Chapter 3
1．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ．Graph out the production possibilities frontier:
b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?
5.1=Lb
La a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be?
In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are
determined by the attempts of individuals to
maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a =
2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a
labor force of 800. Foreign ’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1.
a ．Graph Foreign ’s production possibilities frontier:
b ．
3．Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples/demand for bananas = price of bananas/price of apples.
a ．Graph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve:
a b b a /P P /D D =
∵When the market achieves its equilibrium, we have 1b a )(D D -**=++=b
a b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD is a hyperbola x
y 1=
b ．What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?
The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RS
curves.
RD: y
x 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5
.1],5.0(5.0)5.0,0[=∈=??
???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x
∴25.0==y x
∴2/=b P a P e e
c ．Describe the pattern of trade.
∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**
∴In this two-country world, Home will specialize in the apple production, export apples and import bananas. Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples.
d ．
Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trade.
International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the colored
lines, which lie outside the countries ’ production possibility frontiers. And the indirect method, specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country, is a more efficient method than direct production. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. So both Home and Foreign gain from trade.
4．Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Home had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case? RD: y
x 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5
.1],1(1)1,0[=∈=??
???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x
∴5.132
==y x
∴5.1/=b P a P e e
In this case, Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples. But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time. And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same. So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade.
5．Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as production in both industries as we have been assuming, Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?
In this case, the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved, so the ＂effective labor＂remains the same. So the answer is similar to that in 3. And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade. But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case 4.
6．”Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. Y ou can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” Discuss.
In fact, relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand for goods. Korea’s low wage reflects the fact that Korea is less productive than the United States in most industries. Actually, trade with a less productive, low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity, such as United States. So
this pauper labor argument is wrong.
7．Japanese labor productivity is roughly the same as that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States, is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are non-traded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?
The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries. So there are four aspects should be taken into account before we reach conclusion: both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U.S., not just the two service sectors. So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic. 8．Anyone who has visited Japan knows it is an incredibly expensive place; although Japanese workers earn about the same as their U.S. counterparts, the purchasing power of their incomes is about one-third less. Extend your discussing from question 7 to explain this observation. (Hint: Think about wages and the implied prices of non-trade goods.) The relative higher purchasing power of U.S. is sustained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services. Because most of those services are non-traded, Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs. And U.S. does not have to face a lower international price of services. So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one-third of their U.S. counterparts.
9．How does the fact that many goods are non-traded affect the extent of possible gains from trade?
Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non-traded goods. The gains will increase as the proportion of non-traded goods decrease.
10．We have focused on the case of trade involving only two countries. Suppose that there are many countries capable of producing two goods, and that each country has only one factor of production, labor. What could we say about the pattern of production and in this case? (Hint: Try constructing the world relative supply curve.)
Any countries to the left of the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which they have a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection. If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods.
Chapter 4
1． In the United States where land is cheap, the ratio of land to labor used in cattle rising is
higher than that of land used in wheat growing. But in more crowded countries, where land is expensive and labor is cheap, it is common to raise cows by using less land and more labor than Americans use to grow wheat. Can we still say that raising cattle is land intensive compared with farming wheat? Why or why not?
The definition of cattle growing as land intensive depends on the ratio of land to labor used in
production, not on the ratio of land or labor to output. The ratio of land to labor in cattle exceeds the ratio in wheat in the United States, implying cattle is land intensive in the United States. Cattle is land intensive in other countries too if the ratio of land to labor in cattle production exceeds the ratio in wheat production in that country. The comparison between another country and the United States is less relevant for answering the question.
2． Suppose that at current factor prices cloth is produced using 20 hours of labor for each
acre of land, and food is produced using only 5 hours of labor per acre of land.
a. Suppose that the economy ’s total resources are 600 hours of labor and 60 acres of
land. Using a diagram determine the allocation of resources.
5T F LF /T F LF /QF)(T F / /QF)(LF aT F / aLF 20T C LC /T C LC /QC)(T C / /QC)(LC aT C / aLC =?===?==
We can solve this algebraically since L=LC+LF=600 and T=TC+TF=60. The solution is LC=400, TC=20, LF=200 and TF=40.
b. Now suppose that the labor supply increase first to 800, then 1000, then 1200 hours.
Using a diagram like Figure4-6, trace out the changing allocation of resources. Labor Land Cloth
Food
LC LF TC
TF
t o n ).
s p e c i a l i z a (c o m p l e t e 0.LF 0,T F 1200,LC 60,T C :1200L 66.67LF 13.33,T F 933.33,LC 46.67,T C :1000L 133.33
LF 26.67,T F 666.67,LC 33.33,T C :800L ===============
c. What would happen if the labor supply were to increase even further?
At constant factor prices, some labor would be unused, so factor prices would have to change, or there would be unemployment.
3. “The world ’s poorest countries cannot find anything to export. There is no resource that
is abundant — certainly not capital or land, and in small poor nations not even labor is abundant.” Discuss.
The gains from trade depend on comparative rather than absolute advantage. As to poor countries, what matters is not the absolute abundance of factors, but their relative abundance. Poor countries have an abundance of labor relative to capital when compared to more developed countries.
4. The U.S. labor movement — which mostly represents blue-collar workers rather than
professionals and highly educated workers — has traditionally favored limits on imports form less-affluent countries. Is this a shortsighted policy of a rational one in view of the interests of union members? How does the answer depend on the model of trade?
In the Ricardo ’s model, labor gains from trade through an increase in its purchasing power. This result does not support labor union demands for limits on imports from less affluent countries.
In the Immobile Factors model labor may gain or lose from trade. Purchasing power in terms of one good will rise, but in terms of the other good it will decline.
The Heckscher-Ohlin model directly discusses distribution by considering the effects of trade on the owners of factors of production. In the context of this model, unskilled U.S. labor loses from trade since this group represents the relatively scarce factors in this country. The results from the Heckscher-Ohlin model support labor union demands for import limits.
5. There is substantial inequality of wage levels between regions within the United States. Labor Land Cloth
Food
0l 800 0l 1000 0l 1200
For example, wages of manufacturing workers in equivalent jobs are about 20 percent lower in the Southeast than they are in the Far West. Which of the explanations of failure of factor price equalization might account for this? How is this case different from the divergence of wages between the United States and Mexico (which is geographically closer to both the U.S. Southeast and the Far West than the Southeast and Far West are to each other)?
When we employ factor price equalization, we should pay attention to its conditions: both countries/regions produce both goods; both countries have the same technology of production, and the absence of barriers to trade. Inequality of wage levels between regions within the United States may caused by some or all of these reasons.
Actually, the barriers to trade always exist in the real world due to transportation costs. And the trade between U.S. and Mexico, by contrast, is subject to legal limits; together with cultural differences that inhibit the flow of technology, this may explain why the difference in wage rates is so much larger.
6.Explain why the Leontief paradox and the more recent Bowen, Leamer, and
Sveikauskas results reported in the text contradict the factor-proportions theory.
The factor proportions theory states that countries export those goods whose production is intensive in factors with which they are abundantly endowed. One would expect the United States, which has a high capital/labor ratio relative to the rest of the world, to export capital-intensive goods if the Heckscher-Ohlin theory holds. Leontief found that the United States exported labor-intensive goods. Bowen, Leamer and Sveikauskas found that the correlation between factor endowment and trade patterns is weak for the world as a whole.
The data do not support the predictions of the theory that countries' exports and imports reflect the relative endowments of factors.
7.In the discussion of empirical results on the Heckscher-Ohlin model, we noted that
recent work suggests that the efficiency of factors of production seems to differ internationally. Explain how this would affect the concept of factor price equalization.
If the efficiency of the factors of production differs internationally, the lessons of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory would be applied to “effective factors” which adjust for the differences in technology or worker skills or land quality (for example). The adjusted model has been found to be more successful than the unadjusted model at explaining the pattern of trade between countries. Factor-price equalization concepts would apply to the effective factors. A worker with more skills or in a country with better technology could be considered to be equal to two workers in another country. Thus, the single person would be two effective units of labor. Thus, the one high-skilled worker could earn twice what lower skilled workers do and the price of one effective unit of labor would still be equalized.
chapter 8
1. The import demand equation, MD, is found by subtracting the home supply equation from the home demand equation. This results in MD = 80 - 40 x P. Without trade, domestic prices and quantities adjust such that import demand is zero. Thus, the price in the absence of trade is
2.
2. a. Foreign's export supply curve, XS, is XS = -40 + 40 x P. In the absence of trade, the price is 1.
b. When trade occurs export supply is equal to import demand, XS = MD. Thus, using the
equations from problems 1 and 2a, P = 1.50, and the volume of trade is 20.
3. a. The new MD curve is 80 - 40 x (P+t) where t is the specific tariff rate, equal to 0.5. (Note: in solving these problems you should be careful about whether a specific tariff or ad valorem tariff is imposed. With an ad valorem tariff, the MD equation would be expressed as MD =80-40 x (1+t)P). The equation for the export supply curve by the foreign country is unchanged. Solving, we find that the world price is $1.25, and thus the internal price at home is $1.75. The volume of trade has been reduced to 10, and the total demand for wheat at home has fallen to 65 (from the free trade level of 70). The total demand for wheat in Foreign has gone up from 50 to 55.
b. and
c. The welfare of the home country is best studied using the combined numerical and
graphical solutions presented below in Figure 8-1.
P T =1.75
50556070Quantity
Price P W =1.50
P T*=1.25
where the areas in the figure are:
a: 55(1.75-1.50) -.5(55-50)(1.75-1.50)=13.125
b: .5(55-50)(1.75-1.50)=0.625
c: (65-55)(1.75-1.50)=2.50
d: .5(70-65)(1.75-1.50)=0.625
e: (65-55)(1.50-1.25)=2.50
Consumer surplus change: -(a+b+c+d)=-16.875. Producer surplus change: a=13.125. Government revenue change: c+e=5. Efficiency losses b+d are exceeded by terms of trade gain e. [Note: in the calculations for the a, b, and d areas a figure of .5 shows up. This is because we are measuring the area of a triangle, which is one-half of the area of the rectangle defined by the product of the horizontal and vertical sides.]
4. Using the same solution methodology as in problem 3, when the home country is very small relative to the foreign country, its effects on the terms of trade are expected to be much less. The small country is much more likely to be hurt by its imposition of a tariff. Indeed, this intuition is shown in this problem. The free trade equilibrium is now at the price $1.09 and the trade volume is now $36.40.
With the imposition of a tariff of 0.5 by Home, the new world price is $1.045, the internal home price is $1.545, home demand is 69.10 units, home supply is 50.90 and the volume of trade is 18.20. When Home is relatively small, the effect of a tariff on world price is smaller than when Home is relatively large. When Foreign and Home were closer in size, a tariff of .5 by home lowered world price by 25 percent, whereas in this case the same tariff lowers world price by
about 5 percent. The internal Home price is now closer to the free trade price plus t than when Home was relatively large. In this case, the government revenues from the tariff equal 9.10, the consumer surplus loss is 33.51, and the producer surplus gain is 21.089. The distortionary losses associated with the tariff (areas b+d) sum to 4.14 and the terms of trade gain (e) is 0.819. Clearly, in this small country example the distortionary losses from the tariff swamp the terms of trade gains. The general lesson is the smaller the economy, the larger the losses from a tariff since the terms of trade gains are smaller.
5. The effective rate of protection takes into consideration the costs of imported intermediate goods. In this example, half of the cost of an aircraft represents components purchased from other countries. Without the subsidy the aircraft would cost $60 million. The European value added to the aircraft is $30 million. The subsidy cuts the cost of the value added to purchasers of the airplane to $20 million. Thus, the effective rate of protection is (30 - 20)/20 = 50%.
6. We first use the foreign export supply and domestic import demand curves to determine the new world price. The foreign supply of exports curve, with a foreign subsidy of 50 percent per unit, becomes XS= -40 + 40(1+0.5) x P. The equilibrium world price is 1.2 and the internal foreign price is 1.8. The volume of trade is 32. The foreign demand and supply curves are used to determine the costs and benefits of the subsidy. Construct a diagram similar to that in the text and calculate the area of the various polygons. The government must provide (1.8 - 1.2) x 32 = 19.2 units of output to support the subsidy. Foreign producers surplus rises due to the subsidy by the amount of 15.3 units of output. Foreign consumers surplus falls due to the higher price by
7.5 units of the good. Thus, the net loss to Foreign due to the subsidy is 7.5 + 19.2 - 15.3 = 11.4 units of output. Home consumers and producers face an internal price of 1.2 as a result of the subsidy. Home consumers surplus rises by 70 x .3 + .5 (6x.3) = 21.9 while Home producers surplus falls by 44 x .3 + .5(6 x .3) = 14.1, for a net gain of 7.8 units of output.
7. At a price of $10 per bag of peanuts, Acirema imports 200 bags of peanuts. A quota limiting the import of peanuts to 50 bags has the following effects:
a. The price of peanuts rises to $20 per bag.
b. The quota rents are ($20 - $10) x 50 = $500.
c. The consumption distortion loss is .5 x 100 bags x $10 per bag = $500.
x50 bags x$10 per bag = $250.
International Economics, 8e (Krugman) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is International Economics About? 1) Historians of economic thought often describe ________ written by ________ and published in ________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. A) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1776 B) "Wealth of Nations," David Hume, 1758 C) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1758 D) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1776 E) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1758 Answer: E Question Status: Previous Edition 2) From 1959 to 2004, A) the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. B) U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. C) the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. D) U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. E) U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C Question Status: Previous Edition 3) The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country. B) the United States is a "Superpower." C) the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Question Status: Previous Edition 4) Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are A) not relevant to current policy analysis. B) are only of moderate relevance in today's modern international economy. C) are highly relevant in today's modern international economy. D) are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. E) are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C Question Status: Previous Edition 5) An important insight of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other it A) is always beneficial to both countries. B) is usually beneficial to both countries. C) is typically beneficial only to the low wage trade partner country. D) is typically harmful to the technologically lagging country. E) tends to create unemployment in both countries. Answer: B Question Status: Previous Edition
第1篇国际贸易理论 第2章世界贸易概览 2.1复习笔记 1．经济规模与进出口总额之间的关系 （1）规模问题：引力模型 现实证明一国的经济规模与其进出口总额息息相关。把整个世界贸易看成整体，可利用引力模型（gravity model）来预测任意两国之间的贸易规模。引力模型方程式如下： 其中， T是i国与j国的贸易额，A为常量，i Y是i国的国内生产总值，j Y是j国的国 ij 内生产总值， D是两国的距离。引力模型方程式表明：其他条件不变的情况下，两国间的 ij 贸易规模与两国的GDP成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。 （2）引力模型的内在逻辑 引力模型之所以能较好地拟合两国之间的实际贸易现状，其原因在于：大的经济体收入高，因而大量进口产品；大的经济体能生产更多品种的系列产品，因而更能满足其他国家的需求，进而大量出口产品。在两国贸易中，任一方的经济规模越大，则双方的贸易量就越大。 （3）引力模型的应用：寻找反例 当两国之间的贸易量与依照引力模型计算得出的结果相差较大时，就需要从其他因素进行分析，如文化的亲和性、地理位置、运输成本等因素。事实上，这也是引力模型的重要用
途之一，即有助于明确国际贸易中的异常现象。 （4）贸易障碍：距离、壁垒和疆界 距离、壁垒和疆界对国际贸易有负面作用，会使得两国之间的贸易额大大小于根据引力模型所计算出的结果。另外，在各国GDP和距离给定的情况下，有效贸易协定（trade agreement）比无效的贸易协定更能显著增加成员国的贸易量，这也是美国与其邻国的贸易量明显大于其和相同大小的欧盟的贸易量的原因之一。 2．正在演变的世界贸易模式 （1）世界变小了吗？ 人们认为，现代化的运输和通讯可以超越空间距离的束缚，世界因此成了小“村落”。事实的确如此。但是，有时候政治的力量可以超过技术进步的作用，两次世界大战、20世纪30年代的大萧条及战后全世界范围内的贸易保护主义等都严重制约着国际贸易的发展，使得国际贸易大幅萎缩，并且用了几十年才得以恢复。 （2）交易内容 从全世界范围来看，工业制成品是主要的交换产品，所占比重最大。矿产品特别是现代世界不可或缺的石油依旧是世界贸易的主要部分。引人注目的是发展中国家已经从初级产品出口国转变为主要的制成品出口国。另外，服务贸易在国际贸易中凸显重要，并且其重要性越来越突出。 （3）服务外包 随着现代信息技术的发展和应用，一种新的贸易形式——服务外包（service outsourcing）随之出现。服务外包也称之为离岸服务，是一种新兴的国际贸易现象，使得曾经必须在一国国内实现的服务现在可以在国外实现。 （4）旧规则依然可行吗？
《国际经济学》课程标准 第一部分前言 课程代码：H0201114 课程名称：国际经济学 标准学时：56 课程类型：理论课 《国际经济学》以经济学的一般理论为基础，研究国际经济活动和国际经济关系，是一般经济理论在国际经济活动范围中的应用与延伸，是经济学体系的有机组成部分。主要研究对象有国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支理论、汇率理论、要素的国际流动、国际投资理论、开放的宏观经济均衡等。它是国家教育部财经类和管理类专业的核心课程之一，与其关系较大的学科和课程有国际贸易、国际金融等。 本课程标准在教学大纲的基础上制订，具体反映了本课程每一章节的知识点和能力要求，贯彻了教学互动教学法，体现出能力与知识并重，学以致用的教学理念。 一、课程的性质与作用 《国际经济学》以国际经济关系为研究对象，它主要探讨各国之间商品、服务的交换和国际间资本、劳动力的流动的动因和影响，以及各种国际交易活动所引起的国际收支问题。在内容体系上，国际经济学包括微观部分和宏观部分，这两大部分在名称上通常又分别被称为国际贸易理论和国际金融理论。 通过本课程的教学，使学生对国际经济学的整体体系有一个明确的把握，并做到理论与实践相结合，提高学生的理论基础和应用能力，培养学生综合分析问题、解决问题的能力。特别是对那些日后将从事对外经济活动的学生，希望通过本课程的教学，能不同程度地提高他们的实际工作能力，为我国对外开放的进一步发展服务。 国际经济学的基本内容包括：国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支理论、汇率理论、要素的国际流动、国际投资理论、开发那个的宏观经济均衡、国际经济一体化与国际经济秩序。
二、课程基本理念 1. 理论联系实际 本课程在教学过程中既注重扎实的理论基础，又强调理论紧密联系实际，这是《国际经济学》课程一贯坚持的教学理念和特色。《国际经济学》不拘泥于国际贸易、国际金融的纯理论分析，而且一直关注国际经济的新现象、新问题，积极探讨国际经济发展的规律和解决问题的对策，特别是要求将西方经济理论与我国对外开放实践相结合。在课堂教学过程中，经常运用中国案例来阐释相关理论，如人民币汇率变动、亚洲金融危机对中国对外贸易的影响、中美贸易摩擦、中国与世界贸易组织的关系等，这些案例使得《国际经济学》课程具有更强的活力。 2．尊重个体差异，注重过程评价，促进学生发展 本课程在教学过程中，倡导自主学习，启发学生积极思考、分析，鼓励多元思维方式，并将其表达出来，尊重个体差异；建立能激励学生学习兴趣和自主学习能力发展的评价体系。该体系由形成性评价和终结性评价构成。在教学过程中应以形成性评价为主，注重培养和激发学生的学习积极性和自信心。终结性评价应注重检测学生的知识应用能力。评价要有利于促进学生的知识应用能力和健康人格的发展。建立以过程培养促进个体发展，以学生可持续发展能力评价教学过程的双向促进机制，以激发兴趣、发展心智和提高素质为基本理念。 三、课程的设计思路 1. 完善体系，使结构更完整，表述更明确 本课程标准主要由以下几个部分组成：前言、课程目标、内容标准、实施建议等。它们分别阐述该门课程改革的背景、课程性质、课程的基本理念和课程标注的设计思路;课程的总目标与阶段目标；内容说明和内容标准；教学建议、评价建议、课程资源的开发与利用、建材编写建议。 2. 设计依据与原则 本课程标准的总体设计依据：紧紧围绕完成工作任务的需要来选择课程内容；以学生求知需求为导向，改变“以本为本”的教学现象，以“现实经济案例”为主线，创设工作情景，培养学生的实践能力；同时，注重教学内容的学术性、前沿性和探究性，注重培养学生学术兴趣和科学精神；注重教学内容的适用性，将理论与实践联系起来，提高学生的职业技能水平。 本课程标准应以国际贸易专业学生的就业为导向，根据行业专家对经管类专业所涵盖的岗位群进行的任务与职业能力分析，以本专业共同具备的岗位能力为依据，遵
第一章绪论 二、单项选择题 1、国际经济学的研究对象是( ) A、商品和要素在国际间的流动 B、 汇率决定 C、国际收支平衡 D、 世界范围内的稀缺资源配置 2、国际经济学理论体系发展阶段不包括( ) A.重商主义 B.古典的自由贸易论及其自由贸易的政策 C.现代国际经济理论 D.重农主义 3、国际经济学在研究资源配置时，作为划分界限的基本经济单位是( ) A.企业 B.个人 C.政府 D.国家4、生产者剩余是指( ) A. 供给曲线以下，价格曲线以上和纵轴围成部分 B. 供给曲线以下，价格曲线以下和纵轴围成部分 C. 供给曲线以上，价格曲线以上和纵轴围成部分 D. 供给曲线以上，价格曲线以下和纵轴围成部分5.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，作为划分界限的基本经济单位是( ) A.企业 B.个人 C.政府 D.国家 第二章古典的国际贸易理论 二、单项选择题 1、在绝对成本说和相对成本说中，机会成本( ) A、不变B、递增C、为零D、递减 2、关于国际贸易中的国际交换比价和国际贸易利益，下列说法不正确的有( ) A、只要国际交换比价处在开放前两国国内交换比 价之间，则国际贸易就可能进行 B、只要国际交换比价处在开放前两国国内交换比 价之间，则国际贸易对两个国家都有好C、只要国际交换比价处在开放前两国国内交换比 价之间，则国际贸易给两个国家带来的好处就相等 D、只要国际交换比价处在开放前两国国内交换比
价之间，则国际贸易就可增加世界总福利3、下列哪个理论不是建立在比较利益的思想基础之上的( ) A、亚当斯密的绝对优势理论 B、大卫李嘉图的比较优势理论 C、赫克歇尔俄林的要素禀赋理论 D、用规模经济来解释贸易原因的新贸易理论4、“两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻”是对比较利益理论的高度概括，这一理论是由经济学家( )提出的。 A、亚当?斯密 B、赫克歇尔和俄林 C、大卫?李嘉图 D、大卫?休谟5、属于“贸易三角”构成部分的几何图形是( ) A.国际比价线B.提供曲线C.生产可能性边界D.相互需求曲线6、在绝对成本说与相对成本说中，机会成本分别是( ) A递增、递增B不变、不变C递减、递增D递增、递减7、在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际 比价( ) A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上 B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下 C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间 D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同8、相对技术差异论的提出者是( ) A、斯密 B、李嘉图 C、奥林 D、魁奈9、比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( ) A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.生产要素成本的差异 10、绝对技术差异论的提出者是( ) A、斯密B.李嘉图C.奥林D.魁奈11、“两害相权取其轻，两利相权取其重”这句话可以直接说明哪种理论的基本思想( ) A. 绝对优势理论B. 相对优势理论C. 要素禀赋理论D. 产品生命周期理论 第三章要素禀赋理论 二、单项选择题 1、根据要素禀赋理论中的有关定理，下列论述不正确的有( ) A、进口关税将提高进口竞争商品密集使用的生产要素的实际报酬 B、进口关税将降低出口部门密集使用的生产要素的实际报酬 C、商品的出口将提高出口部门密集使用的生产要素的实际报酬 D、商品的进口将提高进口竞争商品密集使用的生产要素的实际报酬 2、根据要素价格均等化原理，下列那个不是要素价格均等化的真正原因( ) A、商品价格未实现均等化B、关税、非关税壁垒等障碍C、运输成本的存在
绝对优势：是指以各国生产成本的绝对差异为基础进行的国际专业化分工，并通过自由贸易获得利益的一种国际贸易理论。 李嘉图模型：是一个单一要素模型，劳动是唯一的生产要素，劳动生产率的差异是不同国家各个产业部门之间唯一的不同之处，也是决定国际贸易的唯一因素。李嘉图模型的中心含义是如果每个国家都能够专门生产并出口本国劳动生产率较高的产品，那么他们之间的贸易就会给每个国家带来利益，他的两个核心含义：劳动生产率的差异在国际贸易中占据重要地位和贸易模式取决于比较优势而非绝对优势，至今仍能得到事实支持。 机会成本：是指因一种选择而放弃的最有替换物或失去最好机会的价值，即是指经济决策中影由中选的最优方案负担的，按所放弃的次优方案潜在收益计算的那部分资源损失。 要素比例理论/赫克歇尔俄林理论：是指从资源禀赋角度对国际贸易中的生产成本和价格的差异做出解释的国际贸易理论。其内容是：各国的贸易源于不同国家之间商品的价格存在差异，而价格差异的原因在于不同国家之间的生产成本有高有低，生产成本的高低是因为各国生产要素价格有差别，生产要素价格的差异又与各国生产要素丰裕程度密切相关。生产要素丰裕，其商品价格自认就相对低一些，生产要素稀缺，其价格相对高一些。生产要素丰裕度的差异是国际贸易产生的根本原因。 出口偏向性增长：是指一国的经济增长主要源于出口产品生产能力提高的经济增长方式，表现在生产可能性边界上就是使生产可能性边界扩张偏向出口产品。 福利恶化性增长：是指一国整体福利水平恶化的经济增长方式，是发展中国家的出口偏向型增长在严格假定下可能出现的一种极端情况。一国的出口偏向性增长可能导致该国的贸易条件恶化。因此，如果一国的经济增长方式表现为极强的出口偏向性，那么贸易条件恶化带来的负面影响就会抵消生产力提高带来的正面效应，使得该国整体的福利水平恶化。 出口补贴：是指国家为了降低出口商品的价格，提高其在国际上的竞争力，对出口商品给予的现金或财政上的补贴。 动态收益递增：成本随着累计产量下降而并非随着当前劳动生产率的上升而下降的情形就是动态收益递增 倾销：出口商以低于国内市场价格的价格，甚至以低于成本的价格在国际市场上销售商品的行为。 外部规模经济是指整个行业规模和产量的扩大而使单个企业平均成本下降或收益增加的经济现象。 边际收益：在生产的技术水平和其他投入要素的数量均保持不变情况下，新增加一个单位的某种投入要素所引起的产量的增加量。 幼稚工业论：认为新兴工业在发展初期需要国家提供保护以免在外国强大的竞争下夭折，并随着新兴工业的发展和竞争力的增强而逐步取消贸易保护，为自由贸易的实行创造条件。垄断竞争：介于完全竞争和完全垄断之间的一种市场结构，这种结构下既存在垄断，又存在竞争。 价格歧视：一家企业在销售同样的商品时，对不同的顾客索取不同价格的做法 完全垄断：完全排斥竞争的一种市场结构。 内部规模经济：单个企业生产规模不断扩大时，由其自身内部引起的平均成本不断下降，收益不断增加的经济现象。 相互倾销：不同国家生产同种或类似产品的厂商都对出口产品制定一个低于国内市场价的价格并进行双向贸易的现象。 行业内贸易：在国际贸易活动中，不同国家之间就同一产业的产品所进行的贸易。
第一章绪论 1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。 2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。 3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。 4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。 5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响 A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等 (2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系 (3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业 (4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治 (5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景 第二章比较优势理论 1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强 2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济
中南财经政法大学——学年第—-学期期末考试试卷 国际经济学（闭卷）卷 学院专业年级班级课堂号姓名 （单选，共20题，每题2分） 1, Under Ricardian model, If one country's wage level is very high relative to the other's (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), then ( ) A.it is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable. B.it is not possible that consumers in both countries will enhance their respective welfares through imports. C.it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade. D.it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade. 2, According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which its ( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c121114.html,bor productivity is relatively low. https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c121114.html,bor productivity is relatively high. https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c121114.html,bor mobility is relatively low. https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c121114.html,bor mobility is relatively high. 3, If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries, ( ) A.Australia would export the land-intensive product. B.Belgium would import the capital-intensive product. C.Both countries would export some of each product. D.Trade would not continue since Belgium is a smaller country. 4, Under The Specific Factors model, At the production point the production possibility frontier is tangent to a line whose slope is ( ) A.the price of manufactures. B.the relative wage. C.the real wage. D.the relative price of manufactures. 5, The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following except: A.which country will export which product. ( ) B.which factor of production within each country will gain from trade. C.the volume of trade. D.that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.
国际经济学课程全英文教学 国际经济学(International Economics)是经济学(Economics)在国际领域的拓展。在中国高等院校学科分类中,经济学被分为理论经济学和应用经济学。世界经济属于理论经济学,国际贸易学属于应用经济学。国际经济学没有被单独分类,主要涉及世界经济和国际贸易学两个二级学科。大多数文科院校和一些工科院校都设置国际经济与贸易专业,培养涉外经贸人才。除了国际经贸专业,经济学、金融学、国际商务、商务英语等专业都开设国际经济学这门课程,将它作为专业基础课或专业课程。由于很多课程内容涉及西方理论,为适应新形势,培养既懂专业知识又能熟练运用外语的复合型人才,国际经济学的课堂教学一般采用双语教学甚至全英文教学。其中,全英文教学难度很大,对母语是中文的学生和对教师都是一个挑战。但是,如果教师能够掌握合适的教学方法,并注意处理好若干方面的问题,就能够取得良好教学效果。 一、全英文教学的意义 国际经济学来源于西方,许多英美学者在该领域作出了巨大贡献。如英国人大卫·李嘉图,美国人保罗·萨缪尔森、保罗·克鲁格曼等,许多研究成果都是用英文撰写,如沃西里·里昂惕夫的成果。采用英文教学能够最大限度地挖掘相关论着的内涵,比中文教学更细致地向学生展现国际经济学知识。如“sterilization”一词的含义,许多中文或翻译教材写作“冲销”,少数教材写作“中和”。但中文中,冲销不是常用词汇,中和也不能完全体现它的含义,但可以直接通过该英文单词的构成来判明词义。该词的词根是sterilize(使不起作用),演变为sterilization后,是名词形式的“使不起作用”,这比“冲销”更容易被理解。 全英文讲授国际经济学,不使用任何中文,使学生接受与英美学生相同的教学,能够巩固和提高学生的英语运用能力。学生直接学习英文术语和句子,避免译文的不准确性和不贴切性,有利于学生将来适应全英文环境,便于出国深造和从事对外经贸往来业务。 二、全英文教学和双语教学的差异 双语教学指教学中既使用中文,又使用英文,但是英文和中文的比例没有定论。有的院校采用英文教材,中文授课;有的则采用双语教材,中英文混合授课。教师需要针对学生的接受能力,斟酌该多讲中文还是英文。由于教师要最大限度
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郑州航空工业管理学院2010—2011学年第一学期 课程考试试卷（ A ）卷 课程名称：国际经济学考试形式：闭卷 考核对象（专业或班级）：贸易经济、经济学、国际经济与贸易、金融 学、保险学 学号：姓名： 说明：所有答案请答在规定的答题纸或答题卡上，答在本试卷册上的无效。 一、单项选择题（本题总计20分，每小题1分） 1．李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，（）。 A、贸易导致不完全专业化 B、即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益 C、与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多 D、只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额 2．如果一个劳动力丰富的国家与另一资本丰富的国家进行自由贸易，则（） A、两国工资水平都会相对资本成本上升 B、两国工资水平都会相对资本成本下降 C、前一国家的工资会相对后一国家上升 D、前一国家的工资会相对后一国家下降 3．如果机会成本是递增而不是固定不变的，国际贸易将导致（）。 A、每个国家完全专业化，且生产成本下降 B、每个国家不完全专业化，且出口产品生产成本不变 C、每个国家不完全专业化，且生产出口产品的机会成本上升 D、每个国家不完全专业化，且生产出口产品的机会成本下降 4．（）可用于解释发达国家之间的制成品贸易。 A、比较优势学说 B、要素禀赋理论 C、需求重叠理论 D、绝对优势学说 5．可以解释产业内贸易现象的理论是（）。 A、比较优势学说 B、要素禀赋理论 C、绝对优势学说 D、规模经济理论
Chapter 1 Introduction ?Chapter Organization What Is International Economics About? The Gains from Trade The Pattern of Trade How Much Trade? Balance of Payments Exchange Rate Determination International Policy Coordination The International Capital Market International Economics: Trade and Money ?Chapter Overview The intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports on television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad. The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexican crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. The financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 and spread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. These global linkages have been highlighted yet again with the rapid spread of the financial crisis in the United States to the rest of the world. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings and a rising wave of protectionist rhetoric have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur. ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley
“国际经济学”课程教学大纲 教研室主任：任洲鸿执笔人：梁军 一、课程基本信息 开课单位：经济学院 课程名称：国际经济学 课程编号：202005 英文名称：International Economics 课程类型：专业基础课 总学时：72 理论学时：72 实验学时：0 学分：4 开设专业：经济学 先修课程：无 二、课程任务目标 （一）课程任务 本课程是经济学和国际经济与贸易类专业本科生的专业基础课，在人才培养方案中占有非常重要的地位。学生通过学习该课程，应掌握国际经济学的基本原理，能够分析经济全球化发展中的国际经济关系基本现象，掌握国际经济学研究的基本方法和思路，并为深入学习其它经济学课程打好基础。 （二）课程目标 在学完本课程之后，学生能够： 1.掌握国际经济学的基本知识和基本分析方法。 2.系统理解国际贸易、国际金融和国际投资等国际经济活动的经济学动因与影响，以及各种国际经济政策的经济效应。 3.对当代我国的涉外经济活动的基本内容和发展趋势有全面、系统的了解，并能结合实际分析与应用，为其它相关课程的学习和工作奠定基础。 三、教学内容和要求 第一章国际经济学概述 本章为国际经济学的概述部分，主要介绍国际经济学这门学科的研究对象、国际经济理论的基本发展脉络及本书的基本框架设计。
第一节国际经济学的研究对象与基本特征 第二节国际经济理论的发展脉络 第三节本书的基本框架 1.基本要求 了解国际经济学的相关概念，掌握国际经济理论发展的基本脉络。。 2.本章重点：国际经济学的定义与基本特征。 3.本章难点：国际经济理论的发展脉络及其推动因素。 第二章古典贸易理论 本章在介绍古典贸易理论演变的基础上，重点分析李嘉图的比较优势理论，以及比较优势理论的拓展。 第一节古典贸易理论的演变 第二节李嘉图模型 第三节比较优势理论的拓展 1.基本要求：理解古典贸易理论的各种学说和观点，了解各种学说的不足和贡献，能够科学的对古典贸易理论的各种学说进行比较。 2.本章重点：李嘉图的比较优势理论的基本内容。 3.本章难点：掌握比较优势概念的内涵，运用比较优势理论分析发展中国家的国际贸易活动。 第三章新古典贸易理论 本章重点分析新古典贸易理论的基础——要素禀赋理论，并介绍要素禀赋理论的拓展和验证。 第一节要素禀赋理论 第二节要素禀赋理论的推论与拓展 第三节要素禀赋理论的验证 1.基本要求：了解要素禀赋、要素密集度等概念，掌握要素禀赋理论的基本内容，能够运用要素禀赋理论及其推论分析当前国际贸易现象及其利益所在。 2.本章重点：要素禀赋理论的论述及其拓展理论的主要内容。 3.本章难点：要素禀赋论的核心理论与里昂惕夫之谜的理论解释。 第四章新贸易理论 本章主要介绍新贸易理论的几种重要模型：基于外部规模经济的贸易模型、基于差异产品的产业内贸易模型、基于寡头垄断的产业内贸易模型，着重分析产业内贸易的动因和影响。 第一节基于外部规模经济的贸易理论 第二节基于差异产品的产业内贸易理论
国际经济学考试试题Last revision on 21 December 2020
郑州航空工业管理学院2010—2011学年第一学期 课程考试试卷（ A ）卷 课程名称：国际经济学考试形式：闭卷 考核对象（专业或班级）：贸易经济、经济学、国际经济与贸易、金融 学、保险学 学号：姓名： 说明：所有答案请答在规定的答题纸或答题卡上，答在本试卷册上的无效。 一、单项选择题（本题总计20分，每小题1分） 1．李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，（）。 A、贸易导致不完全专业化 B、即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益 C、与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多 D、只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额 2．如果一个劳动力丰富的国家与另一资本丰富的国家进行自由贸易，则（） A、两国工资水平都会相对资本成本上升 B、两国工资水平都会相对资本成本下降 C、前一国家的工资会相对后一国家上升 D、前一国家的工资会相对后一国家下降 3．如果机会成本是递增而不是固定不变的，国际贸易将导致（）。 A、每个国家完全专业化，且生产成本下降 B、每个国家不完全专业化，且出口产品生产成本不变 C、每个国家不完全专业化，且生产出口产品的机会成本上升 D、每个国家不完全专业化，且生产出口产品的机会成本下降 4．（）可用于解释发达国家之间的制成品贸易。 A、比较优势学说 B、要素禀赋理论 C、需求重叠理论 D、绝对优势学说 5．可以解释产业内贸易现象的理论是（）。 A、比较优势学说 B、要素禀赋理论 C、绝对优势学说 D、规模经济理论
国际经济学双语习题 3 International Economics, 8e (Krugman) Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model 3.1 The Concept of Comparative Advantage 1) Trade between two countries can benefit both countries if A) each country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage. B) each country enjoys superior terms of trade. C) each country has a more elastic demand for the imported goods. D) each country has a more elastic supply for the exported goods. E) Both C and D. Answe r: A
Question Previous Edition Status: 2) In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ________ unit labor requirements one A) two B) three C) four D) five E) Answe D r: Previous Edition Question Status: 3) A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because it is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it A) could alternatively. is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it B) could domestically. is producing exports using fewer labor units. C) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units. D) None of the above. E) B Answe r: Previous Edition Question Status: