descriptive: if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.
Prescriptive: if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what should t hey say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.
B: Synchronic vs Diachronic 共时性和历时性
Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.
Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
C: Speech vs writing 言语和文学
These are major media of communication.
D: Langue vs parole 语言与言语(Saussure 索緖尔)
Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by the all the members of a speech community.
Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use.
E: Competence vs performance 语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基) Competence: refers to a user’s underlying knowledge about the system of the rules.
Performance: refers to the actual use in concrete situations.
乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：
索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。
乔姆斯基从心理学角度看待语言，对他而言，语言能力是每个个体的大脑特征。
E: Traditional Grammar vs modern linguistics 传统语法与现代语言学Saussure的《Course in General Linguistics》标志着现代语言学的开端。
区别：
a: 语言学是descriptive, 传统的语法是prescriptive.
b: 现代语言学认为口头语是基本的，而不是书面语。
c: 现代语言学并不强迫进入一个拉丁语为基础的框架。
4. The definition of language 语言的定义
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
5.The design features of language 语言的识别特征
The design features of human language can be called design features which distinguish it from animal language system.
A：Arbitrariness任意性
There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds.
B：Productivity能产性
It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.
C：Duality二重性
Two levels: At the lower or the basic level is a structure of sounds, which are
meaningless by themselves. At higher level, the sounds of language can be regrouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning.
D：Displacement 移位性
Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imainged matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.
E：Cultural transmission文化传递
Language is culturally transmitted.
F：Interchangeability互换性
Refers to man can both produce or receive the massages.
6. Functions of language 语言的功能
A：main functions
(1) Descriptive function(描述): refers to convey factual information, which can be stated or denied, and even verified.
(2) Expressive function(表达): refers to emotive or attitudinal function, convey information about user’s feelings, p references, prejudice, and values.
(3) Social function(社会): refers to interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people.
Jakobson 将语言功能划分六大类：emotive, conative(意动), referential(指向), poetic(娱乐), phatic communication(寒暄), and matalinguistic(元语言).
B：macrofunctions
(1) Ideational(概念): It is to organize the speaker’s or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world.
(2)Interpersonal(人际): It is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people.
(3) Textual: It is to organize the written or spoken texts in a coherent manner, and fit the particular situation in which they are used.
注意知识点：
1.Onomatopoeic words(拟声词) can NOT show arbitrary nature of language.
(拟声词并不能表示语言的任意性，有些拟声词和所表达的事物是有联系的。)
2.聋哑人所使用的语言也是语言。
3. 语言的改变并不是任意的，而是遵循社会规律的。
4.语言是在人类出现一段时间后出现的。
第2章音位学
本章要点：
1. Speech organs
发音器官
2. Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between constants and vowels
辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则
3. Phonemes and allophones
音位和音位变体
4. Phonological rule and distinctive features
音系规则和区别特征
5. Syllable structure, stress and intonation
音节结构、重音和语调
本章考点：
语音学：
语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记；严式标音法和宽式标音法。
音系学：
音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的区别；音素，音位，音位变体最小对立体，自由变体的定义；自由变体；音位对立分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音，句子重音）；音高和音调。
本章内容索引：
1. The phonic medium of language
2. Phonetics语音学
(1)The definition of phonetics
(2)Three research fields
(3)Organs of speech
(4)Voiceless sounds
(5)Voiced sounds
(6)Orthographic representations of speech sounds ——broad and narrow transcriptions
(7)Classification of English speech sounds
A: Definition
B: Classification of English consonants
C: Classification of English vowels
3. Phonology
(1) Relationship between phonology and phonetics
(2) Phone, phonme
(3) Allophone
(4) Some rules in phonology
A: Sequential rules
B: Assimilation rule
C: Deletion rule
(5) Supra-segmental features: stress, tone, intonation
A: stress
B: tone
C: intonation
1. The phonic medium of language
2. Phonetics语音学
(1)The definition of phonetics
Phonetics: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of English language. It concerns with the sounds that occur in the world’ languages.
(2)Three research fields 三大研究领域考点名词解释
A: Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学: the study of the production of speech sounds.
B: Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学: the study of physical properties (特征)of speech sounds.
C: Perceptual phonetics 感知语音学: refers to the perception of speech sounds.
(3)Organs of speech
Vocal organs: lungs, trachea(气管), throat, nose, and mouth.
(4) Voiceless sounds 清音
The sound produced without causing the vibration of the vocal cords(声带).
(5) Voiced sounds 浊音
The sound produced with causing the vibration of the vocal cords(声带).
(6) Orthographic representations of speech sounds ——broad and narrow transcriptions
语音正字表——宽式和严式标音
A: Broad transcriptions: transcription with the letter symbols only(一般用于词典和教学)
B: Narrow transcriptions: transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics(变音符号). (语言学家在语言研究中使用)
IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (国际音标) 产生于19世纪末。
(7)Classification of English speech sounds 语音的分类
A: Definition
a: Consonants: sounds are produced by constricting the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
b: Vowels: sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air in the oral cavity.
B: Classification of English consonants
a: in terms of the manners of articulation(发音方式):
Stops(爆破音): pb td kg 6
Fricatives(摩擦音): /f/ /v/ /θ/ /e/ /s/ /z/ /?/ /?/ h/ /r/ 8
Affricatives(塞擦音): /t?/ /d?/
Liquids(清音): /l/ /r/
Nasals(鼻音): /m,n,η/
Glides(滑音): /w j/
b: in terms of place of articulation(发音部位)
bilabials(双唇音): /p b m w/
labiodentals(唇齿音): /f v/
dentals(齿音): /e//θ/
alveolars(齿龈音): /t d n l r s/ 6
palatals(腭音): /j ?? t? d / 5
velars(软腭音): /k gη/
glottal(喉音): /h/
C: Classification of English vowels
a: the position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back,
b: the openness of the mouth: closed semi-closed semi-open and open.
c: the shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded
d: the length of the vowels: tense and lax or long and short
3. Phonology
(1) Relationship between phonology and phonetics
Similarity: Both concerned with the speech sounds.
Differences: Approach and Focus.
Phonetics: general nature, it is interested in all human languages.
Phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and how sounds convey
meanings.
(2) Phone, Phoneme 考点
Phone: It is a basic unit of phonetic study, a minimal sound segment that human
speech can produce. But does not necessarily distinguish meaning.
Phoneme: It is a basic unit of phonological study. It is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning.
(3)Allophone: The different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetic
environment are called allophones.（同一个音位在不同的语音环境中的实现
方式被称为音位的音位变体）
（1）complementary distribution: when two or more allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments, then the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.(当同一个音位的两个或两个以上的音位变体不区别意义，并且出现在不同的语音环境中，那么他们被称作处于互补分布)
（2）Free variation: 如果两个音素出现在同一个相同的语音环境中，并不区别意义，即用一个音素去替换另一个音素不产生新词，仅仅产生同一个词的不同读音。那么这两个音素就可被视为自由变体。
（3）Phonemic contrast: 语音相似的音如果是区别性音位，那么可以说他们形成了一个音位对立。如“k”和“g”在cut和gut是两个不同的音位，这两个词除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都一样，因此这两个词就构成了最小对立体minimal pairs。
音位对立指的是能够造成意义差别的语音差别，比如mate和late，每一个单词的第一个辅音都能造成音位差别，因此形成音位对立。
最小对立体就是两个对立的音位只有一个语音特征不同，其他语音特征都相同。比如pate和bate中的[p]和[b]，都是辅音、都是爆破音、都是双唇音，但有一点不一样，前者是清辅音，后者是浊辅音。
相反，[m]和[p]就不能形成最小对立体，因为它们虽然都是辅音、都是唇音，但至少有两个语音特征不同：除了清浊不同外，一个是鼻音，一个是爆破音。
(4) Some rules in phonology 音位学的一些规则
A: the sequential rules
There are rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, and these rules are called sequential rules. 某一特定语言的语言模式是受规则支配的，这就叫做序列规则。例如：如果一个单词的以L 开头，那后面接的必须是元音。
B: the assimilation rule 同化规则
同化指一个音具有了临近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括鼻化，齿化，鄂化。同化规则通过“拷贝”序列音位的一个特征来将一个音同化为另一个，从而使两个音相似。相邻近的同化多半是由发音或者生理过程引起的。我们说话时，倾向于增加发音的舒适度，这种懒惰的倾向可能会被规律化，作为语言的规则。例如：[I:] 在bean green team单词中，[I:]会被鼻音化。
C: deletion rule 省略规则
省略规则告诉我们在什么时候省略一个语音，虽然这个音在正字法上是仍有体现。例如：g 在单词sign，design中是不发音的，但在完整的signature 和designation中的g是发音的。
(5). supra-segmental features: stress, tone and intonation 超切分特征：重音，音调，语调
A: 单词和句子的重音，重音可以区分意义。'digest n. 摘要di'gest v. 消化
Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.
B: 音调是由声带vocal cord的不同震动引起的。
C: 语调涉及出现的升降模式，每个模式都应用于相对一致的意义。
注意点：
1.Speech is more basic than writing 的原因：
A: linguistic evolution’ view, speech is prior to writing.
B: in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing (amount of information conveyed)
C: native speakers acquire their mother tongue by speech.
D: spoken language reveal more true features of human speech.
2.phone 与phoneme 区别
A phone is phonetic unit or segment, the speech sound we hear and produce during
linguistic communication are all phones.
A phoneme is not a particular sound, which is represented or realized by a certain
phone in a certain phonetic context.
Allophones: clear l and dark l are allophones of the phoneme l.
3.cardinal vowels 基本元音英国音位学家Daniel Jones
Chapter 5 Semantics
1. Definition
1.命名论The naming theory
Proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things. (缺点：仅限于名词)
2.意念论The conceptualist view Ogden and Richards
It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
3.语境论Conceptualism
It’s based on the p resumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Here are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context.
4.行为主义论Behaviorism
实用标准文案 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general) 2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics. (language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/3514691641.html,nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use. 5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviors. i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say. 6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory 7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time 3) speech（口语）Writing（书面语） These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing) https://www.doczj.com/doc/3514691641.html,ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate. 9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/3514691641.html,petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language 11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky) traditional grammar and modern linguistics 1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive 2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer. 3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. Functions of language. 精彩文档
Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language
Unit 1 To the Student’s Book TEXT 1 Pre-Reading Questions √ 1. The writer describes what his first job was like. __ 2. The writer wanted to have a job because he wanted some experience. √ 3. The writer found his first job unpleasant __ 4. The writer enjoyed his first job 2.The Main Idea(P4) (3)The writer was interviewed by the headmaster of a school and was offered a job which was none too pleasant. 3.Vocabulary(P5) A. Guessing the meanings of words: 1. f 2. h 3. c 4. b 5. g 6. e 7. d 8. a B. Looking up words in a dictionary: 1. inconvenient and uncomfortable 2. sad; low in spirits 3. gloomy; cheerless 4. make a short, deep, rough sound (like a pig), showing dissatisfaction 5. very necessary 6. shock deeply; fill with fear 7. timidly 8. greatest; extreme 4.Questions(P7) 1. What are big staring sash-windows? Reference Answer: They are very large windows, so large that they look like people’s wide open eyes. What is the implied meaning of ―they struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road’? Reference Answer: They (the four evergreen shrubs) did their best to remain alive in spite of the dust and smoke from a main road with heavy traffic. Describe the appearance of the headmaster in your own words. Reference Answer: He was short and stout. He grew a moustache which was pale reddish yellow. His forehead was covered with freckles. What impression did the hall give the writer? Reference Answer: It was a narrow, dim (unlighted) hall which had an offensive odor of dried up cabbage. The walls, once painted in cream color, had darkened to the color of margarine and in a few places were marked with ink stains. Silence prevailed in the hall. 5. Why do you think the headmaster had ―bloodshot eyes? Reference Answer: Perhaps he liked to have a drop too much. What kind of class was the writer asked to teach? Reference Answer: It was a class of 24 boys who were from seven to thirteen years.
Chapter Three Morphology形态学 一、定义 1. Morphology形态学：t he study of the internal structure of words (内部研究), and the rules by which words are formed. 对单词的内部结构和单词构成规则的研究。 2. Morpheme 词素：The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. 最小的语言单位,携带信息的意义或功能。 二、知识点 3.2 Distinctions between open and close classes word 1. Open class words开放性词类: In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of vocabulary. They are content words of a language.，which are sometimes called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly. 在英语中，名词、动词、 形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。他们是一门语言中的实义词，由于我们经常可以在这类词中加入新词，所以他们有时也称开放性词类。 2. Close classes word封闭性词类：Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added , therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words. 构成连词、介词、冠词和代词的词相对较少，通常不添加新词，所以被称为封闭性词类。
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;
②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;
新编简明英语语言学教程 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性
Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence
UNIT 2 一. Translation 1. Do you know which team won the football match? I have no idea. You may ask XiaoLi, he is a member of the team.\ He is on the team. 2. It is not suitable (proper) to regard this film either as totally good or completely bad. 3. I wonder if I should tell my parents that I failed in the examination. 4. Of course, he behaved dreadfully, but after all, he is only six years old. 5. The moment he saw his boss, he trembled as if he had seen a ghost. 6. I don’t think we can afford the house, even if we save every penny we have. The other day: the past time\a few days ago Take````seriously```: take````important``` Withered: become dry and then to die Clumsy: movement is not quick, stupid One of there days: in the near future Unique: specially, only one
一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it
Unit 1 Language Structures Main Teaching Points: The Passive Sentence involving the moral auxiliary have to . The pupils should be told that their homework has to be checked before they hand it in. 2. converted from the active sentence with a direct and indirect object . She isn’t paid anything for overtime. 3. involving the verb phrase/ phrasal verb . I don’t think anybody should be made fun of because of his physical handicap. 4. from by the They say/It is said …patterns . They say/ It is said that three parks will be expanded. Language Points: scratch: (at sth.) to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching;挠，搔（痒处）; to make or remove a mark刮出（或刮去）痕迹；（sb./sth.）(from sth.)to decide that sth. cannot happen or sb./sth. cannot take part in sth., before it starts.取消，撤销，退出 . 1) The dog scratched itself behind the ear. 2)I’d scratched my leg and it was bleeding. 3)Be careful not to scratch the furniture. 4)His pen scratched away on the paper. 5)to scratch a rocket launch取消火箭发射计划 6)She has scratched because of a knee injury. 2. turn sb./sth. down: to reject or refuse to consider an offer, a proposal, etc. or the person who makes it.拒绝，顶回（提议、建议或提议人）；to reduce the noise, heat, etc. produced by a piece of equipment by moving its controls 把…调低；关小 has been turned down for ten jobs so far. 2)He asked her to marry him but she turned him down. 3)Please turn the volume down.音量调低。 3. look down on sb./sth.: to think that you are better than sb./ sth.蔑视，轻视，瞧不起 . She looks down on people who haven’t been to college. look sb. up and down: to look at sb. in a careful or critical way上下仔细打量，挑剔地审视某人 (not) look yourself :to not have your normal healthy appearance气色不像往常那样好 . You’re not looking yourself today.=You look tired or ill/sick.
Chapter 8 Language and society语言和社会 知识点： 1.*Definition: sociolinguistics; regional dialect; sociolect; idiolect; Received Pronunciation 2.Relatedness between language and society 3.*Varieties of language 4.*Halliday’s register theory 5.Degree of formality 6.Standard Dialect 7.# Pidgin and Creole 8.*#Bilingualism vs. diglossia 考核目标： 识记：*Definition: sociolinguistics; regional dialect; sociolect; idiolect; Received Pronunciation 领会：Relatedness between language and society; Varieties of language; Degree of formality; Degree of formality; Standard Dialect; Pidgin and Creole 简单应用：Bilingualism vs. diglossia 综合应用：Halliday’s register theory 一、定义 1.Sociolinguistics 社会语言学: is s the sub-field of linguistics that studies relation between language and society, between the ues of language and the social structures in which the users of lamguage live. 社会语言学是语言学中的一个次领域，它研究语言与社会的关系，以及语言的运用和语言使用者所在的社会结构之间的关系。 2.regional dialect地域方言：is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.地域方言是指生活在同一地理区域的人所使用的语言变体。 3.sociolect社会方言：has to do with separation brough about by different social comditions.社会方言是与由不同社会条件所造成的分离相关的。 4.idiolect个人方言：is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.个人方言是个体言者的个人方言，它结合了又关地域、社会、性别和年龄的变体成分。 5.received pronunciation（RP）标准发音: in British English, which had become characteristic of upper class speech throughout the country by the 19th century. 在十九世纪成为全国上层阶级的特点。
A NEW ENGLISH COURSE Book I Unit 4 (10 periods) Unit 4 1．教学基本要求 （1）掌握Dialogue （2）理解Text I ; 了解Text II 2．教学具体内容 Language structures: (1) It may/might be… (2) He should/ought to… (3) I would rather … (4) He must be…//He can’t be… Dialogue: A Trip to China Role-play: Talking About Eating Habits Reading I: Human Needs Reading II: Bread Guided Writing: Connectives and Attitude Words Note of Declining an Invitation Interaction Activities: Guess Which and Who 重点: Dialogue: A Trip to China Reading I: Human Needs 难点: Guided Writing: Connectives and Attitude Words Note of Declining an Invitation 3. Teaching aims and requirements: 1. Doing Oral Work 2. Practicing the grammar points in this unit 3. Learning and memorizing the new words and phrases in this unit 4. Reading Text I intensively 5. Reading Text II extensively
新编简明英语语言学教程笔记 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 二、知识点 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3514691641.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家 Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. ⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett 提出了语言的识别特征design features
新编英语教程5册Unit1的答案
Comprehension I. Judge which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the article. A. To be able to use the right word is an important component of one’s mastery of the English language. B. To facilitate one’s own process of cognition and one’s communication with others, one must be able to choose the right word from the extensive vocabulary of the English language. C. It is more important to know exactly the meaning and use of a relatively small number of words than to know vaguely a larger number. II. Determine which is the best choice for each of the following questions. 1. “Clean English” in the first paragraph mea ns . A. English of a dignified style B. English free from swear words C. English which is precise and clear 2.The word “realization” in the sentence “Choosing words is part of the process of realization…” means . A. articulating sounds B. fulfilling one’s goals C. becoming aware of what one thinks and feels