武汉大学硕士英语英译汉重点
1. 所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺
骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相
似的。
The tendency for all people to reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language ,and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also be similar.
2. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些
看得见的表情，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合，我们人类成员都是一样的。
但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种
场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。
Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal
and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species,
but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree.
3. 由于似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交
往当作个别案例来处理，寻求
任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
Since there seems to be no universals of “human nature” that can
be used as a basis for automatic understanding,
we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.
4. 来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，
使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表
面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。
A look-alike facade id deceiving when representatives from contrasting cultures meet, each wearing western dress, speaking English, and using similar greeting rituals.
5. 相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性
的设想和行为并且乐意接受由
于“不知”而产生的焦虑。
The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing”.
6. 然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和解释，以适合“眼前发生的事情”。否则，很可
能错误地解读符号和以自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。
Only with the assumption of differences , however, can reactions and interpretations be adjusted to fit “what’s
happening.” Otherwise someone is likely to misread signs and judge the scene ethnocentrically.
7. 正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的
外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。
The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “troublem,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the
foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact. 9. 词意多变的现象，尤其再加上了语调起伏和音调元素,就更难以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理.
The variations in possible meaning, especially if inflecting and tonal qualities are added, are so difficult ot cope with that they are often waved aside.
10. 当一个日本人被问到“你不想要喝点茶吗?”，他(或她)听出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不”，意思是
他(或她)想要。其实“是的，我不想要”也许是一个更好的回答，因为这种前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主
人这之中可能存在误解。
personal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of the original principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop discipline, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party members not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This
study and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. In learning education in the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has"
this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par, to XI
General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and political When a Japanese hears “won’t ”he or sh e listens to the literal meaning of the sentence and answers ,””meaning
that wants some.”” Would be a better reply because this tips off the host or hostess that there may be a misunderstanding.
11. 当然，在一些文化中，拒绝主人前两次提供的茶点是礼貌的行为。但是，许多外国客人最终会感到饥
饿，因为他们的美国主人从不主动第三次提供茶点——另外一种“不”就意味着“是”的情况。
Also, in some culture ,it is polite to refuse the first or second offer of refreshment, many foreign guests have gone hungry because their US host or hostess never presented the third offer---another case of “no”meaning “yes”.
12. 更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中的潜在规则，如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节
的点点滴滴。
It is more difficult to note corrently the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from awareness, such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and subtle signs of respect of formality.
13. 如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会
不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。
A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to bargain may unfairly interpret a hesitation or
request from an international student as a move to manipulate
preferential treatment. 14. 在眼前展现一个可预知的，给个人确定方向的世界，这的确是文化的基本功能之一。思维定式是过度
概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基础，在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生
事情，无论这些信念是否正确，
是否符合实际情形。
Indeed, this is one of the basic functions of culture: to lay out a predictable world in which the individual is firmly oriented.
Stereotypes are overgeneralized, secondhand beliefs that providde conceptual bases from which to “make sense” out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances. 15. 在异
国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的--只要我们无法容忍歧义，无法容忍
因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。
In a foreign land their use increase our feeling of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate
ambiguity or the sense of helplessness resulting from inability to understand and deal with people and situations beyond our comprehension.
16. 程式化思维之所以难以消除是因为本民族它在本民族文化中根深蒂固，已
成为神话或公理，同时也因
为它有时使偏见合理化了。
Stereotypes are not easy to overcome in ourselves or to correct in others, even with the presentation of evidence, they persist because they are firmly established as myths or truisms by one’s own national culture and because
they sometimes rationalize predudices.
17. 一旦深深牵涉到感受和情绪时，直接评价导致的交流中止就会更加突出;而正是此时最需要通过聆听
去进行理解。
Communication cutoff caused by immediate evaluation is heightened when feelings and emotions are deeply involved; yet this is just the time when listening with understanding is most needed.
18. 不应该通过价值判断的重重密障，而应该换位去观察和聆听，不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解.(段16)
Look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgments that impede a fair understanding.
19. 适度的警惕和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴
奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量;不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。
Moderate arousal and positive attitude prepare one to meet challenges with energy , but high arousal caused by a buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the body’s energy reserve quickly and defense must be used
whether or not the person wills it.
20. 如果长期呆在国外，并且又不能降低自己的戒备心理，就难免会产生“文
化休克”现象。其结果可能会
导致疾病的发生，此时身体必须要休息和恢复。
If the stay in a foreign country is prolonged and the newcomer
cannot let down his or her high alertlevel, the
o implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct,
do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do plain the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, dation udy and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. In learning educution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This stonstitparty member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party members not only to watch his Cey, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unity of knowledge, qualified the k e, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, "to do" asng, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop disciplint wrocomparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correc d topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their own thoughts, work, real
life,e original principles, focused learning arounpersonal and
collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of th2ticaluthority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and polito party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of apar, on reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par, to XI General Secretary qualified" "four told four has" this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformation himself, with actual acti y role
culture shock phenomenon occurs. Illness may result ,the body
forcing needed rest and recuperation. 21. 除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的文化或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带
来积极有效的交流。
Their selfesteem is often intolerably undermined unless they employ such defenses as withdrawal into their own reference group or into themselves, screening out or misperceiving stimuli, or becoming aggressive or hostile. None of these defenses leads to effective communication.
第三课:
1. 这种心态认为把所有的原料放在一起搅拌混合，最后变成一种均匀的的混合物。
This mentality assumes all ingredients can be whipped together into one smooth misture.
2. 对继父或继母来说，和一个继子女有着亲密的关系，正在和另一个继子女
建立关系，还和年纪较大的那
个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。
It is quite normal for a stepparents to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another, while experiencing a
distant relationship with an older child.
3. 这个家庭融合方式的结果，是把原料和调料(即仪式,价值观,偏好)置于高
压之下完全混合起来.(段九正1)
This family cooking style results in ingredients and spices(that is rituals values and preferences) being put under pressure to meld together completely.
4. 尊重他人的所有物是很重要的，因为这教会人要尊重他人;这也给回到另一个家的孩子传达了一种归属
感。“你也许在你爸爸的家里，但你仍然在这里有一个位置。
Respecting one another’s possessions is important because it teaches people to honor others; it is also communicates belonging to the child who is spending time at the other home. You may be at your dad’s house, but
you still have a place here.
5. 我推荐一种瓦罐煨汤式的方法。选择这种方式的继亲家庭明白，时间和低
温能导致一种有效的融合。
I recommend a Crockpot cooking style. Stepfamilies choosing this style understand that time and low heat make for an effective combination.
6. 当原料的汁液开始流到一起，瑕疵被净化掉，每种原料中有益的、令人满意的品质都添加到了口味里。
As the juices begin to flow together , imperfections are purified, and the beneficial ,desirable qualities of each ingredient are added to the taste.
7. 温火慢炖的状态会让你此时此刻放松心情，享受你的继亲家庭走向融合的每一小步所带来的喜悦，而不
是逼迫家庭成员向前冲。
A slow-cooking mentality invites you to relax in the moment and enjoy the small steps your stepfamily is making toward
integration ,rather than pressuring family members to move ahead.
8. 作为一个瓦罐煨汤式的继父，你会过分担心为什么没有迅速地与青春期的继女相处融洽。
As a crockpot stepfather, you donnot worry excessively about why you are not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter.
9. 如果他们接收了你，那你就要公开地回报他们的爱。如果她仍跟你保持距离或是很冷淡，那你就找到把
握规则，继续生活的方法。但是不要坚持认为孩子会自动接受你的权威和抚爱。
If she remains distant or standoffish, find ways of managing rules and getting through life. But do not insist a child automatically accept your authority or physical affection.
10. 但是瓦罐煨汤式的家长却懂得继父母对于最小的继子来说是“爹地”，对于稍大点的孩子来说是“James”,
对于青春期的孩子却是“James先生”。
But a crockpot adult would understand that a stepparent can be
“”to his youngest stepchild/next oldest/teenager.
11. 瓦罐煨汤式的继亲家庭了解孩子们对其亲生父母的感情和心理依恋，他们不会强迫孩子们改变这种依
恋。
Crockpot stepfamilies recognize the emotional and psychological attachment children have to biological parents and do not force them to change those attachments.
awareness of overall, core, par. In learning education in the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This study and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness,also A qualified party members not only to watch his Constitution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and earn to do, and the unity of knowledge, qualified party member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point.. To lrules and political discipline. Second, "to do" as the key, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doingd correct political orientation, develop discipline, and being a
qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rm anf learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correct wrong, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, fishould close their own thoughts, work, real life, comparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness o e original principles, focused learning around topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Memberspersonal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of th3of concentrated unified led, in thought, and politicaldeployment par, strongly maintenance Central of authority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central cisionTo firm to to Central par, to XI General Secretary par, to party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the dew himself, transformation himself, with actual action reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. f, vieuct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do play role qualified" "four told four has" this put ruler, often measure himseltical qualified; told rules, and has discipline, do implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do condpoli
12. 在继亲家庭的融合过程的早期，容许父母在没有继亲成员情况下，与自己的子女单独呆在一起，保持
各自家庭的传统和仪式，这可能是有帮助的。
Early in a stepfamily’s integration process it can be helpful to maintain separate family traditions and rituals by giving parents
permission to spend time with their children without the step relations present. 13. 象这样的小家庭的活动有助于孩子得到与自己生父或生母和亲兄弟
姐妹在一起，不受打扰的时间，尊
重他们得到自己最爱的人的关注的需要。
Such a mini-family activity helps children get uninterrupted time
with their biological parent and siblings, honoring their need for attention from the ones they love most.
14. 小家庭活动也许不像是一个好的解决方法，因为他们试图将自己继亲家庭
当作嫡亲家庭来驾驭。承认
自己的继亲家庭正在融合一种过程中，将有助于他们认识到:就目前而言，这
也许是问题的最好解决办法。
Mini-family activities might not feel like a good solution because they were trying to steer their family as they would a biological family, accepting their stepfamily as one in the integration process would help them to see that for now , this was the best solution.
第四课:
1 Recent trends in investment in governmental human capital investment are favorable but the investment proportion is still low by world standards rising to3.1% in 2001.(Para1)
最近政府对人力资本的投资有加大的趋势，但较之2001年全世界高达3.1%的
投资比例，则仍然偏低。
2 However，evidence indicates that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is very high and that the imbalance is
symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economic development in China.
然而数据表明:教育和技能培训的投资效益的确是很高的，而当前政策的症结在于投资的严重失衡，影响
了中国经济发展的速度。
3 When economists first began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital.(para3)
当经济学家最初探讨经济发展的动因时，他们发现:人力资本长期以来被人们误认为是无法解释的因素。
4 The term“human capital” suggests to some a depersonalization of individual and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines.(Para4)
有些人认为:“人力资本”这一术语的含义就是剥夺人们的个性，使广大民众联想到一个将人类等同机器，
失去人性的社会。
5 Great skill also facilitates mobility across occupation, industries and regions in response to new opportunities.(Para7) 高技能还会促使劳动者跨职业，跨行业和跨地区流动，以把握新的机遇。
6 It helps people reallocate resources, both human and physical, toward more productive opportunities, and even to realize that those opportunities exist.(Para7)
高技能有助于人们重新分配人力资本和实物资本的资源，以适应高效的机遇，甚至预见这些机遇的存在。
7 By world standards, the percent of college-educated workers is
still low and there is substantial regional variability so that the educational infrastructure for modern growth is needed.(Para8) 按国际标准，中国受过大学教育的劳动者所占的人口比例仍然偏低，而且各地区之间也存在巨大差异，因
此需要改善基础教育结构，以适应现代社会的发展。
8 The impact of education on total factor productivity in regions in China shows that the recent policy of promoting investment in noncoastal areas of China was thwarted by low level of education in the noncoastal regions.(Para9)
教育事业对中国各地区生产力所造成的影响证明:中国内地教育水平的低下，
防碍了政府最近对内地加大
投资的政策的实施。
9 When we think about an appropriate investment strategy in China, and the development of its regions, it is very important to understand that optimizing over the full portfolio of investment---both human and physical
uthority, maintenance XI General Secretary this core, strongly obey Central of concentrated unified led, in thought, and polito party of theory, and route, and approach par, to Central of the decision deployment par, strongly maintenance Central of apar, on reflected learn of effectiveness, and reflected belief faith of power. To firm to to Central par, to XI General Secretary qualified" "four told four has"
this put ruler, often measure himself, view himself, transformation
himself, with actual acti y roleo implementation discipline qualified; told moral, and has conduct, do conduct qualified; told dedication, and has as, do plain the, each members are to control "told political, and has faith, do political qualified; told rules, and has discipline, dation udy and education, is essential to enhance the party's political awareness, awareness of overall, core, par. In learning educution Party rules and talk to learn how, through, dark and light, and also what does he end up doing, is not a unity. This stonstitparty member, is the focus of this study and education and essential point. A qualified party members not only to watch his Cey, seriously, do try to do, to set an example. Two lies in the doing. To learn to do, and the unity of knowledge, qualified the k e, and being a qualified member of the adherence to the Constitution Party rules and political discipline. Second, "to do" asng, think of practical realization in mind, party rules discipline, firm and correct political orientation, develop disciplint wrocomparing reflection and further improve the pertinence and effectiveness of learning, continue to unlock the buttons, correc d topics discussion, ongoing positive and negative type education. Members should close their own thoughts, work, real life,e original principles, focused learning arounpersonal and collective learning on your own, combining learning reading and discussion, read, learn, and understanding of th4tical
capital---promotes the highest rate of growth..(Para10)
当我们考虑在中国如何制定最佳投资策略，如何使各地区协调发展，我们必须认识到:只有全面优化人力
资本和实物资本的投资结构，才能产生最快的发展速度，这一点是至关重要的。
10 By equalizing returns across assets and across markets in different regions of the country, greater national wealth and long run social equality will be produced.(Para10)
只有平衡各地区的资本效益与市场效益，才能为国家创造更多的财富，并实现社会的长治久安。
11 The place of birth is one of the most important determinants of that person’s adult skill level. This is a powerful
source of inequality in Chinese society across people at a point in time and across generations.(para.11) 籍贯是一个人成年后才华的最重要的决定因素之一。无论就同一时代的人来见讲，还是隔代而言这都是导致中国社会不平等的重大原因。
12 This source of inequality is reinforced by the vestiges of houkou (hukou) policy that charges children of
interregional immigrants above normal fees that are as large as 10 % of total family income just for the right to attend school.(para.11) 使这种不平等雪上加霜的是残存的户口政策。这种政策向跨区流动人员的孩子征收高达相当于他们家
庭总收入的百分之十的借读费。
13 The regional variation in cross,section per pupil expenditure is enormous and the positive relationship with provincial GDP is fairly clear and precisely estimated.(para.12)
各地区学生的支出相差迥异，显而易见它与地方人均产值成正比且可精确估算。
14 A policy of charging fees for access to education , which is widespread in secondary and higher levels, can be justified as a way to ration scarce resources to those who might benefit most from
education(para.13) 在中学阶段以后普遍征收学费是合情合理的，因为这样可以把有限的教育资源分配给最能从中收益的人。
15 It is important to evaluate government activity on a quantitative basis , to screen the bad investments from the good ones and conduct policy on a factually informed basis.(para.15)
重要的是，要对政府的作为进行量化评估，将好的投资项目与坏的投资项目分开，并本着实事求是的
态度制定政策方针。
16 An imbalanced policy that seeks to improve productivity in noncoastal regions by encouraging investment in physical capital alone is much less efficient than a policy that invests in a more balanced fashion in both.(para.17)
一种失衡的政策是在内地单靠大规模实物投资提高生产力，这种政策收效远不如对两者(物力和人力)
同时投资的均衡政策。
17 A free market that allows the same kind of incentives to operate as those that increasingly govern capital markets and product markets in China, would go a long way toward promoting skill formation.(para.19) 一种运用日益主宰中国资本市场和产品市场的机制的(劳动力)自由市场将大大推动人们掌握一技之长。
18 Another policy that would promote growth is equalization of regional and urban vs. rural rates of returns to human and physical capital by permitting free capital and labor mobility.(Para20) 另一项促使经济发展的政策是,通过允许资本和劳动力自由流动,以均衡各地区之间,城乡之间人力资本和实
物资本的回报率。
19 Eliminating regional disparity in wages and opening up markets to allow freedom of migration and pursuit of opportunities throughout China would enhance economic development of the country as a whole. (Para20) 消除地区间工资差距，使劳动力自由流动并在全国范围内寻找机会，将促进中国经济的整体发展。
20 Opening the labor market might risk some increase in inequality
in wages at least in the short run, as the wages of skilled workers are bid up. (Para21)
开放劳动力市场，在短期内随着技术工人工资不断提高，可能带来工资差距加大的风险。
21 China should rely on personal incentives to encourage schools to perform well as students shop among them.
因为学生会择校入学，中国应依靠个人动力鼓励学校改进设施提高质量。
武汉大学硕士英语期末考试汉译英题库（从里面考） 1.走社会主义道路，就是要逐步实现共同富裕，共同富裕的构想是这样的：一部分地区有条件先发展起来，一部分地区发展慢点，先发展起来的地区带动后发展的地区，最终达到共同富裕……解决的办法之一，就是先富起来的地区多交点利税，支持贫困地区的发展。 To take the road to socialism is to realize common prosperity step by step.Our plan is as follow:where condition s permit,some areas may develop faster than others;those that develop faster can help promote the progress of those that lag behind,until all become progress…One way is for the areas that become prosperous frstt to support the poor ones by paying more taxes or turing in more profits to the state 2.现阶段中国已经实现了粮食基本自给，在未来的发展过程中，中国依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给，客观上具备诸多有利因素。 Chian has bascilly achieved self-sufficiency in grain at the present stage,and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development. 3.社会主义用实践向世界表明，中国反对把霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。 Scoialist China should show the world through its actions that it is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 4.过去，只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力，没有讲还要通过改革解放生产力，不完全。应该把解放生产力和发展生产力两个讲全了。 In the past,we only stressed expansion of the productive forces under socialism,without mentioning the need to liberate them through reform.That conception was incomplete. Both the liberation and the expansion of the productive forces are essential. 5.同时，我们的对外开放采取了多种方式，包括搞经济特区，开放十四个沿海城市。 In the meantime,we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways,including setting up special economic zones and opening14coastal cities. 6.改革开放迈不开步子，不敢闯，说来说去就是怕资本主义的东西多了，走了资本主义道路。要害是姓“资”还是姓“社”的问题。 The reason some people hesitate to carry out the reform and the open policy and dare not break new ground is ,in essence,that they’re afraid it would mean introducing too many elements of capitalism and,indeed,taking the capitalist road.The crux of the matter is whether the road is capitalist or socialist. 7.过去我们搬用别国的模式，结果阻碍了生产力的发展，在思想上导致僵化，妨碍人民和基层积极性的发挥。 We used to copy foreign models mechanically,which only hampered the development of our productive forces, induced ideological rigidly and kept the people and grassroots units from taking any initiative. 8. 中国与东盟各国或山水相连，或隔海相望，在悠久的交往中，人民之间形成了深厚的传统友谊。 Joined together by mountains and rivers or facing with other across the sea, China and ASEAN countries have developed a profound traditional friendship among the people in the course of their age-old contacts and exchanges. 9.我们正处在世纪之交的重要历史时刻，应该以长远的战略眼光审视和处理双方关系，建立中国与东盟面向二十一世纪的睦邻互信伙伴关系。
Translation Exercises(50) 增词法:补充汉语句子中省略的成分 1) 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 翻译：Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 2)我国社会主义工业化的建设及其成就，正在日益促进他们的这种积极性。 翻译：Their enthusiasm is being constantly heightened by China’s socialist industrialization and its achievement. 3)会谈中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权方面的问题。 翻译：During the talks, their discussion has been centered around the protection of intellectual property rights. 4) 孩子们看电视过多会大大的损伤视力。 翻译：Too much exposure to TV program will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 5) 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。 翻译：Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. 6) 作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。 翻译：In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment. 7) 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。 翻译：All the students should develop morally, intellectually, physically. 句子结构转换：汉语复合句转换成英语简单句 8) 这架波音747飞机起飞了，机上载有347名乘客。 翻译：The Boeing 747 took off with 347 passengers on board. 9) 因为他滥用职权，他严重损害了自己在下属面前的形象。 翻译：Abuse of power seriously damaged his image among his subordinates. 10) 即使是最好的厨师，有时又有做不好的菜。 翻译：The best cook sometimes makes bad dishes. 11) 江山易改，本性难移。 翻译：You can never scare a dog away from a greasy hide.
Unit One ( be ) fraught with：充满 stumbling block：绊脚石,障碍物 cement：n. 水泥,接合剂；v. 接合,用水泥涂facade：n. 建筑物的正面 ritual：n. 仪式,典礼,宗教仪式,固定程序a. 仪式的,依仪式而行的，老规矩的，惯常的ethnocentric：种族[民族]中心主义的, 种族[民族, 集团]优越感的 lull：n. 暂停,间歇,稍息v. 平息,使...平静,哄tenacity：n. 固执,不屈不挠,顽固connotation：n. 含义 inflection：n. 屈曲,变调,音调变化refreshment：n. 点心,提神之事物,精神爽快spatial：a. 空间的 preconception：n. 预想(先入之见,偏见) stereotype：n. 铅版,陈腔滥调,老套v. 使用铅版,套用老套 inscrutable：a. 难以了解的,不能测 preferential：a. 先取的,优先的,选择的prone：a. 俯卧的,易于...的,有...倾向的ambiguity：n. 不明确,含糊,暧昧,模棱两可truism：n. 自明之理,老套的,众所周知deterrent：a. 制止,防止,挽留n. 挽留的事物,妨碍物 arousal：n. 激励,鼓励 deplete：v. 耗尽,使...空竭recuperation：n. 复原，恢复：恢复健康和力气. permeate：v. 弥漫,渗透,普及 proxemic：a. [社]空间关系学的 scrutiny：n. 研究(推敲) dyad = diad：n. 二数,一对,二元一位screen out：v. 筛选出 circumvent：v. 绕行,陷害 detachment：n. 分离,分遣,分遣队 Unit Three integration：n. 整合,集成 analogy：n. 相似,类似 therapy：n. 疗法,治疗 smoothie：n. 善于讨好女人的男子, 举止优雅的人 casserole：n. 餐桌上用有盖的焙盘,砂锅菜fluid：a. 流体的,流动的n. 流体,液体inadvertently：ad. 不注意地 duress：n. 强迫, 监禁 sabotage：n. 怠工,破坏活动,破坏v. 从事破坏活动,妨害,破坏 culinary：a. 厨房的,烹调的 delectable：a. 快乐的,可喜的,愉快的backfire：v. 产生事与愿违的后果vi. (指内燃机等)逆火,回火,适得其反 cardinal：n. 枢机主教,鲜红色a. 主要的,深红色的 standoffish：a. 有点不友好的,冷淡的endearment：n. 亲爱,钟爱 intrusion：n. 闯入,侵扰 sibling：n. 兄弟姐妹 pester：v. 使烦恼,使苦恼 whine：n. 抱怨,牢骚v. 哭诉,发牢骚sobering：a. 使清醒的, 使冷静的 steer：v. 引导,驾驶,航行 Unit Four warrant：n. 正当理由,根据,委任状v. 保证,辩解,担保 symptomatic：a. 具有征候的,征候的,根据征候的 distortion：n. 扭曲,变形,曲解 retard：n. 阻止,迟延v. 妨碍,迟延,迟缓infrastructure：n. 下部构造,下部组织,基础结构，基础设施 thwart：a. 横～v. 反对,阻碍ad. 横过optimize：v. 使...完美,乐观,使...完善v.优化portfolio：n. 文件夹,证券投资组合aggregate：n. 合计,总计,集合体a. 合计的,集合的,聚合的v. 聚集,集合,合计vestige：n. 遗迹,退化的器官 constraint：约束, 强制,约束条件；[计算机] 限制，对感情的压抑 ration：n. 定额,定量,配给 subsidy：n. 补助金,津贴 externality：n. 外表(外在性,外部的事物) subsidize：v. 给与补助金,给与奖助金,贿赂entail：v. 使必需,使蒙受 unleash：v. 解开...的皮带,解除...的束缚,解放revenue：n. 财政收入,税收 disparity：n. 不一致 bid up：竞出高价
Intercultural Communication In recent years, it is widely acknowledged that interculturalcommunication has been becoming an increasingly common phenomenon. From my point of view, a number of factors could account for this trend. First and foremost, the development of transportation.Now jet planes fly everywhere. It used to take months to travel from Shanghai to Los Angeles, but now it takes only 12 hours. It is now much easier for people to move from one country to another. People of different countries and races get together much oftener than before. What’s more, the advancementof communication means. Nowadays people get in touch with each other in various ways, through internet, telephone, mobile phone and so on. These efficient means sharply promote intercultural communication to a large extent. Besides, the ongoingof economicglobalization.Since economic globalization lead to the production and market globalization, more and more multinational corporations now operate in quite a few countries. Theiremployees are of different ethnic groups and from different countries. Last but not the list, the increasing of https://www.doczj.com/doc/3a10082367.html,lions of people now move across national borders every year. Therefore, all these causes contribute to the fact that intercultural communication is now a daily occurrence. Its importance now is being recognized by a growing number of people.
武汉大学硕士英语英译汉重点 1. 所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺 骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相 似的。 The tendency for all people to reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language ,and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also be similar. 2. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些 看得见的表情，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合，我们人类成员都是一样的。 但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种 场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。 Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species,
Unit One stumbling blocks in intercultural communication 跨文化交流中的绊脚石 1．为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢？令很 多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性， 也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体 是“不同” 的。在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失 望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 2．相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的 人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性， 因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念 将是相似的。相信“人就是人”和“我们在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下 定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。 3．力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研 究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌 肉组合 ,我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的 文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。 带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。 4．因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个
①What problems could people have when they get to a new culture? ②What do you think are the major differences between western and eastern culture? ③Is it a good thing that some traditional customs of China have been affected by foreign cultures? 角色扮演：一个国外呆了多年回来的人A；一个准备要出国留学的人B A:好啊，光耀，好久不见，最近在忙些啥 hello guangyao, long time no see , nowadays what did you do , I heard that you have a plan for further education B:是好久不见了，最近在准备出国的申请，整天忙上忙下的 Yes long time no see ,as you know, I have to prepare the application and I’m busy with passing the English level test, everyday ,I live with press , besides ,I am a little worried about the culture difference A:是么，年轻人有远见，年轻的时候需要出去走走，接受一下国外的教育，让自己更加充实wa, you have a foresight, when we are young and full with energies, it’s necessary to go out and have more experiences., this help you rich your mind. To be honest , to adapt to a complete new culture is a hard thing for us, especially for young students. But on the other hand, the students who go abroad also help the cultural exchange and culture integration. B:对哦，我都忘记你在国外呆了5年才回来，我想知道一下，你那时刚出国有没有碰上啥困难的 Oh , I remember ,you have been abroad for 5 years, I really wonder , what difficulty have you met when you are the first time in America. A: 必须的，当初出门不容易啊， Certainly , you will face with many problems such as language differences, nonverbal misinterpretations, the presence of preconceptions and stereotypes and so on. B: 恩恩，我觉得语言关好难，你有没有啥好的建议 For me, maybe it is the language that makes me confused . Language is the basement of communication with foreigners. If we know very little about a foreign language or can’t speak it ,we can’t understand what foreigners express, just looking at them talking and laughing without joining them. A:有的，你要尽量避免过多的呆在中国人一起，多和本土人交流，勇敢点，认识不懂的多做下笔记，然后，有时间看下辅导书 You should keep in your mind that , avoid to stay with your Chinese friends all the time, be courageous to communicate with the local , when you don’t understand something, write in you notebook and then ask your friend. B:恩恩，多谢多谢，看来还是要下点苦功夫啊。对了，那个中西方还是有些不同的，在礼仪方面，思维方面，你觉得最大的不同是啥啊 Yes , it’s a long way, I have to work hard. Anyway , there are many differences between western and eastern culture. For instance , rite at festival, thinking mode. In your opinion, what is the biggest difference? A:礼仪方面嘛，注意一点还是不会有啥问题的，找人稍微教一下就行了。思维嘛，就是外国人比较强调个人主义，自由；而我们比较喜欢群居；例如西方人认为很多事情自己就可以干完了，去超市，医院啥的。Thinking mode , the western culture emphasize the freedom, individualism. On the contrary, we Chinese like to
Unit 1 跨文化交流中的绊脚石 1.为什么我们与来自其他文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会，让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人 奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同”的。在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 2.相似性的假设 为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行为的态度与价值观念将是相似的。相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的”，这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。 3.力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者 发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合，我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑，决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。 4.因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每次交往当作个别 案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束，受文化的改变，那么我们就会接受这一现实：因为各自不同，我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。 5.相似性的光环严重阻碍了不同文化间的成功交流。来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们 见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。这就像认为纽约、东京和德黑兰都是一样的，原因是它们彼此都具有现代化的城市的表象。因为没有警觉可能存在的差异和没有学习生活的新规则的需要，从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。 6.相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为 并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和解释，以适合“眼前发生的事情”。否则，很可能错误的解读符号和异自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。 7.正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅 仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是这个问题。本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。这样一来，点头、微笑和肯定的话语很可能会被自信地诠释为他们已经告知、帮助和取悦了外国人。然而，很有可能的是，外国人实际上不大懂语言的和非语言的内容，仅仅只是出于礼貌显示出兴趣或者尽量不使主人感到尴尬而没有说出心中疑问。 8.语言差异 第二个绊脚石显而易见，几乎不用说了，这就是语言。词汇、语法、俗语、俚语、方言
1 中国和欧洲是两大战略力量，肩负推动全球经济发展、促进人类文明进步、维护世界和平的崇高使命，双方正在形成不断放大的战略交集。中国是最大的新兴市场国家，欧盟是最大的发达经济体，"最大"与"最大"交融,一切都有可能，"新兴"与"发达"携手，优势就会倍增，中欧在新兴和发达经济体合作中可以成为典范。 China and Europe are two major strategic forces. We both undertake the lofty mission of promoting global economy, advancing human civilization and progress and safeguarding world peace. The two sides are expanding their converging strategic interests.China is the largest emerging market and the EU the largest developed economy. Nothing is impossible when the two "largests" converge. And strength will be multiplied if the "emerging" meets the "developed". China-EU cooperation may serve as a fine example of that between the emerging and developed economies. 2近40年的中欧关系，已由一棵小苗长成枝繁叶茂的大树，这棵树上挂满了累累果实。无论是政治互信、经贸合作还是人文交流，都达到了前所未有的高度。中欧建交以来，双方贸易增长了230多倍，现在平均每天就有15亿美元的贸易往来。也就是说，在我演讲的这20分钟里，中欧之间达成了几千万美元的合作。共同利益的纽带使双边关系充满吸引力和扩展力，这让我们对中欧未来充满信心。 Over the past four decades, the China-Europe relationship has grown from a seedling into a luxuriant tree that has borne rich fruits. Our political trust, economic cooperation and people-to-people exchanges have all scaled unprecedented heights. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, trade between China and Europe has increased by over 230 folds. Every day, some US$1.5 billion worth of trade is being conducted between the two sides, which means that during the twenty minutes of my speech today, the two sides have already concluded trade deals worth tens of millions of US dollars. The bond of common interests between us makes China-Europe relations even more appealing and expansible, which gives us every reason to be confident in the future of China and Europe.
英译汉 Unit 1 (1)Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。 (2)The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “trouble m,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact. 正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。 (3)They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture. 他们只提取出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。 Unit 3 (1)The key to Crockpot stepfamilies is time and low heat. I’ve already stressed the importance of being patient with the integration process and not trying to force love, care, or togetherness. Often, in an attempt to quickly combine various ingredients such as people, rituals, and backgrounds, stepfamilies use the food processor, microwave, pressure cooker, and blender integration styles. 瓦罐煨汤式融合的继亲家庭的关键是温火慢炖。前文我已经强调了整合过程中有耐心，而不强迫关爱、强迫关心、强迫在一起的重要性。通常，为了快速的将诸如人，仪式和背景等原料合并一体，继亲家庭采用食品加工式，微波炉式，高压锅式和果汁机式的融合方式。 (2)Stepfamilies need time to adjust to new living conditions, new parenting styles, rules, and responsibilities. They need time to experience one another and develop trust, commitment, and a shared history. They need time to find a sense of belonging and an identity as a family unit. None of these things can be rushed. 继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住环境，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来相互体验，产生信任，形成忠诚，创造共同的历史。他们需要时间来寻找作为一个家庭的归属感和认同感。所有这些都不能操之过急。 (3) A watched pot never boils. 心急水不开。 (4) Meredith considered it her“down time”to relax and read a good book, Terry enjoyed playing with friends, while Joe mastered his latest computer game. Meredith会把闲暇时间当作者“工歇时间”，放松自己，读一本好书。Terry喜欢和朋友们一起玩，而Joe 则精通又一种最新的电脑游戏。
研究生复试英语口语考试 （背诵版） 第一篇： professors： It is my great pleasure to be here. My name is **** , graduated from ****Department of **** University.During my four-year study in the university as an under-graduate student, I have built up a solid foundation of professional knowledge, as well as a rich experience of social activities. I am a determined person, always willing to achieve higher goals. Whats more, I am good at analysis, with a strong sense of cooperation. All of these led me to the success of passing the first round of the entrance examination to the Masters degree. Personally, I am very humorous and easy-going, enjoying a good relationship among my classmates. In my spare time, I like to read books regarding how to be myself and how to deal with problems. Music and movies are my favorite entertainments. As for my sport interest, I could not deny my greatest interest is football. Playing this game brings me a lot of glory, happiness and passion. All in all, Wuhan University, with a highly qualified faculty and strong academic environment is the university I have long admired. I believe that I am a very qualified applicant for admission into your Master of IT program and can contribute to the enrichment or diversity of your university. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION！ 教授：我非常高兴到这里来。我的名字是****，毕业于**** **** University.During我的四年中，作为一个主管研究生大学的研究部，我已经建立了一个专业扎实的基础知识，如以及对社会活动的丰富经验。我是一个有决心的人，总是愿意为实现更高的目标。Whats更多，我善于分析，具有强烈的合作意识。所有这些都使我在通过了高考第一轮成功的硕士学位。就个人而言，我很幽默，随和，享受着我的同学之间的良好关系。在我的业余时间，我喜欢阅读的书籍就如何做我自己，以及如何处理问题。音乐和电影是我最喜爱的娱乐活动。至于我的运动的兴趣，我不能否认我最大的兴趣就是足球。玩这个游戏给我带来了荣耀，快乐和激情很多。总之，武汉大学，高素质的