英语语言学试题
文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）
英语语言学试题B卷及答案（III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which
one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the
corresponding letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）
1) The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.
A. synchronic
B. historic
C. diachronic
D. descriptive
2）Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which
“fall” and “autumn” belong is called _____ synonyms.
A. stylistic
B. dialectal
C. emotive
D. collocational
3) The sentence “J ohn likes ice-cream” contains ________ arguments.
A. one
B. two
C. none
D. three
4) Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.
A. naming
B. meaning
C. communication
D. context
5) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration，
semantics spilled into pragmatics.
A. meaning
B. context
C. form
D. content
6) Of the three speech acts， linguists are most interested in the
_______.
A. locutionary act
B. perlocutionary act
C. illocutionary act
D. none of the above
7) Most of the violations of the maxims of the Cooperative Principle
give rise to _____.
A. utterance meaning
B. speech act theory
C. conversational implicatures
D. none
of the above
8) The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is
possible for the speaker to convey ______ is literally said.
A. more than
B. less than
C. the same as
D. none of the above
9) The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation
and language use among a variety of speech communities and different
social situations.
A. psycholinguistics
B. sociolinguistics
C. historical linguistics
D. general
linguistics
10) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its
phonological， morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.
A. rule-governed
B. systematic
C. arbitrary
D. both A and B
11）As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language
people actually use， and not to lay down rules for "correct"
linguistic behavior， it is said to be ___.
A. prescriptive
B. sociolinguistic
C. descriptive
D. psycholinguistic
12) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for
human communication.
A. cultural
B. conventional
C. decoded
D. vocal
13) A word with several meanings is called _________.
A. an abnormal word
B. a polysemous word
C. a synonymous word
D. none of the above
14) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix
“ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n） __________.
A. derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free
form
15) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
16) “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.
A. entails
B. presupposes
C. is inconsistent with
D. is synonymous with
17）The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ____________
construction.
A. predicate
B. endocentric
C.
subordinate D. exocentric
18) Can I borrow your bike" ___ "You have a bike."
A. is synonymous with
B. is
inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes 19） Of all the speech organs， the ___ is/are the
most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C.
tongue D. vocal cords
20）Chomsky uses the term _______ to refer to the actual realization of
a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.
A. langue
B. competence
C. parole
D. performance
IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）
1) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech； thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken， but not written.
3) The open-class words include prepositions.
4) In classifying the English consonants and vowels， the same criteria can be applied.
5) According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， . between a word and a thing it refers to.
6)Syntactic categories refer to sentences （S） and clauses （C） only.
7)By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.
8)The IC analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”.
9)The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip”
is hyponymy.
10)A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.
11) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
12) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studied the sentences patterns of a language.
13) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis， . we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.
14) Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.
15) Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.
V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only， and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）
1)The modern linguistics is d____________ ，not prescriptive， and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.
2)M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
3)Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p________ contrastd with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker..
4)The transformational component has transformational rules， which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into s________ structure.
5)In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct， and it is mediated by c___________..
6)H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b____________ transcription.
7)In the cooperative principle， Grice introduced four categories of are maxim of quality， maxim of quatity， maxim of r__________ and maxim of manner.
8)The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hopothesis is that language
d___________s our thinking pattern.
9)There are two major approaches to error analysis： c____________ and non-contrastive analysis.
10)P_________ is the study of language in use.
VI. The following two are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each expression.（%×2=5%）
1)Smoking cigar is very harmful.
2)The boy saw the man with the telescope.
VII. Answer the following questions in English. （4%×5=20%）
1)What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle
2)What are the design features of language
3)What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar
4)Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components
5)What do you know about linguistics.
参考答案
III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which
one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter
A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）
1-5 ABBBB 6-10 CCABD 11-15 CDBCC
16-20 ABDCD
IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or
false：（1%×15=15%）
1）-5）： TTFFT 6）-10）： FFTTF 11）-15）： FFFFF
V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one
word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. （1%×
10=10%）
1） descriptive 2） Morpheme 3）
parole 4） surface 5）concept 6） broad 7）relation 8）determines 9） contrastive 10） Pragmatics VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings.
Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（%
×2=5%）
1）The cigar that is smoking is very harmful.
The act of smoking the cigar is very harmful.
2）The boy saw the man who had a telescope.
Using the telescope， the boy saw the man.
VII. Answer the following questions in English. （4%×5=20%）
1）A. The maxim of quantity
1. Make your contribution as informative as required （for the current purpose of the exchange） .
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
B. The maxim of quality
1. Do not say what you believe to be false.
2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
C. The maxim of relation Be relevant.
D. The maxim of manner
1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief （ avoid unnecessary prolixity） .
4. Be orderly.
2）Arbitrariness； Productivity； Duality； Displacement；Cultural transmission；
3）A. Linguistics is descriptive， not prescriptive
B. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary， not the written.
C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.
4）The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings
of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example；
（A） The dog bit the man.
（B） The man bit the dog.
If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of
all its components， then the above two sentences would have the same
meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.
As we know， there are two aspects to sentence meaning：
grammatical mean-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of
“the dog” and “the man” in （A） are different from the grammatical
meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in （B）. The meaning of a
sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is
the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the
grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to
another.
英语语言学试题A卷及答案（
I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）
1） duality 2） displacement 3） phonology
4） morphology 5） concord 6）
endocentric construction
7） hyponymy 8） pragmatics 9）illocutionary force
10) error analysis
II. Translation （%×20=10%）
Translate the following terms into Chinese：（%×10=5%）
1） affricate 2）distinctive feature
3） parole 4） generative grammar
5） bilingualism 6） felicity condition 7）
design feature 8） denotation 9） labiodental
10） linguistic relativity
Translate the following terms into English：（%×10=5%）
11）人际功能 12）真值条件
13）女性语域 14）音节划分 15）结构主义
16）社会语言学 17）论元 18）单元
音19）衔接 20）对比分析
III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which
one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the
corresponding letter A， B， C or D on the answer sheet. （1%×20=20%）1）. language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for
human communication.
A. cultural
B. conventional
C. decoded
D. vocal
2）. A word with several meanings is called _________.
A. an abnormal word
B. a
polysemous word
C. a synonymous word
D. none
of the above
3）. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix
“ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n） __________.
A. derivational morpheme
B. free
morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free
form
4）. The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
5）. “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some
flowers.”.
A. entails
B. presupposes
C. is inconsistent with
D. is
synonymous with
6）. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates
the maxim of __________.
X： Who was that you were with last night
Y： Did you know that you were wearing odd socks
A. quality
B. quantity
C.
relation D. manner
7）“Can I borrow your bike” _____ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is
inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes 8） The study of language at one point of time is a
_______ study.
A. synchronic
B. historic
C. diachronic
D. descriptive
9） Which of the following is a typical tone language
A. English
B. Chinese
C. French
D. All of the above
10） Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in
___________.
A. phonemic contrast
B.
complementary distribution
C. minimal pair
D.
none of the above
11） In terms of the place of articulation， the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.
A. palatal
B. alveolar
C. bilabial
D. dental
12） Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.
A. L. Bloomfield
B. N. Chomsky
C. F. Saussure
D. M.
A. K. Halliday
13） Which of the following is a correct description of reference
A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaning
B. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expression
C. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that object
D. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items
14） What is function of the sentence “How do you do’
A. Directive
B. Phatic
C. Informative
D. Evocative
15） In the following sounds， ________is a central vowel.
A. //
B. /u/
C. //
D. /з/
16） Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing
system
A. Chinese
B. Japanese
C. English
D. French
17） Which description of the meaning components of the word
“father” is right
A. [+human， +adult，-male]
B.
[+human， -adult， +male]
C. [–human， +adult， -male]
D. [+human，
+adult， +male]
18） Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration，
semantics spilled into pragmatics.
A. meaning
B. context
C. form
D. content
19） Black English has a number of distinctive features in its
phonological， morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.
A. rule-governed
B.
systematic
C. arbitrary
D. both A and B
20）“Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed means _________.
A. an overheated animal
B. a
kind of food
C. a barking dog
D.
a dead dog
IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or
false：（15 pts， 1 point for each）
Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：
（1%×15=15%）
1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.
2) According to N. Chomsky，“competence” is the actual realization
of his knowledge in utterance.
3) A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.
4) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the
members of a speech community.
5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences
patterns of a language.
6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.
7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.
8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
9) According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， . between a word and a thing it refers to.
10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.
11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.
12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.
13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.
14) Social dialects， or sociolects， are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.
V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only， and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）
1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics， auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.
2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.
3) S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.
4) C____________ analyis is based upon the belief that the mesning of
a word can be divided into meaning components.
5) The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.
6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.
7) Lingistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c_________ of langauge use was left unconsidered.
8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a _______of messages.
9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative， the greater their structureal differentiation is， the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h___________.
10) S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.
VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（%×2=5%）
1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.
2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.
VII. Answer the following questions in English. （4%×5=20%）
1) What functions does language have Give some examples. （5 points）
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/361567755.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/361567755.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/361567755.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/361567755.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.doczj.com/doc/361567755.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt. D. and the details are acquired by instinct 4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. allophone C. phoneme D. sound 5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming 6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. A. obligatory B. optional C. selectional D. arbitrary 7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards 8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B. reference C. predication D. morpheme 10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary act
英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
英语语言学一、名词解释 第一课 共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课 语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.
有答案的 第一部分选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2） 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 英语语言学试题（3） Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. 英语语言学试题（5） 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)