1.A Red, Red Rose Robert Burns
1)总分析it is a very popular poem for his beautiful words and sound, using many key poetic devices to describe his eternal and passionate love. He describes his passion and emotion using a lot of imagery, symbolism, rhyme, and repetition which appeals to the senses including the heart 2)Theme: The speaker loves the young lady beyond measure through vivid similes and hyperbolic comparisons.Love:—express speaker's powerful, undying love-is lasting,real,awesomely awesome. Nature: Rocks, seas, sand, roses—many nature.Time: "A Red, Red Rose" has time on its side.
3)Structure: a)Stanza1: compare his sweet heart as a red rose and sweet music.b)Stanza2-3 : swear that he will love her for ever, and assure that he will never change his heart.c)Stanza4: assure his lover that he will leave for a short time but will come back no matter how far it is.
4)Form: Scottish Folklore, short lines, strong rhythm. The first and third lines have 8 syllables and the second and fourth lines have 6 syllable in the first two stanzas and 7 syllables in the second two stanzas. Rhyming abab. Use simile to express the strong affection which can not be controlled. And use repetition to intensify his emotion.
5)Meter:This one's a classic, so it's no wonder it uses some of the most classic forms in all of poetry and music. "A Red, Red Rose" is written partly in ballad meter (the first eight lines) and partly in common meter (the last eight lines). It alternates between iambic tetrameter in the odd-numbered lines and iambic trimeter in the even-numbered ones. A line of iambic tetrameter consists of four (tetra-) iambs, a foot that contains an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Line 5 is a great example: As fair art thou, my bonn-ie lass. Iambic trimeter, as you might have already guessed, is the same as iambic tetrameter, except there are three (tri-) iambs instead of four, as in line 2: That's new-ly sprung in June. But line 10, It has seven syllables, when it should have six. Let's assume the line's first foot is not an iamb but an anapest. If we scan the line in the following way, we have a line of neat, flowing trimeter: And the rocks melt wi' the sun.
2.I Wondered Lonely as A Cloud William Wordsworth
1)Theme:N ature's beauty uplifts the human spirit. Lines 15, 23, and 24 specifically refer to this theme;P eople sometimes fail to appreciate nature's wonders as they go about their daily routines. Lines 17 and 18 suggest this theme;N ature thrives unattended. The daffodils proliferate in splendor along the shore of the lake without the need for human attention.
2)Genre：Lyric poem
3)Rhyme Skill:ababcc, efefgg, hihikk, lmlmnn
Rhetoric(修辞）:Simile明喻，personification拟人，hyperbole夸张，alliteration头韵。
4)Structure:Meter of the poem is in Iambic Tetrameter:each lines has four iambs(unaccented syllable/accented syllable)four stanzas, each including 6 lines:Summary, Stanza1:Wandering like a cloud, the speaker happens upon daffodils fluttering in a breeze on the shore of a lake, beneath trees. Daffodils are plants in the lily family with yellow flowers and a crown shaped like a trumpet. Click here to see images of daffodils.Summary, Stanza 2The daffodils stretch all along the shore. Because there are so many of them, they remind the speaker of the Milky Way, the galaxy that scientists say contains about one trillion stars, including the sun. The speaker humanizes the daffodils when he says they are engaging in a dance. Summary, Stanza 3 In their gleeful fluttering and dancing, the daffodils outdo the rippling waves of the lake. But the poet does not at this moment fully appreciate the happy sight before him. In the last line of the stanza, Wordsworth uses anastrophe, writing the show to me had brought instead of the show brought to me. Anastrophe is an inversion of the normal word order. Summary, Stanza 4 Not until the poet later
muses about what he saw does he fully appreciate the cheerful sight of the dancing daffodils. Wordsworth again uses anastrophe, writing when on my couch I lie and my heart with pleasure fills.
3.Break,break,break Alfred Tennyson
1)Themes: death, sadness, time, language and communication Break, Break, Break is an elegy by Alfred Lord Tennyson on the death of his friend Arthur Hallam. The author imagines to be standing near the cliff on the seashore and addressing to the sea waves which are lashing the rocks repeatedly. The poet finds an analogy and expresses it implicitly.
2)总体分析The poem is r emarkable for the sound symbolism in it. The refrain “Break, Break, Break” that consists of one word repeated thrice parallels the waves that repeatedly beat the cliffs. Syntactically (structure of sentence) the line is a broken sentence. Economically empathic, the idea is further reinforced by the nature of the very sound the word is made of. The sentence of b-r-k makes a cracking sound; ‘b’ explodes; ‘r’ is harsh and ‘k’ stops before the pause of comma, ‘gray’, ‘stone’, ‘utter’, ‘crag’, ‘dead’ and even ‘tender’ (ironically) reiterate the same plosive, harsh and heavy sounds.They go together with the ideas of grief and the wish of breaking wherever they occur. We can also draw a neat distinction of these features with the absence of such sounds in the secon d and third stanza, which draw a picture of carefree children’s life and the ships.A huge part of the effect of this poem is due to the rhythm of the words and the rhyme, and "quatrains in irregular iambic tetrameter" is just the fancy way of describing that rhythm.The poem is written in four stanzas of four lines each: the first four and the last six are about grief, and the third stanza falls short of giving happy life. A quatrain is a four-line stanza. This poem is broken into four stanzas, each with four lines. It's awfully symmetrical. Each quatrain can be broken down further according to its rhyme scheme: the rhyme is a regular ABCB – the second and fourth lines always rhyme.
4.Because I Could Not for Death Emily Dickinson
1)It is a lyric poem on the theme of death-reveals the author's calm acceptance of death. The author appears to review the stages of her life: childhood (the recess scene), maturity (the ripe, hence, “gazing” grain), and the descent into death (the setting sun)–as she passes to the other side.2)Dickinson describes dying and immortality in the dominant metaphor of a carriage on a journey.In Stanza1,Death, accompanied by Immortality, stops to pick up the speaker in a carriage. In stanzas2-4, they journey, leaving earthly life behind them (labor,children,setting sun). In stanza5,they pause before the grave (swelling of the ground), and stanza6 depicts the speaker centuries later, speaking from eternity.3)Dickinson on the use of capital letters and dashes, highlight the image, to strengthen the poetic effect.makes the death personified.4)Dickinson break the rules of classical poetry, created the unique iambic quad tones and three sound iambic together, makes it more musical. In addition to the fourth stanza, other verse of the first row and the third row is eight syllables four parts, the second line and the fourth row is six syllable three parts. Iambic apply make poetry rhythm strength obviously, has the beauty of music.
5.Stopping by Woods on A Snowy Evening Robert Frost
1)主题In this poem, Robert Frost gives the effect of sighting.he discusses the relation between mortal obligations and the eternal rest.The poet expressed the symbolic meaning by describing nature. theme: of using natural scenery as a symbol to display some feelings; emotions; interests and liking of readers and feelings of the poet can be reflected and the plain of ultra-naturalism and the aesthetic sense of symbolism can be shown by the poet.
2)结构、韵律：The poem is written in iambic tetrameter. It consists of four identically constructed stanzas. The poet employs the drawing back the rhyme, i.e. in the first stanza the third line is b, while in the second stanza the poem draws back to continue the rhyme b. Within the four lines of each stanza, the first, second, and fourth lines rhyme. The third line does not, but it sets up the rhymes for the next stanza. For example, in the third stanza, queer, near, and year all rhyme, but lake rhymes with shake, mistake, and flake in the following stanza. The notable exception to this pattern comes in the final stanza, where the third line rhymes with the previous two and is repeated as the fourth line. It gives the poem a tone of hesitation, which shows the poet's deliberate consideration.
1 William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亚1564~1616 ①Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies:
I.Multiple Choice 1.To commerate the death of his young wife, __________wrote the poem Annabel Lee. a. D.H. Lawrence b. John Milton c. Philip Phreneau d. Edgar Allan Poe 2. In Leisure, ____________ thinks that it is a poor life if “we have no time to stand and stare” a. John Keats b. William Henry Davies c. Alexander Pope d. John Donne 3.. In Amy Lowell’s Falling Snow, the poet says that “When the temple bell rings again/ they will be covered and gone”. “They” here refers to ______ a. the wooden clogs b. footprints c. the pilgrims d. none of the above 4. The “busy archer”in Philip Sydney’s To the Moon refers to____ a. the poet himself b. Cupid c. a comrade-in-arms of the poet d. none of the above 5. “Act____act in the glorious present”is perphaps the most soul-stirring line in _________’s poem A Psalm of Life. a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow b. Percy Bissy Shelly c. Walt Whitman d. Carl Sandburg 6. In Song of the Rain, _________ paints a rosy picture of happy family life where the poet is “Safe in the House with my boyhood love/ And our children are asleep in the attic above”. a. Kenneth Mackenzie b. Carl Sandburg c. Hugh MacCrae d. Jerard Manley Hopkins 7. “Day brought back my night”is a well-praised phrase from __________’s On His Deceased Wife. a. Edgar Allan Poe b. Robert Frost c. John Milton d. Philip Sydney 8. In James Shirley’s poem Death the Leveller, the word “leveller” means a. something that reduces everything to nothing b. something that brings equality to all c. something that levels the ground d. none of the abov e. 9. What does “Fire” in Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice symbolize? a. war b. anger c. love d. desire 10. In John Keat’s poem The Terror of Death, the phrase “unreflecting love” means a. love without calculation b. love without preparation c. love never thought of d. love involving many considerations II.Blank Filling 1.One word is too often ________, For me to ________ it One feeling is too ______distained, For ______ to distain it .
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare S hall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And of ten is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or n ature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; N or shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee Selected Metaphysical poems by John Donne I. THE FLEA Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is ; It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do. O stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea, more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is. Though parents grudge, and you, we're met, And cloister'd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
Hamlet is the first work of literature to look squarely at the stupidity, falsity and sham of everyday life, without laughing and without easy answers. In a world where things are not as they seem, Hamlet…s genuineness, thoughtfulness, and sincerity make him special. Hamlet is no saint. But unlike most of the other characters (and most people today), Hamlet chooses not to compromise with evil. Dying, Hamlet reaffirms the tragic dignity of a basically decent person in a bad world Hamlet is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the futility and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today. Unlike so much of popular culture today, "Hamlet" leaves us with the message that life is indeed worth living, even by imperfect people in an imperfect world. 犹豫scholars have debated for centuries about Hamlet's hesitation in killing his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires (Freud concludes that Hamlet has an "Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt [is] preventing him from murdering the man [Claudius] who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do". Robinson Crusoe is a grand hero in westerners? eyes. He survived in the deserted island and lived a meaningful life. He almost has everything needed for becoming a successful man, such as his excellent creativity, great working capacity, courage, and persistence in overcoming obstacles. But he has shortcomings, too. Sometimes he was irresolute; he was not confident; he was fetishistic, although his belief had done him much good. He serves somehow as a lighthouse for the ambitious people. It?s also instructive for average people. Robinson was the representative of the bourgeois of the 18th C. It was the time when bourgeois grew stronger and stronger. The author Defoe paid a tribute to bourgeois by creating such a rational, powerful, clever, and successful man. 【Themes of Robinson Crusoe】 1. The ambivalence of mastery In short, while Crusoe seems praiseworthy in mastering his fate by overcoming his obstacles, and controlling his environment, the praiseworthiness of his mastery over his fellow human Friday is more doubtful. Defoe explores the link between the two in his depiction of the colonial mind. 2. The necessity of Repentance Crusoe?s experiences constitute not simply an adventure story in which thrilling things happen, but also a moral tale illustrating the right and wrong ways to live one?s life. Crusoe?s story instruct s others in God?s wisdom, and one vital part of this wisdom is the importance of repenting one?s sins. 3. The Importance of Self-Awareness Crusoe?s arrival on the island does not make him revert to a brute existence and he remains conscious of himself at all times. His island existence actually deepens his self-awareness as he withdraws from the external society and turns inward. The idea that the individual must keep a careful reckoning of the state of his own soul is a key point in the Presbyterian doctrine that the aothor took seriously all his life. ·Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte The protagonist and title character, orphaned as a baby. She is a plain-featured, small and reserved but talented, sympathetic, hard-working, honest and passionate girl. Skilled at studying, drawing, and teaching, she works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her wealthy employer, Edward Rochester. But her strong sense of conscience does not permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance. 【Themes of Jane Eyre】 1. Gender relations A particularly important theme in the novel is patriarchalism and Jane…s efforts to assert her own identity within male-dominated society. Among the three of the main male characters,
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
高中语文现代文阅读诗歌鉴赏答题技巧超实用 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
1.公式：①比喻：……采用了比喻的修辞手法，地描写了……，表现了作者对……的感情，形象生动。 ②拟人：……采用了拟人的修辞手法，将……赋与人的情感与性格来写，表现了作者对……的感情，十分形象，生动（或栩栩如生，逼真）。 ③夸张：……采用了夸张的修辞手法，描写了……，表达了作者……的情感，联想奇特，富于形象感。 ④反问：……采用了反问的修辞手法，用反问的句式把作者……的感情表达出来，语气更强烈，表达的思想也更强烈。 ⑤排比：……采用了排比的修辞手法，描写了……的情景，集中地表达了作者……的感情，节奏明快，增强了语言的气势。 ⑥对偶：……采用了对偶的修辞手法，描写了……，抒发了作者对……的感情，节奏明快，富于音乐美。 1、读出描写手法在语段中的位置及目的。 2、明确描写类型及相关知识：①外貌（肖像）描写的主要作用就是显示人物的性格特征②语言描写的主要作用就是表露人物感情，提示了人物内心世界③动作（细节）描的主要作用就是显示人物的精神面貌和性格特征，可使人物具有活力，栩栩如生④心理（神态）描写的主要作用就是展现人物的精神面貌，尤其是复杂的心理主刻画，更能提示人物的精神世界
3、公式： 外貌：描写了……的样子，表现了…… 语言：……的语言，生动、传神地展示了……内心，表现了…… 动作：用运……的词语，生动、准确地刻画了…… 心理：……等词语写出了……，表现了…… 1、找出文段开头或中间及末尾的环境描写语句。 2、公式：①……的景物描写，写出了……的景色（或环境），烘托了人物……的性格和品质。②……的景物描写，结合人物心理活动，表现人物……的性格和精神。 3……的景物描写，反映了……的情景，为全文定下了……的感情基调。 （1）对比，作用：XX和XX形成鲜明对比，突出人（事）物XX的特点（2）象征，作用：使文章立意深远，含蕴深刻 （3）伏笔，作用：对将要出现的XX事物作暗示，为情节发展作铺垫（4）照应，作用：使文章结构严谨，使文章主题更加鲜明，使文章更加严密 （5）烘托、渲染，作用：表现环境，营造氛围，抒发情感，突出主题考语文现代文阅读解题方法归类 一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论 二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托（正衬、反衬）
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
《再别康桥》英汉语版本及诗歌赏析Saying Good-bye to Cambridge Again By Xu Zhimo 再别康桥 徐志摩 Very quietly I take my leave As quietly as I came here Quietly I wave good-bye To the rosy clouds in the western sky 轻轻的我走了 正如我轻轻的来 我轻轻的招手 作别西天的云彩 The golden willows by the riverside Are young brides in the setting sun Their reflections on the shimmering waves Always linger in the depth of my heart 那河畔的金柳 是夕阳中的新娘 波光里的艳影 在我的心头荡漾 The floating heart growing in the sludge Sways leisurely under the water In the gentle waves of Cambridge I would be a water plant 软泥上的青荇 油油的在水底招摇 在康桥的柔波里 我甘心做一条水草 That pool under the shade of elm trees Holds not water but the rainbow from the sky Shattered to pieces among the duckweeds Is the sediment of a rainbow-like dream 那榆荫下的一潭 不是清泉,是天上虹 揉碎在浮藻间 沉淀着彩虹似的梦 To seek a dream? Just to pole a boat upstream To where the green grass is more verdant Or to have the boat fully loaded with starlight And sing aloud in the splendour of starlight 寻梦？撑一支长蒿 向青草更青处漫溯 满载一船星辉 在星辉斑斓里放歌
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted Village” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
高中语文诗歌鉴赏的方法与步骤 诗歌鉴赏题答题模式 一、炼字型 1、提问方式：这一联中最生动传神的是什么字？为什么？ 2、提问变体：某字历来为人称道，你认为它好在哪里？ 3、解答分析：古人作诗讲究炼字，这种题型是要求品味这些经锤炼的字的妙处。答题时不能把该字孤 立起来谈，得放在句中，并结合全诗的意境情感来分析。4、答题模式：①肯定“好”或肯定哪一个更好；②解释该字在句中的含义；③展开联想和想像，把该 字还原句中描摹景象，分析它凸显的形象；④点出该字烘托的意境。表达了什么感情（有时需从结 构上考虑）。 答题套路：某字在诗中的意思是（），生动形象地写出了（）的情景，淋漓尽致地表达了作者（） 的情感。 二、分析意境型 1、提问方式：这首诗营造了一种怎样的意境？ 2、提问变体：①这首诗描绘了一幅怎样的画面？表达了诗人怎样的思想感情？ ②从“情”和“景”的角度对某首诗或词作一赏析。 3、解答分析：这是一种最常见的题型。所谓意境，是指寄托诗人情感的物象(即意象)综合起来构建的让人产生想像的境界。它包括景、情、境三个方面，答题时缺一不可。 4、答题模式：①描绘诗中展现的图景画面。展开联想和想像，用自己的语言再现画面。描述时一要忠实于原诗，二要用自己的联想和想象加以再创造；②概括景物所营造的氛围特点。一般用两个双音节形容词概括出来，如：雄浑壮阔、恬静优美、孤寂冷清、萧瑟凄怆等，注意要能准确体现景物的特点和情调；③分析作者思想感情。切忌空洞，要具体。比如光答“表达了作者感伤的情怀”是不行的，应答出为什么而“感伤”。 答题套路：这首诗描绘了一幅（）的画面，营造了一种（）的氛围，从而表达了作者（）的情感（心情，心境）。 三、分析句意型 1、提问方式：这句诗好在哪里？ 2、提问变体：这句诗有什么含义和作用？表达上有什么特