V ocabulary:
1. A number of _____ works of art have sold genuine.
2.To _____one, s power is to commit a crime and eventually end up in jail.
3.Seeing the speeding car, the policeman _____the driver to pull up at the curb.
4.Unfortunately, he hit a traffic jam and missed the train ______ a few minutes.
5.She gave a clear and _____ account of her plans for the company, s future.
6.Isn, t it rather _____ to talk about how much money you earn?
7.The books will be _____ free to local schools.
8.The editor required him to ____ some details of the article.
9.Few of us can be unmoved by the _____ Romanian orphans .
10.I have to ______ my reputation.
11.Thomas holds a belief in the ____ nature of reality.
12.I think that the Christian baptism is by complete _____ of the person in water.
13.Man has a(n) ______ need for love and nurturing.
14.This building represents the post-modernist ______ in architecture.
15.One common Chinese_____ is that the elders ought to be respected.
16.This was the moment when Spielberg s career really _______
17.For low income families, mortgages are hard to ______ .
18.He was appointed as the director to ______ a team of investigators.
19.The company _____ the new perfume with prime-time commercials on the major networks.
20.You, ll meet the same word again in a ______ different context.
21.We lost the election because of the _____ to our supporters.
22.She is _____ with having saved the company from bankruptcy.
23.I never ______ in dealing with such matters.
24.You made the wrong decision, and now you must take the _____ .
25.Tom is not ______ clever in the class.
26.Basic English is a ______ in the curriculum for the freshmen.
27.The airline has ______ a novel solution to the problem of jet-lag.
28.Peter thought the world was flat until I ______ him.
29.I, d be ______ if you would stop interfering.
30.Writing a check is quite a simple ______.
31.She was _____ a normal childhood by the war.
32.Roses in a silver bowl _____ the handsome cherry table.
33.Charles Darwin saw in the ______ of species the principles of evolution that operated to
generate the species: variation, competition and selection.
34.We met on two _____ occasions. One was an academic conference; the other a party.
35.The Internet, which covers the whole world, is increasing the _______ of the people on the
planet.
36.Most vegetables we buy in winter are _____ in the greenhouse.
37.The students protested in front of American consulate. They had no motives but those of
_____ patriotism.
38.The children ______ while building forts with toy bricks.
39.The building is ______ south and north.
40.His failure in business is largely due to ______ .
41.Dogs have a(n)_______ sense of smell.
42.He is a(n) _______ boy, always insisting on his own rights and \opinions.
43.He refuses to let others speak and ______ every meeting.
44.He rose quickly the political ______ to become the party leader.
45.The anti-smoking campaign had had quite a(n) ______ on young people.
46.He described them as a(n) _______ and hard-working people.
47.Many famous people are surprisingly ______
48.He is going to go abroad next month, so he takes a(n) _______ course in oral English.
49.This old custom does not _______ now.
50.Conflicts between different ______ groups in the country exploded into civil war.
51.The police ______ the fight and the crowd left.
52.The film can be enjoyed by anyone, _______ age.
53.We ______ her responsible for the failure.
54.Your arguments are ______ to criticism.
55.My experience of working in this area closely ______ your own.
56.The report _____ the government of shirking its responsibilities.
57.It is hard to ______ to the top in show business.
58.The discussions with the miners, union ended in a ______ .
59.About a quarter of his wages are spent on rent and that is a large ______ .
60.The general _______ his men to fight bravely.
Exercise:
Unit 1
1.If winter ______, can spring be far behind?
2.Scientists proved that the earth ______ 49 times the size of the moon.
3.Some young expats fear that they ______ back into an old rut if they go home.
4.The leader recently declared that the mandate _______ more pupils to jump ship in t5he next
few days.
5.The telephone ______, would you answer it pleas?
6.Human resources will achieve maximum productivity only when they ______ access to
appropriate types of physical resources.
7.Pleas don, t come at four o, clock this afternoon, I ______ a meeting then.
8.While the children were playing in the shade, their parents _____ in the scorching sun.
9.Wherever he travelled in those years, he ______ down what he saw and heard.
10.Look at those black clouds, it ______.
Unit 2
11.She _______ to help but couldn, t get there in time.
12.According to the timetable, the train for Beijing _____ at seven o, clock every evening.
13.They ______ the factory, but a heavy downpour spoiled their plan.
14.There was a knock at the door, It was the third time that someone _____ me that evening.
15.He ______ for ten years.
16.It was not until then I came to know that practice _______ perfect.
17.It is reported that by the end of this month, the output of cement in the factory _____ by about
10%.
18.Even if it ______ this afternoon, I will go there.
19.We _______ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
20.She _______ to the office than she got down to writing the report.
Unit 7
21.When I entered the room, I found all the broken glass around. //Entering the room, I found…
22.He was brought up in the belief that pleasures were sinful. As a result, he now leads an ascetic
life. // Having been brought up in the……
23.Because he was on an island, he was always within sight of the sea. //Being on an island, he
was…..
24.If we are untied, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.//If untied, we stand; if divided, we fall.
25.They were impressed by the young man, s qualifications. They offered him a good job with
their firm. // impressed by the young man, s qualifications. They offered him a good job with their firm.
26.The kind of machine which was once used widely is no longer marketed. //The kind of
machine once used widely is no longer marketed.
27.After the police noted down our names and addresses, he dismissed us. //Having noted down
our names…..
28.If weather permits, we will have the match tomorrow. //Weather permitting, we will …..
29.Although he was mocked by everybody, he had my sympathy.// mocked by everybody, he had
my sympathy.
30.Because the earthquake had destroyed everything they became homeless. // The earthquake
having destroyed, they became homeless.
Unit 9
31.The passengers and the suitcases _____ were still waiting had to be transferred to another
plane.
32.The language through ______ this opposition gained strength and organization was the key
one of freedom and unity, not of oppression.
33.This fighter _____ loses his cool the first time he is hit will end up flat on his back on the
canvas.
34.Science fiction emerges in this time _____ these two opposing groups have met and
exchanged ideas.
35.The reason ______ they now charge more is that prices have kept rising.
36.Conservation is the very value ______ needs to be added to the old values.
37.We must know such symbols _____ are used to represent chemical elements.
38.The researcher encourages us to reach a state ______ work is an extension of what we
naturally want to do.
39.There are vey few _______ admire his talents.
40.The author with _______ all of us are familiar will visit our company.
Unit 11
41.________ we go, we must build up good relations with the masses.
42.Small _______ it is, the pen is a most useful tool.
43.Scarcely was George Washington in his teens _____ his father died.
44._______you know the significance of this economic reform, you should not complain.
45.________hard I tried, I still couldn, t manage it.
46.Hardly_______ come into the room ______ the meeting began.
47.They had no sooner arrived at the airport ______ it was time to check in.
48._______you understand the rule, you will have no further difficulty.
49.______good health, I hope to finish the work ahead of time.
50.Put the medicine _______ you can easily get it.
Unit 12
51.He looks as if he ______ nothing about it before.
52.Without electronic computers, much of today, s advanced technology ______ .
53.I would rather he_______ tomorrow than today.
54.The suggestion that the students _______ more in class is worth considering.
55.If only he ______ in time, he would not have been punished.
56.It, s about time that we _______ an end to this controversy.
57.If he were to be given another chance to do it again, he ______ more.
58.He must have had an accident, or he _____ there then.
59.Had he studied hard, he _______ the exam.
60.I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
Unit 3
61.we must pay more attention to intonation in learning pronunciation.
62.His successful fight against inflation had reinforced his competence as an economist.
63.They are using secure Internet connection to intensify relations with some of their trading
partners.
64.The administration has kept the cause of the incidence off the air in the radio.
65.The teacher always makes the girl answer many difficult questions in class.
66.These questions will arouse a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the
outside world.
67.We cannot exchange such goods which customers have bought during the sale.
68.His father took no notice of him but his sister made much of him.
69.After the meeting, both men described this negotiation as frank, friendly and constructive.
70.We didn, t believe that he could hit the target.
西南科技大学2011-2012-2学期 《学术英语写作》本科期末考试试卷 姓名学号专业班级 Direction:There are 3types of exercises in the test.Y ou may choose one and do it according to its requirement. Exercises 1 Direction:Write an abstract (including a title,authorship and keywords)for the following essay.Y ou should write no less than 250words and no more than 400words.Y ou score will be valued by the format,content and grammar of your abstract.The University of Hertfordshire Internal Bridging Programme prepares Students in Higher Education for post-graduate study at the University of Hertfordshire.To follow the programme,students usually have a first degree and the appropriate academic qualifications to enroll on a Masters degree.However,the students'English competence is inadequate for a postgraduate course so it is necessary for them to improve it.Hence they need to follow our course or a similar one elsewhere.It is a one-year course and the students take several different modules.The largest module is English for Academic Purposes.It consists of 16hours per week of class contact in Semester A and 6hours per week in Semester B.The main aims of the Semester B course are to: ?improve the students'command of academic English:language structure,use and vocabulary ?consolidate their language skills of reading,writing,listening and speaking in academic contexts ?put to practical use appropriate academic conventions observed in British higher education ?acquire a range of transferable academic skills essential for effective study at postgraduate level ?ridevelop learner independence. By the end of the course they should have a knowledge and understanding of: ?relevant conventions followed in academic English (both written and oral)课程代码208900070命题单位外国语学院：大学英语教研室w w w .z h i n a n c h e .c o m
郑州信息工程职业学院 2017—2018学年下学期期末考试 2017级国际学院计网专业 《大学英语语法》试卷A 说明 一、本试卷共有六道大题，总分为100分，考试时间为100分钟。 二、严格按照要求填写好自己的姓名、学号和座位号等信息。 三、请仔细阅读以下注意事项： 1.在试卷的有效位置作答。 2.监考人员宣布考试开始时，考生方可答题。 3.监考老师宣布考试结束时，考生应立即停止作答，将试卷、答题卡反扣在桌面上，待监考老师确认数量无误后，方可离开。 4.若有答题卡时，一定要对准题号将“答案”填写在答题卡上。 PartⅠChoose the best one from the four choices given. (10×2′=20 scores) 1.They are_________. A . woman teachers B. women teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher 2.Would you like _______, please? A. two glass of water B. two glasses of water C. two glass of waters D. two glasses of waters 3.About_________ of the students in their school are boys. A. one-three B. one third C. one three D. one thirds 4. How_________ the song sounds! A. pleasure B. pleasant C. pleased D. pleasantly 5. _________, he is very good at numbers. A. A little boy as he was B. A little boy he is C. As he was a little boy D. A little boy as he is 6.I _________ from the scientist you mentioned so far. A. don’t hear B. didn’t hear C. haven’t heard D. hadn’t heard 7.By this time next year, we _________ all the land into rice fields. A. had turned B. have turned C. will have turned D. have been turning 8.This novel_________ well. A. will be sold B. is sold C. sells D. has been sold 9. We _________ about two thousand English words by the end of last term. A. learned B. have learned C. had learned D. would learn
英语期末考试----12月26日 （一）题型： 1.听力(10个短对话&2个短篇文章--10个问题) 2.阅读（3篇，其中一篇从第二册快速阅读的1--5单元中出） 3.单词（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中vocabulary&word-building） 4.完型 5.翻译（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中汉译英部分；以及3，4，6A课文中一段的段落进行英译汉） （二）单词&短语 1. I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit. 我坚决相信这份协议有利于我们的共同利益。 1.People have bought these houses under the illusion that their value would just keep on rise. 人们买房子是基于它们会增值这种幻象。 2.The project has been canceled by the local government for lack of public resources. 由于缺乏公共资源，当地政府取消了这个项目。 3.The clerk must have overlooked your name, because he said you were not here. 书记员一定是漏掉了你的名字，因为他说你不在这。 4.The speaker said something about the actors and then proceeded to talk
about the film. 发言人说了一些演员的事情，然后继续介绍电影。 5.Differences of opinion are often the most difficult problem to resolve. 如何处理各种不同的意见是最难解决的问题。 6.When he looked for a job, John strongly felt that there was a widespread prejudice against men over forty. 在找工作的过程中，约翰强烈的感觉到针对年过四十的男性的那种歧视。 7.Children should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. 应该鼓励孩子们在他们自己和他人的所想所愿中找到折中点。 8.The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 100 years ago. 这个发现印证了此处一百多年前有人居住。 9.The book was first published in 1994 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages. 这本书首次出版于1994年，而后被译成15种语言。 10.Mind your own business. My affairs have nothing to do with you. 管好你自己吧。我的事与你无关。 11.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr. Smith is now taking care for marketing and public relations. 在公司工作两年后，史密斯先生如今负责市场营销和公共关系。
期期末测试题 Ⅰ、Translate The Following Terms Into Chinese 、 1、entity concept 主题概念 2、depreciation折旧 3、double entry system 4、inventories 5、stable monetary unit 6、opening balance 7、current asset 8、financial report 9、prepaid expense 10、internal control 11、cash flow statement 12、cash basis 13、tangible fixed asset 14、managerial accounting 15、current liability 16、internal control 17、sales return and allowance 18、financial position 19、balance sheet 20、direct write-off method Ⅱ、Translate The Following Sentences Into Chinese 、 1、Accounting is often described as an information system、It is the system that measures business activities, processes into reports and communicates these findings to decision makers、 2、The primary users of financial information are investors and creditors、Secondary users include the public, government regulatory agencies, employees, customers, suppliers, industry groups, labor unions, other companies, and academic researchers、 3、There are two sources of assets、One is liabilities and the other is owner’s equity、Liabilities are obligations of an entity arising from past transactions or events, the settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of assets or services in the future、 资产有两个来源，一个就是负债，另一个就是所有者权益。负债就是由过去得交易或事件产生得实体得义务，其结算可能导致未来资产或服务得转让或使用。 4、Accounting elements are basic classification of accounting practices、They are essential units to present the financial position and operating result of an entity、In China, we have six groups of accounting elements、They are assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenue, expense and profit (income)、会计要素就是会计实践得基础分类。它们就是保护财务状况与实体经营
英语语法期末试卷 注意事项：1、课程编码：2、出卷人：3、考试形式：闭卷（开、闭） 4、本试卷共8 页，满分100 分，考试时间为100 分钟. 5、答题时请使用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔. 注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上 一、语法知识部分：（45 分） I、填空题(26分) 1、语言一般由____________, _____________, 和____________ 三部分组成. 2、学习词性的目的是弄清词汇在句中的起到的语法作用不同..英语的十大词性可 以划分三个范畴，第一范畴包括：___________, __________, _________, _________, 第二范畴包括_________, __________, ____________，第三范畴包括________, _________, ____________. 、限定词之所以重要是因为：它是构成 ______________ 的一个不可缺少的部分. 限定词的功能是对名词起：__________, _____________, ___________, 和___________等限定作用. 4. 副词在句中担当状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子.逻辑连接副词 在文章中起到_______________的作用. 5、英语谓语动词的三种语气是：1）__________；2）____________；3）___________. 6、就在句中充当的语法功能而言，非谓语动词有着不同的属性.动名词具有名词 的属性；分词具有形容词和_____________的属性, 动词不定式有着____________, __________, 和_________的属性.因此, 举例说，分词可以在句中充当:__________, __________, 宾语补足语和____________等句子成分. 动名词在句子中充当__________，___________，__________，和介词宾语等句子成分. 7、非谓语动词中，动词不定式和分词都可充当状语，二者的区别是：不定式通 常用作_________、_________和______状语, 而分词出现在句首时通常是__________、_________、__________和______状语, 出现在句尾时通常是
开放英语1 试点期末机考模拟试题 一、英语知识运用 阅读下面的句子和对话，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. ____ name is Jane. ____ is from the USA. A. Her, She B. She‘s, She C. Her, Her 2. Have you got _____ lychees? A. some B. any C. / 3. Mr. Green is now ____ a holiday. A. in B. with C. on 4. I‘m a deputy manager. I work ______ an IT company. A. for B. about C. with 5. The Business Banking Department is on _____ second floor. A. / B. an C. the 6. A: How often ______ take the medicine? B: You should take it three times a day. A. I should B. I should to C. should I 7. It ______ heavily here at this moment. A. rain B. rains C. is raining 8. How do I ______ the gym? A. get to B. arrive C. go 9. My aunt _____ for her friends at home. A. enjoy cooking B. enjoys cook C. enjoys cooking 10. I‘d like to _____you to a party this Saturday. A. send B. invite C. leave 11. How many _____ would you like to buy? A. coffee B. oil C. oranges 12. Hurry up. We don‘t have _____ time. A. many B. enough C. too many 13. A: time do you have lunch? B: I usually have lunch at 12. A. Where B. What C. When 14. A: I haven‘t got a car. B: _____. A. Neither have I B. Neither do I C. Neither am I 15. This radio is _____ than that one. A. more expensive B. very expensive C. as expensive 16. A: The chair is not comfortable enough. B: Yes, I agree. It is _____. A. comfortable B. too uncomfortable C. enough comfortable 17. _____ a coffee machine in the room? A. Are there B. Is there C. Have there 18. A: _________________? B: I‘ve got a bad cough. A. What‘s the matter with you B. What is it like C. How was your day yesterday
西南交通大学研究生2015-2016学年 第(1)学期期末考试试卷 课程名称 研究生学术英语读写译 课程代码 51321001 考试形式 课程论文 院 系 学 号 姓 名 密封装订线 密封装订线 密封装订线
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) at a tunnel conference in 1970, at which tunnel was defined as ‘A underground cavity, whose cross-sectional area is larger than 2, that is (1993), the initial stress can be calculated by: where is the gravity stress; is the tectonic stress (Guo, Ma, & Xue, 1983). The tectonic stress is so complicated that…This paper ignores tectonic stress, in other
In Figure 1, 、are both the gravity stress in the center of tunnel. They are calculated by: where is the depth of the center of tunnel…the solution of stress and relative tunnel; E is the elastic modulus;is the Poisson’s ratio… The scale of the model is . The parameters of the rock are . radial distance is smaller than 5 to 6 times of the tunnel radius… The impact of lateral pressure coefficient has not been studied. The software of ABAQUS can be used to solve this
西华大学课程考试试题卷（A 卷） 试卷编号： （ 2009至 2010学年第2学期） 课程名称：英语语法考试时间：110分钟 课程代码：5112470试卷总分：100分 考试形式：闭卷学生自带普通计算机器 : Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%) ：Direction: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four 名choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the 姓 sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (15 points, 0.5 point each)线 Free theatre tickets will be sent to phones us first. 1. A. whoever B. whichever C. whomever D. whatever 2.They failed six times but they have made their minds to try. A . a seven time B. seven times C. seventh time D. the seventh time 3.This is bag for me to carry. ： A. too heavy B. a too heavy C. too heavy a D. too a heavy 号 4. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader 学than. A. the domestic marketer has B. the domestic marketer does 订 C. that of the domestic marketer D. those of the domestic marketer 5. Will all those the proposal raise their hands? ： A. in relation to B. in contrast to C. in excess of D. in favor of 号 6. It is drizzling now. It for over a week. 班 学 A. has rained B. has been raining C. had rained D. rained 教 7. I asked if he my computer the next day. A . would come and repair B. will come and repair C. came and repaired D. comes and repairs 8. He had said little so far, responding only briefly when. 装 A . speaking B. spoken C. speaking D. spoken to 9. I shall receive my degree as soon as. A. I complete my courses B. my courses have been completed C. I will be completed my courses D. my courses will be completed 10. I felt that if I had come from a different background, there is every chance that I ：guilty. A. may have found B. would have been found 业 专 C. might be found D. would be found 级 11. The lecture bored me to death. I wish I it. 年 A. could not have attended B. did not attend C. have not attended D. had not attended 12. It is absolutely essential that all the applicants one by one. A. are interviewed B. be interviewed C. will be interviewed D. should interview
第二部分样题一 一、交际用语（共计10 分，每小题2 分） 1~5 题：选择正确的语句完成下面的对话。 1．— Hi, Wang Xin, nice to meet you! — Hi, Liu Hui. A． Nice to meet you too. B． How do you do ？ C． I'm fine, thank you. 答案： A 解析：本题考查“互相问候”的交际用语。第一说话人以nice to meet you （见到你很高兴）问候对方时，答语 应用 nice to meet you too 来回应，所以答案是A。 2．— How about going to the class together ？ — A． Of course not. B． That sounds great. C． I don't like it. 答案： B 解析：本题考查“提出建议”的交际用语。第一说话人提出一起去上课的建议，如果赞同，根据给出答案，答 语应该是这听起来不错；如果不赞同，则应委婉礼貌地拒绝， C 答案语气太强硬，不太礼貌，所以答案是B。3．— Thank you for sharing this with me. — A． Nothing. B． You can share, too. C． My pleasure! 答案： C 解析：本题考查“回复致谢”的交际用语。My pleasure 是 It's my pleasure 的缩写，意为“不客气、很荣幸”。 常见的表达“不客气”的短语还有：You are welcome/don't mention it/Sure thing 等，所以答案是C。 4．— What will you buy for the Spring Festival ？ — A． I will buy gifts for my family. B． Clothes are on sale. C． I want to go shopping. 答案： A 解析：本题考查“购物”的交际用语。“新年到了，你想买点儿什么呢”，应作出针对性的回答，即为 A 项：“我 想买些礼物送给家人” ；其余两项回答不够清晰，所以答案是A。 5．— — It's dark brown. A． How about his weight ？ B． Is he a tall guy？ C． What color is his hair ？ 答案： C 解析：本题考查“表示询问”的交际用语。第二说话人回答的“dark brown 深褐色”是颜色，因此推断出第一说话人应该是询问跟颜色有关的问题，所以答案是C。 二、词汇与结构（共计30 分，每小题2 分）
ACCOUNTING ENGLISH Middle-of-term Test Papers PartⅠ.Translating the following terms 1、Notes to financial statements 2、Accounting elements 3、Variable costs 4、Economic entity 5、Depreciation expense 6、Deferred income taxes 7、Nominal accounts 8、ROA 9、LIFO 10、Work in process 11、现金收支 12、原材料 13、制造费用 14、相关性 15、持续经营 16、复式记账 17、优先股 18、预付费用 19、购货退回与折让 20、永续盘存制
PartⅡ.True or False 1、 The accounting process generates financial reports for both “internal ”and “external”users. 2、The balance sheet reflects the basic accounting equation and the means of financing the organization's assets. 3、The existence of Accounts Receivable on the Balance Sheet indicates that the company has one or more creditors. 4、Liabilities are classified and presented in increasing order of liquidity. 5、Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities. 6、Declaration of dividends reduces the retained earnings portion of the owners' equity of the corporation and creates a liabilities called Dividends Payable. 7、A chart of accounts is a listing of the titles of all accounts. 8、The cash basis of accounting often violates the matching rule. 9、Closing entries convert real and nominal accounts to zero balance. 10、The work sheet is published with the balance sheet and income statement, as a supplementary statement. 11、A company's sustainable growth rate is the highest growth rate in sales it can attain without issuing new stock. 12、Only rapidly growing firms have growth management problems.
2017—2018学年度第一学期期末考试 学术英语阅读 院/系_________________ 姓名_________________ 班级_________________ 学号_________________ Direction Read the following passage. While you’re reading, please pay special attention to the underlined or shaded words, phrases and sentences. You’ll be asked to explain them in English later after reading. The Price of Preference Shelby Steele 5 10 15 20 25 30 In a few short years, many blacks and a considerable number of whites would say that I was sanctimoniously (圣洁地) making affirmative action①into a test of character. They would say that this small preference is the meagerest recompense for centuries of unrelieved oppression. And to these arguments other very obvious facts must be added. In America, many marginally competent or flatly incompetent whites are hired every day—some because their white skin suits the conscious or unconscious racial preference of their employers. The white children of alumni are often grandfathered into elite universities in what can only be seen as a residual benefit of historic white privilege. Worse, white incompetence is always an individual matter, but for blacks it is often confirmation of ugly stereotypes. Given that unfairness cuts both ways, doesn’t it only balance the scales of history, doesn’t this repay, in a small way, the systematic denial under which my children’s grandfather lived out his days? In theory, affirmative action certainly has all the moral symmetry that fairness requires—the injustice of historical and even contemporary white advantage is offset (补偿) with black advantage; preference replaces prejudice, inclusion (1) answers exclusion. It is reformist and corrective, even repentant and redemptive (忏悔与救赎的). And I would never sneer at these good intentions. Born in the late forties in Chicago, I started my education (a charitable term in this case) in a segregated (种族隔离的) school and suffered all the indignities that come to blacks in a segregated society. My father, born in the South, made it only to the third grade before the white man’s fields took permanent priority (永久性优先) over his formal education. And though he educated himself into an advanced reader with an almost professorial authority, he could only drive a truck for a living, and never earned more than $90 a week in his entire life. So yes, it is crucial to my sense of citizenship, to my ability to identify with the spirit and the interests of America, to know that this country, however imperfectly, recognizes its past sins and wishes to correct them. Yet good intentions can blind us to the effects they generate when implemented. In our society affirmative action is, among other things, a (2) testament to white goodwill and to black power, and in the midst of these heavy investments its effects can be hard to see. But after twenty years of implementation I think that affirmative action has shown itself to be more bad than good and that blacks—whom I will focus on in this essay—now stand to lose more from it than they gain. In talking with affirmative action administrators and with blacks and whites in general, I found that supporters of affirmative action focus on its good intentions while detractors (反对者) emphasize its negative effects. Proponents talk about “diversity” and “pluralism”; opponents speak of (3) “reverse discrimination”, the unfairness of quotas (指标) and set-asides (保留名额). [1] It was virtually impossible to find people outside either camp. The closest I came was a white male manager at a large computer ①Affirmative action is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture. 平权运动，扶持政策