Chapter 3: 主谓一致
注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合
Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.
Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.
主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合
Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读)
没有必要的句子成分尽量少读
介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分
善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数
The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart.
And和additive phases
（注意mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus都是单数的形式）
Media是medium的复数形式。
Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数）
集体名词
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team
Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture.
用单数
Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy.
不定代词
SANAM：some, any, none, all, more/most
这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数
Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.
Not one of my friends is here this weekend.
Every and each
Every dog has paws.
Every dog and cat has paws.
Each of these shirts is pretty.
They each are great tennis players.
The number of 和a number of的用法要注意
注意there be句型的单复数
There are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
注意：
Pong is a classic game from which have descended many current computer pastimes.（这里用了倒装）
相当于那个预言的题目，多多注意
Chapter 4：平行准则
Wrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and I pay low taxes.
Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes.
使用where能够减少歧义。
注意在最后一个列举项目的前面要加上and
Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.
注意从句子真正的逻辑意义来找到实际上意义并列的结构，不要单单依靠词组的形式。
注意另一种更为subtle的平行结构：系动词
The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love. (F)
The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love. ?
注意意思还必须对应
Upon being nominated this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.(F)
The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country. R
Chapter 5：Pronouns
看到代词的时候，要注意找到他的前置词，然后检查其意义和单复数是否make sense。
注意：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it.
Park 在句子中做的是形容词，因此不能够用来做it 的前置词。
正确：The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.
注意：作形容词的名词一定不能够用来做代词的前置词
永远保证pronouns make sense
错误：Although the term “supercomputer”may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.
正确：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.
注意单复数一致。
The deadly five：it its they them their
That, this, these, and those
正确用法：New ‘nano-paper’ incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.
注意这四个指示代词不能单独充当主语或者宾语成分
注意用it来指代前者的时候必须做到it就完全是前面的事物
The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to be.
The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her.
Wrong: her company is outperforming those of her competitors.
Right: her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.
注意：在同一个句子中，所有的相同代词都必须指代同一个事物。
Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.
(原因在于supernovas 和they属于两个主从句的主语，虽然they可能存在其他前置词，但是为保持平行性，they 是合理的代词用法啊)
Chapter 6：Modifier
注意一些形容词以及其衍生的副词在句子中的意义：
Corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, resent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed and usual.
名词性修饰成分
修饰成分的位置需要紧紧依靠在一起，不能相隔一个明显的句子成分
要注意名词性修饰成分在主句中存在
动词性修饰成分不需要紧紧依靠在一起
两个很长的就是成分不能紧紧相连，应该分别放在被修饰成分的两侧
Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. Right: both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.
注意所有格的陷阱
Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the exam was poor.
Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.
关键是要看修饰成分在逻辑上修饰哪个词语，不要轻易做出结构上的判断。
带有关系代词的名词性修饰成分
That不能用来修饰人
Whose能够用来修饰人和物
Who和whom要严格区分
The security guard whom we met was nice.
修饰一个概念上的地方不能够用where，只能够用in which
例如arrangement，phenomenon等
限定性和非限定性定语从句
主要区别一个是that，一个是，which的结构
一个重要的区别是
This+名词的形式一般都是非限定性结构，因此不能够用that
（一般不会只考这个区别）
动词修饰成分
注意这些动词的修饰成分要有一个合理的主语
例如：the weight was lifted by concentrating. (cuo)
Which vs doing
Which不能够指代前面整个句子
Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, which has led to a rise in property values.
Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.
Chapter 7, Verb Tense, Mood, and voice
进行时态：不能用进行时表示将来或者一般的规律
关于时态最重要的是通过时态反应作者的真实意思
注意在专有名词之后是一般不接限定性定语从句的。
完成时
动作或者动作的效果从过去持续到现在
一般重要有一些重要的时间提示词：since，in the past five minutes, in the last ten years
The child has drawn a square in the sand.(画的动作没有了，但是画依然还在)
She will pay you when you have taken out the garbage.
过去完成时（过去的过去）
The film had started by the time we arrived at the theater.
不是意味着所有过去的过去的情况都需要用过去完成时
1.明确知道两个连续动作的顺序一般不用，词汇标志为and和but
2.Antonio Drove to the store, and Cristian bought some ice cream.
3.有after和before这类词可以不使用
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f18291191.html,ura locked the deadbolt before she left for work.
有时候不一定需要两个连续的动作才能够使用过去完成时。主要是为了表示动作的持续性效果对现在的影响。
例如：By 1945, the United States had been at war for several years。
The band U2 was just one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980’s, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.
虚拟语气主要有两种：假设不可能发生的情况和请求
前一种情况的标志词：If, as if, as though
例如：To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it were harmless.
记住五种if，then结构的句子
1.If Sophie eats pizza, then she becomes ill.(确定的语气)
2.If Sophie eats pizza, then she may become ill. (包含一部分不确定)
3.If Sophie eats pizza tomorrow, then she will become ill. (确定的语气，将来)
4.If Sophie ate pizza tomorrow, then she would become ill. （不可能的情形，将来）
5.If Sophie had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have become ill. (没有发生的情形)
Would 和should永远不会进入到if的从句结构里面。千万要注意！！！！！！
请求式的虚拟语气
只能够用从句表示：
Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest 只能用不定式
Advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want
两种形式都可以：
Ask，beg，intend, order, prefer, urge, require
语态
在被动语态中，注意用through或者because of表示行为的方式，而不要用by。被动语态和主动语态可以同时出现在同一平行结构之中。
Chapter 8 比较
特殊的平行结构
注意比较的双方在结构上和逻辑上相对称
Like是一个介词，必须紧紧跟着名字，代词以及名词短语
As既能够做介词又能够做连词
As Her brother did, Ava aced the test.
保证比较双方逻辑上的平行
错误：Frank’s build，Like his brother, is board and muscular.
Right: Frank’s build, like that of his brother, is board and muscular.
注意保持结构上面的一致
Wrong：I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.
I like running through forests more than walking through crowds.
Gmat允许多余的helping words 出现
Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.
注意最高级的使用
Chapter 9
Aim
With the aim of doing something
不能够用：with the aim to do something
注意allow 只有allow to，和allow for两种形式
不能够用allow that
Anxiety about, anxiety that
Appear
Imperfections appear as tiny cracks
He appears confused.
The dinosaurs appear to have been relatively smart.
It appears that the dinosaurs were smart.
注意不能够有如下情形：
He appear as confused.
As as
We have as many apples as need to be cooked. （注意后半部分的比较的主语省略的是apples）We have 10 apples, about as many as we picked yesterday
错误的表达方法：
We have 10 apples，about equivalent to what we picked yesterday(注意equel不能够用在可数名词)
We have three times as many apple
Apply
错误：be subject to the applicability of
As
Just as we did last year, we will win this year. (in the same way)
比较中的一个错误例子
We have 10 apples, about equivalent to what we picked yesterday.
Attribute to
She asked that he go to the store.
(ask可以用在that引导的虚拟语气中)
Aware
Aware of the danger, he fled.
Aware that anger was near, he fled.
Ban
They passed a ban prohibiting us from carrying bottles.
Wrong：they passed a ban that we cannot carry bottles.
Based on
The verdict was based on the evidence.
The jury reached a verdict based on the evidence.
Wrong: Based on the evidence, the jury reached a verdict.
注意because of的一个错误用法
Plants grow because of the sun shining.
Plants grow as a result of the sun shining.
Begin with, begin as
Border的介词搭配
正确：within the borders of a country
错误：In the borders of a country
Inside the borders of a country
Although 应该跟着的是一个句子（绝大部分情况）
I have one chance in a thousand of winning tonight.
They claim that they can win.
They claim to be able to win.
Comparably不能够用to a comparable extent Compared to 和Compared with 在Gmat中没有区别Conceive of……as…….
Connection between……..and……
不要用connection of…….and……
Confident 的一个错误表达方法
We have confidence in the market to recover.
Consider sth sth
例如：consider her a friend，consider her intelligent Consider sth as sth的用法绝对错误
Contend只能够用从句
They contend that they can decipher the code.
Continue to do sth
(continue doing sth 很少用)
错误：the danger will continue its growth
The danger will continue growth
The danger will continue its growth(不能够用continue sth)
In contrast with/to 后面必须接名词
In contrast to thezoo charging admission, the park does not.
注意一种错误用法：
You could possibly do anything you want.
Create sth to do (不能够用for doing sth)
Credit with
Hugo credits sally with good taste.
Sally is credited with good taste.
Credit for, credit as, credit to be都属于错误用法
In danger of doing sth
注意不能用have a danger of/to
Dated at …….old
Declare sth sth
例如：I declared the election a fraud.
不能够用Declare as
Decline
The price of oil declined. The oil declined in price.
My friend’s reputation declined.
但是不能够用my friend declined in reputation.
Demand 只能够用从句。
Be designed to do sth
Be determined by(不能够用through, from , because of, as a result of) The idea developed into a project.
be disinclined to do sth
不能够用：has a disinclination to do
Distinguish between……. And……
Distinguish sth from sth属于suspect的情形
Doubt作动词的时候最好后面要接whether
反之，do not doubt 后面要接that，而不能够用whether
Due to
The deficit is due to overspending.
错误选项
Due to politicians spending money, we have a deficit
Due to the fact that politicians spend money, we have a deficit
Elect
She elected to withdraw her money early.
不能够用elect doing sth
Ensure
Right: he ensures that deadlines are met.( or will be met) Wrong: he ensures that deadlines should be met.
Equipped to do (不要用for doing)
Estimate sth to be
Even
I am even richer than a prince
I earn as much money as even the wealthiest king.
Every
For every dollar saved, three dollars are wasted.
Except for a final skirmish, the war was over.
Suspect: besides a final skirmish, the war was over.
With the exception of a final skirmish, the war was over.
Excepting a final skirmish, the war was over.
Expend on
We expend on energy on neighborhood development.
Fault
The criminals are at fault for breaking the law.
Forbid sb to do sth
The goal is to do sth( 不能用the goal is doing sth)
Help in doing sth( help 如果做名词的话)
Hold （注意hold to be 略显不好）
Instead
They avoided the arcade and instead went to a movie.
错误：they avoided the arcade and rather went to a movie.
They avoided the arcade, rather going to a movie. With the intent to do / with the intent for doing
Interact with one another
Interact with each other
She invested funds in research to study
Know to
We know her to be brilliant.
She is known to be brilliant.
He is known as “Reggie”( named)
Are lacking in = lack
Lack of (lack做名词)
Lie lay lain
Likely
Be likely to do
It is likely that
More than likely, my friend will eat worms
Loss of ( quality)
Loss in (investment)
My spouse has mistaken me for a wealthier person.
Native to
Native of
Not but
Object to
Once
We might once have seen that band.
Wrong: We might at one time have seen that band.
Only 要尽量放在所修饰的词语的前面。
He owes money to the government for back taxes. Persuade 只能够用在persuade sb to do sth Prohibit sb from doing sth
Pronounce(和consider 用法类似)
She pronounced the book a triumph.
Suspect: she pronounced the book as a triumph.
RANK
The problem ranks as one of the worst we have seen.
RATE
The rates for tickets are good for commuters.
The rate of theft has fallen.
Rather than
Right: he wrote with pencils rather than with pens Wrong: he wrote with pencils instead of with pens. GMAT不喜欢用instead of
Rebel against
Recognize that ；recognize as ；recognize to be
注意in reference to这种表达不存在
Be reluctant to do sth
Require time to do sth
Require sb to do sth
Reqrire that
Require of sb that
On the surface
Succeed in doing sth( 不能够用不定式)
错误例子
Matt drives Ferraris and the like.
She thinks of them as heroes.
She is thought to be secretly wealthy.
We have a tool to make progress. We have a tool for making progress.
Be trained to do
Naomi wrote ten letters, double the number of that Sara wrote.
错误例子：Naomi wrote double the letters that sara did.
Use as
He uses the hammer as a weapon(不能够用to be)
Variation
There are variations in sunspot frequency and strength over time.
Wrong: there are variations of/among sunspot frequency and strength over time.
View
I view this process as a mistake.
The best way to reach the goal is to focus on one’s energy.
We proposed a way of reaching the goal.
My laptop weighs less than a suitcase.
My laptop is lighter than a suitcase.
Wrong: my laptop weighs lighter than a suitcase.
The discovery shows an object to be strange. (不用as)
All companies have similar issues.
Each company has similar issues(错)
Substitute for
So too
Bellbottoms are coming back in style, and so too are vests.
In comparison with/ to, 后面只能够接名字
In contrast to/with
Conceive of…as….
Think of…as…
Regard…as…
View…as…
不能够后面接as的词语
Consider
Declare
两种非常常见的错误表达
Due to the fact that
Due to sb doing sth
Enough to
不能够用enough that
Be synchronized with 与什么同步
Chapter 10：Odds and ends
1.Connecting words
Coordinating words: and, but, or, for nor, yet, so
Subordinators: although because before after since when if unless that though while
Pollution costs us bullions in increased medical bills.
2.标点符号
不要用一个逗号隔开有两个具有同一个主语的动词
Wrong：earl walked to school, and later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to the school and late ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to the school, and he later ate his lunch.
分号
分号前后连接的必须是一个完整的句子。
Earl walked to the school ; he later ate his lunch.
分号经常与conjunctive adverb 连用：however，therefore，in addition Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, therefore, we never see them apart. Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; therefore, we never see them apart.
冒号：提供更加详细的说明解释
冒号前面必须是一个完整的句子，冒号后面不需要完整的句子
破折号
Quantity
Few 和less
在单位名词前面用的是less
We have less than twenty dollars.
The numbers 这种表达方法几乎永远都是错的
Chapter 11
V-A-N（简洁性的考虑，因此不能作为准确的判断标准）
动词优于形容词优于名词（丽丽老师的根本大法）
Verb v.s. Action Noun
Revolt revolotion
Apply applicability
Cost cost
Decide decision
Influence influence
Inspiration inspire
Refer reference
Weigh weight
That从句优于一系列短语组成的修饰语
常见于“idea”词语
Hypothesis idea suggestion belief discovery evidence report indication
动词优于形容词
Aggravating aggravate
Abe can
Indicative of indicates
Inspirational to inspire
Suggestive of suggest
形容词优于名词
Abundance abundant
Ability to able to
Conviction convinced
Disinclination disinclined
Isolation isolated
副词优于介词短语
A considerable extent considerably
To a significant degree significantly
It is…that果断不要，gmat不喜欢这样的
形容词优于定语从句
避免过度地简洁
例如，Boston soldier 应为soldier from Boston
Aegean Sea salt salt from the Aegean Sea
Ural Mountain ore ore from the Ural Mountains
Danube River access access to the Danuble River
Population changes of honey bees 应为changes in the population of honey bees
如果是time，quantity，或者别的衡量词语作为第一个词，请记得使用of结构
Memorial day week 应该是week of memorial day
The merger year 应该是year of the merger
The oxygen amount 应该是the amount of oxygen
The honeybee population density 应该是the density of the honeybee population
注意逻辑上保持that of 和those of
对于report words 要保留that（宾语从句要有that）（除了say，announce之外）
平行原则注意小结
1.注意具体名词和动作名词不能对应（尤其在与系表结构）
2.注意simple动名词和complex动名词之间不能对应
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f18291191.html,plex 动名词能够和动作名词相对应
Wrong: the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and releasing certain political prisoners.
Wrong: the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and the releasing of certain political prisoners.
Right: Wrong: the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and the release of certain political prisoners.
(对于存在名词结构的动词，不能够用动名词来替代其名词)
注意几种特殊的正确的平行结构
Only a few feet wide but spanning a continent, the railroad changed history.
A mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once and which is still fresh, is on display.
代词不能够指代前文做所有格的词语
Antarctic oil (不能用there指代A)
注意there的用法跟代词也类似
注意形式主语IT 的集中用法
1.代替不定式
2.代替主语从句
3.代替较长的宾语
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.
One表示的是众多当中的一个，注意这样的考点
对于代词的几点规则
1．数量
2．性别
3．同一个句子中的代词指代相同
4．临近原则：（最靠近的合意的名词，非绝对）
5．注意保持相应的平行原则
关于修饰成分的几点例外
不需要十分靠近
中间插了介词短语（in，of等）
注意这个用法有一点点要求，就是能够明显看出不是修饰of后面的词语
He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts
这种区分有时体现在时态，单复数等方面
十分简短的成分（如果修饰成分过长，通常会有后置出现。）
剪短的插入语
并列的修饰成分
所有格的细微差别
Y of X’s 的情况不允许出现
当所有格前面有修饰词，例如certain human’s parasites 应为certain parasites in human
子群修饰成分
注意下列三个句子都是正确的：
This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH WERE only recently discovered;
This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered
This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.
注意定语从句和后面接现在分词的修饰成分：两者一般可以互换，但是要注意后者注重强调
独立主格
注意与which代表整个句子的情况的差别（此为错误）
Chapter 13
Helping words: do have be
如果时态改变，不能够随意省略
I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.
注意：
Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.
注意不用不定式表示将来时
Right：The contractors demolished the building to keep it from falling down accidentally. Wrong: The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. (原因在于building不能主动avoid)
Right：The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally.
动名词前面所接的动作的承担者必须接所有格
例如: Mike’s swimming
想要表示多少倍只能够用times 和as……as……
例如：Right: the man is five times as old as his grandson.
Wrong: the man is five times older than his grandson.
想要表示数量上相差多少，用more than 或者less than
例如：I am ten years older than you.
I am ten years as old as you. (False)
当使用more or less 的时候注意前面的形容词
例如：wrong：more efficient engines
Right：more engines that are efficient
Engines that are more efficient
注意一种redundancy的情形：
Of all the cities in Australia, Sydney is the largest and the most well-known; Melbourne, however, can be equally as enjoyable to visit as its brasher, more frenetic rival.
2008PREP语法笔记摘录
1.Along with不能够表示平行结构
2.Continue不能够用进行时代，不能够用两种以上的时态
3.In last century,应该要用完成时态，注意与in the last century 区分开来
4.注意typically可以直接后面带列举的成分
5.副词的修饰位置：even放在比较级之前，ever放在助动词之后，only，first放在修饰成
分之前，alone放在被强调成分之后。
6.注意with的结构很可能会导致修饰成分产生歧义的错误。
7.Be known to do VS be known to have done: 如果后面描述的事情发生的时间与know相同
或者相近，则直接用do；如果发生在know动作之前则用have done
Few people are known to have recovered from the disease once the clinical symptoms have appeared.
8.Date to……ago
Date at……old
Date back(起源)
Date from（某一个时间点）
9.One作为核心词指代，为泛指（注意其作为代词的使用）
10.Conclude to：达成什么而结束
Conclude by/with:以…而结束。
11.Whether 在引导宾语从句的时候不需要加or not；在引导状语从句的时候需要加上or
not。
12.The United States minted about 857 million silver-color ‘Susan B. Anthony’ dollars between
1979 and 1981, but the coin proved unpopular because it looked and felt too much like a quarter.(考试做完一道语法题的时候要注意将选项带回原来的句子进行检查)
13.
14.
Chapter 1 SC Basics (1) Chapter 2 GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION (1) Chapter 3 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (3) Chapter 4 PARALLELISM (5) Chapter 5 PRONOUNS (6) Chapter 6 MODIFIERS (8) Chapter 7 Verb tense , mood, & voice strategy (11) Chapter 8 comparison strategy (13) Chapter 9 Idioms——看原书 Chapter 10 Odds & ends (15) Chapter 11 GMC/S-V /PARALLELISM: ADVANCED (18) Chapter 12 pronouns & modifiers: advanced (19) Chapter 13 verbs & comparisons：advanced (22) Chapter 1 SC Basics 1、各个选项中最好的答案并不一定是完全正确、完美的 2、日常口语中实际上有很多语法错误 3、SC的做题方法： 将每个选项逐个代入句子读一遍再寻找错误是很费时间的，更好的方法应该是使用分类排除的方法（split）。将五个选项按照某个语法点的区别分成两组或更多，找到你所确认的错误排除其中的一些组；再次分组，再次排除，直到剩下最终答案。 4、在一道题中将会测试多个语法点，平常练习中需要找出所有的点，而在考试时只需要找到一个能排除该选项的即可；而且每个选项往往都有多个点可以将其排除。 5、注意划线外部分，注意划线部分与划线外部分的关系，有许多重要的线索在远离划线部分的地方。 选择一个选项后要重读一遍句子,确认选项使得句子完整。 Chapter 2 GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION 1、在做SC时，判断选项是否错误应该从语法开始，然后考虑意思，最后考虑简洁。 语法：GMAT测试你区分好和不好的语法的能力。许多语法错误的句子看起来很自然。 意思：句子不能有歧义，并且句子必须反映作者的真实的意愿，在选择选项时不要随便改变句子的原意（除非原句错误）。 简洁：不使用多余的词。 2、GRAMMAR：包括主谓一致、平行、代词、修饰语、时态、语气语态、比较、惯用语。 3、MEANING：不要随便改变句子原意。GMAT考试中，意思上的小错误常常容易被忽略。 在MEANING上的主要考点主要可以归类为：选择正确的词、词的正确位置和词与词之间的一致。（1）选择正确的词： 常考的是相近的词相互替代而使句子意思发生改变。如：
Unit 2 A life's work Ⅰ.匹配词义 ()1.grocery A．n.着迷，迷恋 ()2.fashion B．n.食品杂货店 ()3.fascination C．n.时尚 [答案]1－3BCA Ⅱ.默写单词 1．pose v.(使)摆好姿势 2．uncomplicated adj. 不复杂的，简单的，单纯的 3．celebrity n. 名人，明星 Ⅰ.语境填空 posed，fashion，grocery，uncomplicated，celebrities，fascination He was employed at the local grocery store as a delivery boy. 2．This kind of dress is now in fashion． 3．The artist posed his model carefully. 4．Lots of celebrities were at the film premiere. 5．Water holds a fascination for most children. 6．He was an extraordinarily uncomplicated man. Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词 1．I value a natural style and love that which is uncomplicated(complicated). 2．The fascination(fascinate)of the game lies in trying to guess what your opponent is thinking. 3．We ate at a fashionable(fashion)new restaurant. 4．Grocery(grocer)stores sell many foods that have been processed. 1．And yet every member of New York's wealthy high society wanted nothing more than to pose for this man.
曼哈顿 SC 总结 Chapter 1 Sentence Correction Basics 1.一道例题 Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations remember him as the architect for the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University and the city of Irvine. A:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations B: like that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will C:like those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations D: including that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will E:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will 这道题用两点split。 1.1GMAT规定，Like不能用于举例；注意，在之后的说明中，曼哈顿说The GMAT used to claim that ‘like’ simply meant‘similar to’ and could not introduce examples. However, the exam writers have moderated this hardline duty in published explanations. As a result, either ‘including’ or‘likelihood would technically work in the sentence. 1.2GMAT规定，进行指代时，如果有单复数转换，不能用代词指代，而应换作相对应的 名词。 2.做题时间 一般不多于90秒钟，理想状况下，花费60-75秒。 3.做题步骤 3.1细读原文 理解原文中作者本意，顺带看是否有错误出现。 如发现错误，默默记下，以备之后作为排除依据； 如未发现错误，不要留恋，只要保证理解了文字的字面意思和作者本意即可。 3.2纵向扫描，找split 不要读选项，只是纵向寻找不同点（split）。 看句首和句尾，此两处必有split，不然画线不会画到它们。 迅速找到多个split，找最容易区分的。 3.3选取最简单split进行筛选 所谓简单，就是容易找/容易比较/容易决定。语法语义两个角度来分析 3.4选定第一个split 3.5用同一个split，去检查其他选项是否也犯了同样的错误
Sentence Correction 1.语法考点： -主谓一致 -平行 -比较 -时态 -代词的指代 -语法结构成分 -逻辑含义 -简洁 2.词的选择：单词辨析 3.句子的结构： -主动被动 -逻辑意思 考点一：主谓一致 在曼哈顿里，主谓一致叫“Subject-verb Agreement”，这个Agreement指以下三方面： 1)Subject and verb must both exist. 主谓都得有啊，但是注意GMAT里经常把 主语“隐藏”起来； 2)Subject and verb must make sense together. 这个谓语的发出者得合理； 3)Subject and verb must agree in number. 单复同形。 -连接短语（如along with, in addition to, as well as, including, accompanied by）都是修饰作用，谓语应接连接短语前的主语的单复。 -Or, either or, neither nor 就近。 -集合性名词（如agency, army, audience, class, crowd…baggage, citrus, fruit, equipment）应接单数谓语。 -非限定性代词（如-one, -body, -thing）一般为单数。 -对于SANAM（some, any, none, all, most/more）要看带的什么，即of 后的名词。而any of后不管是什么都是单数。 -Not one也永远是单数。 -Each, every 作主语的，是单数。（像They each +复） -量词短语（如majority，minority）看句子强调的是整体中的部分（复
一. gmat前期准备 考生在这阶段时间要去学习以下几个gmat知识点，为中期的gmat专项突破做准备。 1)og + manhattan(逻辑和语法) 一至两周看完上面的书单，og做完语文+数学;manhattan只看逻辑和语法，而且不要做题。 ① og语法 首先要仔细体会og中语法一致，逻辑清晰，语言简洁和有效表达的方式。语法方面，根据答案中的错误类型(即答案中的黑体字如:agreement, parallelism)进行分类并深入理解每一个错误类型的概念。记住一点，前面的所有试题只是答案中错误类型概念的解释，让考生能够更清楚这个概念的例子。因此，建议大家不要在乎试题对错结果如何，过分纠结无异于浪费时间;而是希望大家能够把每个错误类型的概念运用到每一个例题中去并深刻理解。 ② og逻辑 思路指导通过对每到题目的深刻理解。把握住逻辑题目里面的逻辑链条，知道假设题和削弱题，加强题，结论题到底指的是什么。og给gmat的逻辑题进行分类和对题型进行讲解。 ③ og阅读 思路指导通过对og文章的梳理，把握出gmat文章的逻辑框架和主题思路。 了解gmat的题目如何解答，把握住每种提醒的解题方法。 ④曼哈顿语法 国外机构一套非常不错的教材。帮助大家从西方人的思维角度正确认识gmat 考试。所设计的知识点非常的体系化。语法从gmac的角度(语法，语义，正确度，简洁等角度展开，从每一个语法的知识点拓展) ⑤曼哈顿逻辑 逻辑从对基本概念和语义判断入手。是一本相当不错的逻辑书，帮助大家理解基本原理和概念知识点。是一本相当不错配合og看的逻辑参考书。 2)gmat数学og
建议大家把gmat数学认真做一遍。做完一道题目要达到两层效果 ①这套题目我用什么样的数学公式解决 ②这套题目我是用什么数学思想来解释的 3)经济学人 每天坚持读1小时的文章。 多看严谨的文章帮助理解和更好的学习gmat语法和gmat阅读。在读经济学人的时候，好好体会里面所涉及的语法知识点是否规范和考点。阅读对文章的整体思路的把握，是否在很短的时间内，对文章的主旨结构有所把握。 二. 中期 考生要在四到六周的时间完成以下任务 1) 《prep 9》 prep是gmac为gmat考生提供的官方考试准备材料;里面所设计的语法，逻辑和阅读考点和og都很类似在难句理解上也比og上了一个层次。本资料有套题版和专项解析版，对大家的学习十分有帮助。 ①语法在读懂语义的基础上，熟悉语法知识点，强化对gmat语法的学习 ②逻辑体会prep的各种题型的解决方案的不同。 ③阅读清晰把握gmat阅读文章的题材和各种题目的解题技巧。 ④数学认真体会gmac想要考察的数学思想。牢记数学公式和英语表达。 2) 《gwd》的31套题 考试中期复习的时候必须完成15套题目。 ①语法 gwd的语法语言难度和实战非常接近;考生需要好好练翻译能力。 ②逻辑正确理解每一句话;分析清楚逻辑题目每句话在文章中所起的作用。 ③阅读认真梳理每篇文章的脉络;把握住文章的逻辑关系类型。 ④数学 gwd数学和实战考试非常接近，要好好体会每一道题目。
6Going Offline 1 全新版大学进阶英语：综合教程1 NEW PROGRESSIVE COLLEGE ENGLISH 1
Unit Goals Contents Part One Opener Pair Work Part Two Reading & Interacting Getting Prepared Text Study Focusing on Language in Context Part Three Integrated Skills Practicing Listening Speaking Writing
Pair Work: Describe the two cartoons below. Then work with your partner and answer the questions that follow.
1 Can you say a few words about the people in the pictures above? 2 If you forgot to bring your smartphone with you or you had no Wi‐Fi service, how would you feel? 3 Do you sleep with your smartphone under your pillow or next to your bed? If your phone beeps, will you get up and check it?
Watch the video clip about “Phubbing (低头族现象)” and discuss the following questions with your classmates. 1. At the beginning of the video clip, why does the man say that that he has so many friends but he’s still lonely? 2. According to the man, how does the Internet do harm to our kids? 3. What does the man want to express by telling a different imaginary life story without phubbing? 4. What are we suggested to do to “live life in a real way”?
叙事文本分析的语言学模式 罗钢 当代叙事学受到结构主义语言学极为深刻的影响，本文拟介绍一种叙事学家们在文本分析中惯常采用的语言学模式。 一 过去，人们在分析叙事作品时，注重的是作品的情节、人物、主题等等，而叙事学的文本分析，是从文本语言的有机构成开始的。 在语言中，有一种对于确定其诗歌功能意义深远的对立，这就是隐喻与转喻的对立。1956年，雅各布森在《语言学基础》一书中对二者的关系作了系统的阐发。在这方面，雅各布森吸取了索绪尔结构主义语言学的一个基本观念。索绪尔认为，语言，就像人类其它符号行为一样，具有双重性质，分别涉及两种行为，这就是选择和组合，这种选择和组合构成符号行为的基础。举例来说，如果我们看见一位少女身着T恤和牛仔短裤，穿白色网球鞋，少女的这身装束便构成一个信息，依据特定的语境，它可以告诉我们少女的性格，她此时此刻的心情以及她将要去作什么。这个信息的构成便不可避免地要涉及选择与组合两种行为，少女先从她的各种上装如大衣，衬衫等中选择了T恤；又从各种裙子和裤子里面选择了牛仔短裤；再从她的各种鞋里选择了白色网球。这种选择依赖于她对自己的服装的了解，同时也依赖于她对自己的需要的认识。选择之后紧接着便是组合，组合的过程依赖于她对各种服装搭配的知识和公众的服装惯例的了解。例如，身着深色西装再穿白色网球鞋使显然是不符合服装惯例的(尽管这种惯
例在不断变化)，这种服装的正确搭配，就类似我们根据语法正确地组成一个句子。一句中国古诗，例如“僧敲月下门”，它的构成也要涉及类似的选择和组合的行为。首先：诗人要从一系列具有同样语法功能(名词)，和属于同一语义域的词汇(如和尚、僧、道、尼等)中选出“僧”这个词，然后从意义接近的系列动词，如“敲”“打”“拍”“推”中选出“敲”这个动词，最后再从另一系列名词，如“扉”、“门”“闼”等中选出“门”这个词，然后将这些个别的词汇单位根据中文的语法规则组合起来，例如我们不能说，“门敲月下僧”，就如我们不能把裤子笼到身上，衣服套在腿上一样，如果这样作，就违反了语言和服装的惯例。 与选择相关的是相似性，它们暗含着某种替换的可能，(衬衫替换T恤，“推”替换“敲”)，选择的过程产生隐喻，因为隐喻的基础使是某种植根于相似性的替换。诗云“桃之夭夭，其灼华华，之子于归，宜其室家”，盛开的桃花与容光焕发的新嫁娘之间存在某种相似性，二者才能构成一种隐喻，换言之，一种替换。 隐喻是以人们在实实在在的主体(新嫁娘)和它的比喻式的代用 词(桃花)之间发现的相似性为基础的，而转喻则以主体与它邻近的代用词之间的接近或相继的联想为基础。如转喻“北京提出了一项新的建议”，便是以主体(中国政府)和它“邻近”的代用词(政府所在地)之间的接近联想为基础的。转喻与举隅法有空切关系，如“记得绿萝裙，处处怜芳草”句中的绿萝裙，便是诗人心爱的姑娘的举偶的描写，这种举隅法依赖的也是接近联想。
Ron 笔记 1、平行 first two both 2 are correct ＊the parallel structures are indicated by “parallel tags” Most fossils of species X were found in Tennessee or Kentucky Most fossils of species x were found in T or in K. FOLLOW the tags are included. *proceed from RIGHT to LEFT in your analysis Look at the words following the tag
tags: the list of 3 or more items, the COMMAS and the “AND” are tags!! Focus on the sentence ” ITS ”
USAGE OF “COMPARED TO/WITH” with statistics/quantities: *DO NOT include any other words of comparison “28 percent of American husbands were married to wives with more years of schooling, compared to 6 percent in 1971.” NO additional word re: ” more “ “ less” ”N times” etc
《数理统计》 课程设计 题目：用M-C 方法求积分1 () f x dx ? 【题目要求：f（x)自定，n≥500,考虑n对结果的影响，即做多组n下的模拟值，并作模拟值与n的散点图，同时比较模拟值与真实值的差异，散点图表示。并做差异值序列的描述性统计（均值、方差、标准差、峰度系数、偏度系数、众数、中位数、四分位数等）。积分区间可根据需要调整。】 学院：数学学院 专业班级：应用数学09-2班 姓名：李明 学号： 20096312 指导教师：谭常春 2012.6.20
一、M-C方法概述 M-C方法即蒙特卡洛方法，或称计算机随机模拟方法，是一种基于“随机数”的计算方法。这一方法源于美国在第二次世界大战中研制原子弹的“曼哈顿计划”。该计划的主持人之一、数学家冯·诺伊曼用驰名世界的赌城—摩纳哥的Monte Carlo来命名这种方法，为它蒙上了一层神秘色彩。 该方法基本思想很早以前就被人们所发现和利用。17世纪，人们就知道用事件发生的“频率”来决定事件的“概率”。19世纪人们用投针试验的方法来决定π。高速计算机的出现，使得用数学方法在计算机上大量模拟这样的试验成为可能。其实质是通过大量随机试验，利用概率论解决问题的一种数值方法，基本思想是基于概率和体积间的相似。 Monte Carlo方法计算结果收敛的理论依据来自于大数定律，且结果渐进地服从正态分布的理论依据是中心极限定理。以上两个属性都是渐进性质，要进行很多次抽样，此属性才会比较好地显示出来，如果Monte Carlo计算结果的某些高阶距存在，即使抽样数量不太多，这些渐进属性也可以很快地达到。 二、M-C方法与数值积分 用数值积分方法计算积分，如 2 1() x x f x dx ?，如果我们能够得到f(x)的原函数F(x)，那么直接由表达式: F(x2)-F(x1)可以得到该定积分的值。但是，很多情况下，由于f(x)太复杂，无法计算得到原函数F(x)的显式解，这时我们就只能用数值积分的办法。数值积分的基本原理是在自变量x的区间上取多个离散的点，用单个点的值来代替该小段上函数f(x)值。 常规的数值积分方法是在分段之后，将所有的矩形小块的面积全部加起来，用这个面积来近似函数f(x)与x轴围成的面积。这样做当然是不精确的，但是随着分段数量增加，误差将减小，近似面积将逐渐逼近真实的面积。 Monte Carlo方法和上述类似。差别在于，Monte Carlo方法中，我们不需要将所有方柱的面积相加，而只需要随机地抽取一些函数值，将他们的面积累加后计算平均值就够了。随着抽取点增加，近似面积也将逼近真实面积。 三、M-C方法的形式与一般步骤 做Monte Carlo时，求解积分的一般形式是： 2 1()() x x f x x d ψ ?；x为自变量，它应该是随机的，定义域为(x1, x2)，f(x)为被积函数，ψ(x)是x的概率密度。 Monte Carlo方法分为一下四个个步骤：
曼哈顿FoV. CR笔记 目录 1.All about the Argument (1) Sound argument vs. valid argument (1) On the GMAT (2) The arguer’s job and your job (2) List of the twelve flaws (2) Details of the twelve flaws (3) A. Unjustified Assumptions (3) B. Causation Errors (4) C. Comparison Errors (5) D. Math Errors (6) E. Communication Errors (7) Find the gaps in arguments (7) 2.Decoding the Question Stem and Stratege (8) 1. All about the Argument Sound argument vs.valid argument Every complete argument has two components written down on paper: ? Premises—supporting statements ? Conclusion— the main point or biggest claim of the argument A sound argument is successful on every level: the premises are true, and the conclusion logically follows from the premises. When a conclusion follows logically from true premises, that conclusion is therefore true. A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises—but the premises may or may not be true. In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the conclusion will also be true. In a good, valid argument, the premises lead to the conclusion in a direct way. They provide enough evidence to guarantee the truth of the conclusion (which is occasionally implied rather than stated explicitly).
Chapter 3: 主谓一致 注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合 Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. 主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合 Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读) 没有必要的句子成分尽量少读 介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分 善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数 The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart. And和additive phases （注意mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus都是单数的形式） Media是medium的复数形式。 Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数） 集体名词 People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture. 用单数 Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy. 不定代词 SANAM：some, any, none, all, more/most 这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数 Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son. Not one of my friends is here this weekend. Every and each Every dog has paws. Every dog and cat has paws.
OCEAN的语法知识点总结 By Roxas605（ChaseDream）资料来源：OG12、OG12-verbal、OG10、Prep07、Prep08、GWD、Manhattan 一、独立主格 总结：独立主格只做状语，放在句首或句尾，表示伴随原因、条件、状态、目的、时间、补充说明等 ●独立主格三种形式： 1)一般形式：n.+n.，n.+V-ed/v-ing，n.+介词短语/形容词短语 独立部分与主句部分无太多关联 2)with形式：with+宾语+宾补，如：with+n.+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语 与主句主语有紧密的逻辑关系 3)each形式：each+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语；each+n.+介词短语 必须前面有复数名词 *：with型独立主格在GMAT中常常被判累赘 ●另外，存在一种with+n.+/with+n.+定语从句,可以看做概括性同位语 分析：放在句首，一定修饰主语，放在句尾既可以修饰主语也可以修饰谓语 二、同位语 总结：类似定语，修饰名词或者名词短语、代词（不是核心词指代） 1)名词性同位语：名词解释名词。（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词） i.N., n.; ii.n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.; iii.the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构） 2)内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句 that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样) 3)概括性同位语：短语/句子，n. + that / doing / done... （+doing、done形式和独立主格相同） 用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象： ※同位语和独立主格的区别： 1. 同位语修饰名词，独立主格修饰句子 2.同位语表示前面名词的具体内容和特征，而独立主格是一种伴随状态，描述与伴随分局同步发生的事情（原因、条件）
GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)
目录 Subject-verb agreement (7) Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist (7) Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together (8) Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number (9) Additive phrases (9) Or, either…or, neither…nor: nearest . 9 Collective nouns: almost always singular (9) Indefinite pronouns: usually singular.9 SANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most; (9) Each and every (9) Quantity words and phrases (9) Subject phrases and clauses: always singular (10) Parallelism (10) Parallel markers (10) Parallel elements (11) You can split apart the expressions:.. 12 Parallel clauses should start with the same word (12) Lists with AND (13) Idioms with parallel structure (13) Superficial parallelism vs. actual parallelism (13) Watch out for linking verbs (14)
GMAT语法笔记 May 18, 2013 综述 Gmat语法在verbal中是最重要的部分，16/41。是最严格的美式书面英文。做题时间1:10/Q 规律性强 比如：maybe一定错，一般改为probably , perhaps。因为maybe是口语词，但是may be不一定错，may be 不是口语词。 句式复杂，难句多，考法新 是最严格的美式书面英文 Eg. 1）表“建议”suggest that S（subject,主语）should V-原型 这是虚拟语气的句型 表“建议”或“命令”的词（suggest, order, demand, mandate, require, insist, dictate, propose, recommend, stipulate）后，跟的从句should+V-原型，should必须省! 【注】suggest表“暗示”的时候，不是虚拟语气 2）team, family, group, army等这些词全部是单数，用is。 99%的名词只要加了s就是可数名词，少数1%如某种疾病diabetes:糖尿病。 3）定语从句that可以指人，也可以指物，但是Gmat考试中that只可以指物，不能指人，因为人要用who。 五种简单句 1）SV 主语+动词 2）SCP 主系表 3）SVO 主谓宾 4）SVOO 主谓双宾 Eg. Tom gave Jerry a book. Tom advises Jerry that the movie (should) start early. 错！ 没有advice sb that, 只有tell, persuade, convince,这三个词可以+ sb that SVO(SVO表从句)，其他的单词均不能用+sb that的结构，同时这三个单词不能直接+that,且这三个词可以用自己的固定搭配Eg. Persuade sb to do sth或persuade sb into doing. 5）SVOC 主谓宾宾补 Eg.We call him Tom I think I love you. 错！that宾语从句的that在句中不能省略，但是是相对错，因为一般 say that中的that都省略。 LIKE
锦州市店名、街（路）牌中文用字、外文译写情况调查 ——基于2013中国锦州世园会语言文字规范标准研制的调查 从街牌名看语言学 摘要：语言遍布于世界，有人烟的地方就有语言的存在，人们靠他来传递信息、抒发感情。语言学也随着语言的传播遍布于我们的生活之中，随着人们的交谈，文字的书写而不断发展壮大。语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具，人们通过语言交流和沟通。为了应对2013年锦州世园会的开展，我和同学对锦州市街牌名和店牌名进行了调查和研究。语言具有人文性，在作为交际工具和思维工具的同时，也是人类文化的重要组成部分，是人类文化的主要载体，从调查到的街牌名可以看出，很多街牌名都具有文学性，看起来很舒服，有一些用的都是成语和一些优美的典故。文中还分析了街牌名的结构和蕴含在其中的语言学知识，语言的功能和本质，以及具体从锦州市街牌名中分析出来的各种语言学理论知识。 关键词：语言的功能语言的本质街牌名语言规划 法国著名作家莫里哀曾经说过：“语言是赐予人类表达思想的工
具。”的确，语言出现在社会上的任何角落，人们用语言来抒发自己的情感，快乐时和他人分享快乐，忧伤时和他人一起分担痛苦，这都离不开语言。语言不是单一表达的，人们用说话来表达语言，用文字来表达语言，不会说话的人也可以用文字来表达，即使不会写字也可以用肢体语言来表达。像这次对街牌名进行的调查与研究，就是由店牌、街路牌和广告牌上的文字所表达出来的语言。 2011年11月的一个礼拜天，我和同寝室的同学约好一起去调查记录一下我们班的街路牌名和店牌名包括桥上或者公寓围栏上的广告牌。我们班的调查范围是在环路与科技路之间，南桥以西的距离。我们从早上9点开始出发，直到下午5点回来，我们两个以左右分工，走同一条街，我记左面的部分，她记右面的部分我们走了很多弯路，有的路一面全是墙，没有店铺。另外，还有像是“复印打字”、“中国福利彩票”等等的几乎每条街都会有的店铺我们就都省略不记了。中午挑了半天，决定在“美国加州牛肉面大王”家吃了中午饭，下午又逛了半天，最后，我们每个人抄写了50个左右，回寝室后又抄写了对方的店牌名，对店牌名的调查就这样结束了。当天我们都很累，就决定改天再去图书馆查写论文所需要的资料。于是定好了周四下午没有课去图书馆借书，这样，写这篇文章的所有准备工作就都做好了。 首先，不得不说的是那个“美国加州牛肉面大王”，《现代语言学引论》中说：“人们对语言的使用，至少包括三个方面的内容：一是说话（或
Manhattan CR 笔记 第一章：argument structure （1）前提+ （假设）= 结论 前提是明确说明了的，支持后面结论的，可能是事实，观点，或者主张。 如果前提是观点和主张，那必须不是全文作者的观点。而是中间的部分，用来支持总结论。 假设是没有明确说明的，但是又是必须存在的（用来推导结论）【假设绝不会在文中出现】（也许会在问题或选项中出现？） （2）识别题干的部分。 结论：A.结论出现在问题中 B.文中的问题隐藏了结论（还是在结论中，可能不明显） C.文中出现了明显结论 D.结论在答案中（如归纳题） 识别结论方法二（不常用） 第一步：在文中选出以下几类 A.文中将来时态的选项 B.主观意愿（proposal，plan 等） C.因果关系 如果只有一个，就是结论。如果多于一个，进入下面 第二步：用therefore检验，看到底是谁导致了谁？X lead to Y 第二章：图解法（可忽略） T型图 最上面是公式 左支持右反对 最下面是BG 或者assumption （以上各种因素允许缺失，尽量填，最后结合具体问题利用） 第三章：总体战略 1.题型 （4类主要题型） 找假设，归纳结论，加强，削弱 （7个小题型） 解释一个事件或矛盾，分析题干结构，评价结论，解决问题，提供例子，重述结论，模仿（类比） （except题） 注意，except不是找相反的选项，比如weaken的相反不一定是support，也可能是中立或者无关（超出讨论范围） （填空题） 就是前面几个题型的变体 2.在前提和结论中，注意范围词，极端词， 3.做题步骤：先排除明显错误选项，注意极端词和范围词。
Manhattan语法（第五版）中文笔记 －by equalgirl 目录 一总原则 二意思与简洁 三主语与谓语(主谓一致) 四平行 五代词 六修饰语 七动词（时态，语气，主被动） 八比较 九习语 十简洁＋平行（高阶） 十一代词＋修饰语（高阶） 十二动词＋比较（高阶） 附：固定搭配词组 一、SC 的做题方法与原则 1．不是找对的，而是选最好的。 2．方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根 据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。要点：读句子，懂意思，找出划线与未划线的关系。看选项，先找出不同，肯定多于2处。从最好入手的比较开始排除，优先主谓一致，单复数，平行，代词，时态。最后代入句子检查尤其注意划线与未划线是否一致。要最快速的排除并选出答案，而不要纠结于每个错误。 3．做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情况下，句子 中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。 4．GMC 原则(grammar, meaning and concision):主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法 二、意思与句子简洁(GMC原则语法，语义，简洁) GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为： STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误（习惯说法不一定正确） STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确（不会读2遍以上才明白也不会产生歧义）
STEP 3、是否简洁（能用6个词不要用10个词） （一）意思 1．正确用词 ①Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的 ②Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的 ③Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…；known for ④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值 ⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权 ⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于 ⑦Range of –多种的； ranging-变化 ⑧ Rate of –速度或频率； rates for –价格… ⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向⑩Such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like） ⑾Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做 ⑿ impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫 2．情态动词 （1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。 Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics. Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics. （2）当原句意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。 EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思，所以1，原句没有should不要乱加 2，原句是likely，不能替换成should 3,法律法规只能用must，不能用should 替换 3．词在句中的位置 （1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。 EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays. （2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。（3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。 定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。 4．搭配 句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。句子中，主语，谓语，代词要一致 （二）简洁 1．简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言 之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。2．GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，（否定词除外） EG: differ好于have difference in