英语常用基本句式和句型结构
【要点归纳】
▲英语句式绝大多数以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为核心架构。英语是SV型语言。即以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为主干，以谓语动词为核心。
▲一般来说，一个英语句子若没有谓语动词（实义动词或系动词），这个句子一定是错误的。
▲英语句子的谓语只能由动词来充当，动词在英语句子中如果不充当谓语就必须用非谓语形式（动名词、不定式或分词）。但汉语句子的谓语既可以是动词，也可以是形容词、名词等。
如：The prices are stable and the market is flourishing.
To study English is not easy.
Study English not easy. (×)
▲汉语句法的显著特点是“动词连用”，动词不需要形态变化，便可以按时间和动作发生先后顺序和情节发展连续使用几个动词。一个英语句子，除并列谓语的情形外，只能出现一个谓语，否则须用其他手段处理：
★变为非谓语形式
★连词连接﹛并列连词（并列谓语；并列句）
★从属连词→引出从句
★用名词或介词来表示
▲汉语“动词连用”有两类，一类是由一个主语发出的连续几个动作，叫连动式；一类是由谓语的两个动作，前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语，即两个动词不是由一个主语发出的，称作兼语式。请看：
一）连动式
英语中没有汉语这种连动式，表达先后关系的几个动词，可用and连接或用分词结构。如：
我打开门走进来。
I opened the door and came in. (Opening the door, I came in.)
二）兼语式
如：“他请我到他家来做客。”“我”是“请”的宾语，又是“到他家来做客”的主语。也就是说“我”身兼两职。英语句式表达汉语兼语式有以下几种方式：
1) 将兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语，常用不定式，有时用不带to的不定式，或分词，副词，形容词，名词，介词结构等。对于第一个动词，汉语中常用的动词有“使”、“叫”、“请求”、“让”、“迫使”、“导致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促进”、“鼓励”等，在英语中均有对应的动词（make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等）。如：
He invited me to dinner in his house.
▲在SV总句式基础上，根据谓语动词的类型不同，可总结出下五大句型：[S1]
⑴主语+系动词+表语She seems kind.
a. The soup is delicious. (形容词作表语)
b. Helen became an electrical engineer. (名词作表语)
c. He is in good health. (介词短语作表语)
d. The story is interesting. (现在分词作表语)
e. His wish is to become a doctor. (动词不定式作表语)
⑵主语+不及物动词He changed a lot.
a. The moon shines brightly. (一般现在时)
b. The car won’t go. (一般将来时)
c. The child behaved badly at the party. (主语+不及物动词+程度状语+地点状语)
d. Production declined 6% last month. (一般过去式)
e. They will fly to London. (主语+不及物动词+地点状语)
⑶主语+及物动词+宾语We love our country.
a. We visited our friends. (名词作宾语)
b. I am considering going abroad. (动名词作宾语)
c. He can not afford to take a taxi. (动词不定式作宾语)
d. He caught her by the arm. (动词+宾语+介词短语作方式状语)
⑷主语+及物动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
或主语+及物动词+直接宾语（物）+to +间接宾语（人）
+for+间接宾语（人）
He gave me a present. (He gave a present to me.)
a. He often tells the children interesting stories.
b. He assigned Jack the toughest job.
c. I paid the repairman 50 dollars.
d. He sent some flowers to his girlfriend.
e. My mother made a new dress for my sister.
f. I'll tell you what I've been thinkin
g. (宾语从句)
g. I assure you that this medicine will help you. (宾语从句)
h. You've got to promise me that you won't do that again.(主及宾结构+不定连接+主及宾宾)
⑸[/url]主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语I found the book interesting.[S2]
a. His writing has made him a well-known public figure. (名词作宾补)
b. They found the book easy. (形容词作宾补)
c. I can see two ships in the harbor. (介词短语作宾补)
d. He kept me waiting too long. (现在分词作宾补)
e. I have my hair cut every month. (过去分词作宾补)
f. They wanted him to study abroad. (动词不定式作宾补)
g. Will you tell me how to do it?
h. We advised her which course to take.
[S1]
五种基本句型歌英语句子万万千，
五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词，
后接什么是关键；系词后面接表语；
vi独身无牵连；vt又可分三类，
单宾双宾最常见，还有宾语补足语；
[S2]
1. Jim finds his job a challenge.［宾补为n.］
2. I found the movie interesting.［宾补为adj.］
3. Why did you leave the light on?［宾补为adv.］
4. We found her in tears.［宾补为介词短语］
5. They encouraged her to try again.［宾补为不定式］
6. My mother told me not to worry.［宾补为不定式］
7. We heard someone knocking on the door.［宾补为V-ing］
8. Do you smell something burning?［宾补为V-ing］
9. I had my computer fixed last week.［宾补为V-ed］
10.You should make yourself understood.［宾补为V-ed］
第一章：道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。无名，天地之始；有名，万物之母。故常无欲，以观其妙；常有欲，以观其徼。此两者，同出而异名，同谓之玄。玄之又玄，众妙之门。The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the Nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, 'Only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the Secret Essences' ; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the Outcomes. These two things issued from the same mould, but nevertheless are different in name. This ' same mould' we can but call the Mystery, Or rather the 'Darker than any Mystery', The Doorway whence issued all Secret Essences.
第二章：天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相倾，音声相和，前后相随。是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教，万物作焉而不辞，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。夫唯弗居，是以不去。
It is because every one under Heaven recognizes beauty as beauty,that the idea of ugliness exists. And equally if every one recognized virtue as virtue, this would merely create fresh conceptions of wickedness. For truly 'Being and Not-being grow out of one another; Difficult and easy complete one another. Long and short test one another; High and low determine one another. Pitch and mode give harmony to one another. Front and back give sequence to one another'. Therefore[1] the Sage relies on actionless activity, Carries on wordless teaching, But the myriad creatures are worked upon by him; he does not disown them. He rears them, but does not lay claim to them, Controls them, but does not lean upon them, Achieves his aim, but does not call attention[2] to what he does; And for the very reason that he does not call attention to what he does He is not ejected from fruition of what he has done.
[1]Because 'action' can only make one thing high at the expense of making something else low, etc.
[2]Literally, 'does not place (i.e.classify) himself as a victor'. cf. MenciusⅡ, Ⅰ; 第三章：不尚贤，使民不争；不贵难得之货，使民不为盗；不见可欲，使民心不乱。是以圣人之治，虚其心，实其腹；弱其志，强其骨。常使民无知无欲，使夫智不敢为也。为无为，则无不治。
If we stop looking for 'persons of superior morality' (hsien) to put in power, there will be no more jealousies among the people. If we cease to set store by products that are hard to get , there will be no more thieves. If the people never see such things as excite desire, their hearts will remain placid and undisturbed. Therefore the Sage rules
By emptying their hearts
And filling their bellies,
Weakening their intelligence[1]
And toughening their sinews
Ever striving to make the people knowledgeless and desireless.
Indeed he sees to it that if there be any who have knowledge, they dare not
interfere. Yet through his actionless activity all things are duly regulated. [1]Particularly in the sense of 'having ideas of one's own'.
第四章：道冲而用之，或不盈。渊兮，似万物之宗。（挫其锐，解其纷，和其光，同其尘。）湛兮，似或存。吾不知谁之子，象帝之先。
The Way is like an empty vessel That yet may be drawn from Without ever needing to be filled. It is bottomless; the very progenitor of all things in the world. In it all sharpness is blunted, All tangles untied, All glare tempered, All dust[1] smoothed. It is like a deep pool that never dries. Was it too the child of something else? We cannot tell. But as a substanceless image[2] it existed before the Ancestor.[3]
[1]Dust is the T aoist symbol for the noise and fuss of everyday life.
[2]A hsiang, an image such as the mental images that float before us when we think.
[3]The Ancestor in question is almost certainly the Yellow Ancestor who separated Earth from Heaven and so destroyed the Primal Unity, for which he is frequently censured is Chuang Tzu.
第五章：天地不仁，以万物为刍狗；圣人不仁，以百姓为刍狗。天地之间，其犹橐?乎！虚而不屈，动而愈出。多言数穷，不如守中。
Heaven and Earth are ruthless; To them the Ten Thousand Things are but as straw dogs. The Sage too is ruthless; To him the people are but as straw dogs. Yet[1] Heaven and Earth and all that lies between Is like a bellows In that it is empty, but gives a supply that never fails. Work it, and more comes out . Whereas the force of words[2] is soon spent. Far better is it to keep what is in the heart[3].
[1]Though ruthless nature is perpetually bounteous.
[2]Laws and proclamations.
[3]For chung as 'what is within the heart', see Tso Chuan, Yin Kung 3rd year and Kuan Tzu,37, beginning. The comparison of Heaven and Earth to a bellows is also found in Kuan Tzu (P'ien 11, beginning).
第六章：谷神不死，是谓玄牝。玄牝之门，是谓天地根。绵绵若存，用之不勤。
The Valley Spirit never dies. It is named the Mysterious Female. And the Doorway of the Mysterious Female Is the base from which Heaven and Earth sprang. It is there within us all the while; Draw upon it as you will, it never runs dry.[1]
[1]Lieh Tzu quotes these lines as coming from the Book of the Yellow Ancestor; but it does not follow that the Tao Ching is actually quothing them from this source. They may belong to the general stock of early T aoist rhymed teaching. For ch' in compare below, Chapter 52, line 9, and Huai-nan Tzu I, fol.2.
第七章：天长地久，天地所以能长且久者，以其不自生，故能长生。是以圣人后其身而身先，外其身而身存。非以其无私邪？故能成其私。
Heaven is eternal, the Earth Everlasting. How come they to be so? Is it because they do not foster their own lives; That is why they live so long. Therefore the Sage Puts himself in the background; but is always to the fore. Remains outside; but is always there. Is it not just because he does not strive for any personal end
That all his personal ends are fulfilled?
第八章：上善若水，水善利万物而不争。处众人之所恶，故几于道。居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，正善治，事善能，动善时。夫唯不争，故无尤。
The highest good is like that of water. The goodness of water is that it benefits the ten thousand creatures; yet itself does not scramble, but is content with the places that all men disdain. It is this that makes water so near to the Way. And if men think the ground the best place for building a house upon, If among thoughts they value those that are profound, If in friendship they value gentleness, In words, truth; in government, good order; In deeds, effectiveness; in actions, timeliness- In each case it is because they prefer what does not lead to strife,[1] And therefore does not go amiss.
[1]Even ordinary people realize the importance of the T aoist principle of 'water-like' behaviour, i.e. not striving to get on top or to the fore.
第九章：持而盈之，不如其已；揣而锐之，不可长保。金玉满堂，莫之能守。富贵而骄，自遗其咎。功遂身退，天之道也！
Stretch a bow[1] to the very full, And you will wish you had stopped in time; Temper a sword-edge to its very sharpest, And you will find it soon grows dull When bronze and jade fill your hall It can no longer be guarded. Wealth and place breed insolence That brings ruin in its train. When your work is done, then withdraw! Such is Heaven's[2] Way.
[1] the expression used can also apply to filling a vessel to the brim; but 'stretching a bow' makes a better parallel to 'sharpening a sword'.
[2] as opposed to the Way of man
老子: 「道德经」: 第十章
载营魄抱一，能无离乎。
专气致柔，能如婴儿乎。
涤除玄鉴，能如疵乎。
爱国治民，能无为乎。
天门开阖，能为雌乎。
明白四达，能无知乎。
Chapter 10
When the intelligent and animal souls are held together in one
embrace, they can be kept from separating. When one gives undivided attention to the (vital) breath, and brings it to the utmost degree of
pliancy, he can become as a (tender) babe. When he has cleansed away
the most mysterious sights (of his imagination), he can become without
a flaw.
In loving the people and ruling the state, cannot he proceed
without any (purpose of) action? In the opening and shutting of his
gates of heaven, cannot he do so as a female bird? While his
intelligence reaches in every direction, cannot he (appear to) be
without knowledge?
(The T ao) produces (all things) and nourishes them; it produces
them and does not claim them as its own; it does all, and yet does not
boast of it; it presides over all, and yet does not control them.
This is what is called 'The mysterious Quality' (of the T ao).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第十一章
三十辐，共一毂，当其无，有车之用。
埏埴以为器，当其无，有器之用。
凿户牖以为室，当其无，有室之用。
故有之以为利，无之以为用。
Chapter 11
The thirty spokes unite in the one nave; but it is on the empty
space (for the axle), that the use of the wheel depends. Clay is fashioned into vessels; but it is on their empty hollowness, that
their use depends. The door and windows are cut out (from the walls) to form an apartment; but it is on the empty space (within), that its use depends. Therefore, what has a (positive) existence serves for profitable adaptation, and what has not that for (actual) usefulness.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第十二章
五色令人目盲? 五音令人耳聋? 五味令人口爽?
驰骋畋猎，令人心发狂? 难得之货，令人行妨。
是以圣人为腹不为目，故去彼取此
Chapter 12
Colour's five hues from th' eyes their sight will take;
Music's five notes the ears as deaf can make;
The flavours five deprive the mouth of taste;
The chariot course, and the wild hunting waste
Make mad the mind; and objects rare and strange,
Sought for, men's conduct will to evil change.
Therefore the sage seeks to satisfy (the craving of) the belly, and
not the (insatiable longing of the) eyes. He puts from him the
latter, and prefers to seek the former.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第十三章
宠辱若惊，贵大患若身。
何谓宠辱若惊。
宠为下，得之若惊，失之若惊，是谓宠辱若惊。
何谓贵大患若身。
吾所以有大患者，为吾有身，
及吾无身，吾有何患。
故贵以身为天下，若可寄天下?
爱以身为天下，若可托天下。
Chapter 13
Favour and disgrace would seem equally to be feared; honour and great calamity, to be regarded as personal conditions (of the same
kind).
What is meant by speaking thus of favour and disgrace? Disgrace is
being in a low position (after the enjoyment of favour). The getting
that (favour) leads to the apprehension (of losing it), and the losing
it leads to the fear of (still greater calamity):--this is what is
meant by saying that favour and disgrace would seem equally to be feared.
And what is meant by saying that honour and great calamity are to be (similarly) regarded as personal conditions? What makes me liable to great calamity is my having the body (which I call myself); if I had
not the body, what great calamity could come to me?
Therefore he who would administer the kingdom, honouring it as he honours his own person, may be employed to govern it, and he who would administer it with the love which he bears to his own person may be entrusted with it.
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老子: 「道德经」: 第十四章
视之不见，名曰夷?
听之不闻，名曰希?
搏之不得，名曰微。
此三者不可致诘，故混而为一。
其上不? ，其下不昧。
绳绳兮不可名，复归于物。
是谓无状之状，无物之象，是谓惚恍。
迎之不见其首，随之不见其后。
执古之道，以御今之有。
能知古始，是谓道纪。
Chapter 14
We look at it, and we do not see it, and we name it 'the
Equable.' We listen to it, and we do not hear it, and we name it 'the Inaudible.' We try to grasp it, and do not get hold of it, and we
name it 'the Subtle.' With these three qualities, it cannot be made
the subject of description; and hence we blend them together and
obtain The One.
Its upper part is not bright, and its lower part is not obscure.
Ceaseless in its action, it yet cannot be named, and then it again
returns and becomes nothing. This is called the Form of the Formless,
and the Semblance of the Invisible; this is called the Fleeting and Indeterminable.
We meet it and do not see its Front; we follow it, and do not see
its Back. When we can lay hold of the Tao of old to direct the things
of the present day, and are able to know it as it was of old in the beginning, this is called (unwinding) the clue of Tao.
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老子: 「道德经」: 第十五章
古之善为道者，微妙玄通，深不可识。
夫唯不可识，故强为之容：
豫兮若冬涉川?
犹兮若畏四邻?
俨兮其若客?
涣兮其若凌释?
敦兮其若朴?
旷兮其若谷?
混兮其若浊?
澹兮其若海?
? 兮若无止。
孰能浊以静之徐清。
孰能安以动之徐生。
保此道者，不欲盈。
夫唯不盈，故能蔽而新成。
Chapter 15
The skilful masters (of the Tao) in old times, with a subtle
and exquisite penetration, comprehended its mysteries, and were deep (also) so as to elude men's knowledge. As they were thus beyond men's knowledge, I will make an effort to describe of what sort they appeared to be.
Shrinking looked they like those who wade through a stream in winter; irresolute like those who are afraid of all around them; grave like a guest (in awe of his host); evanescent like ice that is melting away; unpretentious like wood that has not been fashioned into anything; vacant like a valley, and dull like muddy water.
Who can (make) the muddy water (clear)? Let it be still, and it
will gradually become clear. Who can secure the condition of rest?
Let movement go on, and the condition of rest will gradually arise. They who preserve this method of the T ao do not wish to be full (of themselves). It is through their not being full of themselves that
they can afford to seem worn and not appear new and complete.
老子: 「道德经」: 第十六章
致虚极，守静笃。
万物并作，吾以观复。
夫物芸芸，各复归其根。
归根曰静，静曰复命。
复命曰常，知常曰明。
不知常，妄作凶。
知常容，容乃公，
公乃全，全乃天，
天乃道，道乃久，没身不殆。
Chapter 16
The (state of) vacancy should be brought to the utmost degree,
and that of stillness guarded with unwearying vigour. All things
alike go through their processes of activity, and (then) we see them return (to their original state). When things (in the vegetable
world) have displayed their luxuriant growth, we see each of them
return to its root. This returning to their root is what we call the
state of stillness; and that stillness may be called a reporting that
they have fulfilled their appointed end.
The report of that fulfilment is the regular, unchanging rule. To
know that unchanging rule is to be intelligent; not to know it leads
to wild movements and evil issues. The knowledge of that unchanging
rule produces a (grand) capacity and forbearance, and that capacity
and forbearance lead to a community (of feeling with all things).
From this community of feeling comes a kingliness of character; and he who is king-like goes on to be heaven-like. In that likeness to
heaven he possesses the T ao. Possessed of the T ao, he endures long;
and to the end of his bodily life, is exempt from all danger of decay.
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老子: 「道德经」: 第十七章
太上，不知有之?
其次，亲而誉之?
其次，畏之?
其次，侮之。
信不足焉，有不信焉。
悠兮其贵言。
功成事遂，百姓皆谓：「我自然」。
Chapter 17
In the highest antiquity, (the people) did not know that there
were (their rulers). In the next age they loved them and praised
them. In the next they feared them; in the next they despised them. Thus it was that when faith (in the Tao) was deficient (in the rulers)
a want of faith in them ensued (in the people).
How irresolute did those (earliest rulers) appear, showing (by
their reticence) the importance which they set upon their words!
Their work was done and their undertakings were successful, while the people all said, 'We are as we are, of ourselves!'
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老子: 「道德经」: 第十八章
大道废，有仁义? 智慧出，有大伪?
六亲不和，有孝慈? 国家昏乱，有忠臣。
Chapter 18
When the Great T ao (Way or Method) ceased to be observed, benevolence and righteousness came into vogue. (Then) appeared wisdom and shrewdness, and there ensued great hypocrisy.
When harmony no longer prevailed throughout the six kinships,
filial sons found their manifestation; when the states and clans fell
into disorder, loyal ministers appeared.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第十九章
绝圣弃智，民利百倍?
绝仁弃义，民复孝慈?
绝巧弃利，盗贼无有。
此三者以为文，不足。
故令有所属：见素抱朴，少思寡欲，绝学无忧。
Chapter 19
If we could renounce our sageness and discard our wisdom, it
would be better for the people a hundredfold. If we could renounce
our benevolence and discard our righteousness, the people would again become filial and kindly. If we could renounce our artful
contrivances and discard our (scheming for) gain, there would be no thieves nor robbers.
Those three methods (of government)
Thought olden ways in elegance did fail
And made these names their want of worth to veil;
But simple views, and courses plain and true
Would selfish ends and many lusts eschew.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十章
唯之与阿，相去几何。
之与恶，相去若何。
人之所畏，不可不畏。
荒兮，其未央哉。
众人熙熙，如享太牢，如春登台。
我独泊兮，其未兆?
沌沌兮，如婴儿之未孩?
? ? 兮，若无所归。
众人皆有余，而我独若遗。我愚人之心也哉。
俗人昭昭，我独昏昏。
俗人察察，我独闷闷。
众人皆有以，而我独顽且鄙。
我独异于人，而贵食母。
Chapter 20
When we renounce learning we have no troubles.
The (ready) 'yes,' and (flattering) 'yea;'--
Small is the difference they display.
But mark their issues, good and ill;--
What space the gulf between shall fill?
What all men fear is indeed to be feared; but how wide and without end
is the range of questions (asking to be discussed)!
The multitude of men look satisfied and pleased; as if enjoying a
full banquet, as if mounted on a tower in spring. I alone seem
listless and still, my desires having as yet given no indication of
their presence. I am like an infant which has not yet smiled. I look dejected and forlorn, as if I had no home to go to. The multitude of men all have enough and to spare. I alone seem to have lost everything. My mind is that of a stupid man; I am in a state of chaos.
Ordinary men look bright and intelligent, while I alone seem to be benighted. They look full of discrimination, while I alone am dull
and confused. I seem to be carried about as on the sea, drifting as
if I had nowhere to rest. All men have their spheres of action, while
I alone seem dull and incapable, like a rude borderer. (Thus) I alone am different from other men, but I value the nursing-mother (the T ao). 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十一章
孔德之容，惟道是从。
道之为物，惟恍惟惚。
惚兮恍兮，其中有象? 恍兮惚兮，其中有物。
窈兮冥兮，其中有精? 其精甚真，其中有信。
自今及古，其名不去，以阅众甫。
吾何以知众甫之状哉。以此。
Chapter 21.
The grandest forms of active force
From Tao come, their only source.
Who can of Tao the nature tell?
Our sight it flies, our touch as well.
Eluding sight, eluding touch,
The forms of things all in it crouch;
Eluding touch, eluding sight,
There are their semblances, all right.
Profound it is, dark and obscure;
Things' essences all there endure.
Those essences the truth enfold
Of what, when seen, shall then be told.
Now it is so; 'twas so of old.
Its name--what passes not away;
So, in their beautiful array,
Things form and never know decay.
How know I that it is so with all the beauties of existing things? By
this (nature of the Tao).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十二章
曲则全，枉则直，洼则盈，
敝则新，少则得，多则惑。
是以圣人抱一为天下式。
不自见，故明?
不自是，故彰?
不自伐，故有功?
不自矜，故长。
夫唯不争，故天下莫能与之争。
古之所谓「曲则全」者，岂虚言哉。
诚全而归之。
Chapter 22
The partial becomes complete; the crooked, straight; the empty,
full; the worn out, new. He whose (desires) are few gets them; he whose (desires) are many goes astray.
Therefore the sage holds in his embrace the one thing (of
humility), and manifests it to all the world. He is free from self- display, and therefore he shines; from self-assertion, and therefore
he is distinguished; from self-boasting, and therefore his merit is acknowledged; from self-complacency, and therefore he acquires superiority. It is because he is thus free from striving that
therefore no one in the world is able to strive with him.
That saying of the ancients that 'the partial becomes complete' was
not vainly spoken:--all real completion is comprehended under it.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十三章
希言自然。
故飘风不终朝，骤雨不终日。
孰为此者。
天地。天地尚不能久，而况于人乎。
故从事于道者，同于道?
德者，同于德? 失者，同于失。
同于道者，道亦乐得之?
同于德者，德亦乐得之?
同于失者，失亦乐得之。
信不足焉，有不信焉。
Chapter 23
Abstaining from speech marks him who is obeying the spontaneity
of his nature. A violent wind does not last for a whole morning; a sudden rain does not last for the whole day. To whom is it that these (two) things are owing? To Heaven and Earth. If Heaven and Earth cannot make such (spasmodic) actings last long, how much less can man! Therefore when one is making the T ao his business, those who are
also pursuing it, agree with him in it, and those who are making the manifestation of its course their object agree with him in that; while even those who are failing in both these things agree with him where
they fail.
Hence, those with whom he agrees as to the Tao have the happiness
of attaining to it; those with whom he agrees as to its manifestation have the happiness of attaining to it; and those with whom he agrees in their failure have also the happiness of attaining (to the T ao). (But) when there is not faith sufficient (on his part), a want of
faith (in him) ensues (on the part of the others).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 「道德?」: 第二十四章
企者不立? 跨者不行?
自见者不明? 自是者不彰?
自伐者无功? 自矜者不长。
其在道也，曰：余食赘形。
物或恶之，故有道者不处。
Chapter 24.
He who stands on his tiptoes does not stand firm; he who stretches
his legs does not walk (easily). (So), he who displays himself does
not shine; he who asserts his own views is not distinguished; he who vaunts himself does not find his merit acknowledged; he who is self- conceited has no superiority allowed to him. Such conditions, viewed from the standpoint of the Tao, are like remnants of food, or a tumour on the body, which all dislike. Hence those who pursue (the course)
of the Tao do not adopt and allow them.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十五章
有物混成，先天地生。
寂兮寥兮，独立而不改，
周行而不殆，可以为天地母。
吾不知其名，强字之曰道，强为之名曰大。
大曰逝，逝曰远，远曰反。
故道大，天大，地大，人亦大。
域中有四大，而人居其一焉。
人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。
Chapter 25
There was something undefined and complete, coming into
existence before Heaven and Earth. How still it was and formless, standing alone, and undergoing no change, reaching everywhere and in no danger (of being exhausted)! It may be regarded as the Mother of all things.
I do not know its name, and I give it the designation of the Tao
(the Way or Course). Making an effort (further) to give it a name I
call it The Great.
Great, it passes on (in constant flow). Passing on, it becomes remote. Having become remote, it returns. Therefore the T ao is
great; Heaven is great; Earth is great; and the (sage) king is also great. In the universe there are four that are great, and the (sage) king is one of them.
Man takes his law from the Earth; the Earth takes its law from Heaven; Heaven takes its law from the T ao. The law of the T ao is its being what it is.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十六章
重为轻根，静为躁君。
是以君子终日行不离辎重。
虽有荣观，燕处超然。
奈何万乘之主，而以身轻天下。
轻则失根，躁则失君。
Chapter 26
Gravity is the root of lightness; stillness, the ruler of
movement.
Therefore a wise prince, marching the whole day, does not go far
from his baggage wagons. Although he may have brilliant prospects to look at, he quietly remains (in his proper place), indifferent to
them. How should the lord of a myriad chariots carry himself lightly before the kingdom? If he do act lightly, he has lost his root (of gravity); if he proceed to active movement, he will lose his throne.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十七章
善行无辙迹，善言无瑕谪?
善数不用筹策? 善闭无关楗而不可开，
善结无绳约而不可解。
是以圣人常善救人，故无弃人?
常善救物，故无弃物。
是谓袭明。
故善人者，不善人之师?
不善人者，善人之资。
不贵其师，不爱其资，
虽智大迷，是谓要妙。
Chapter 27
The skilful traveller leaves no traces of his wheels or
footsteps; the skilful speaker says nothing that can be found fault
with or blamed; the skilful reckoner uses no tallies; the skilful
closer needs no bolts or bars, while to open what he has shut will be impossible; the skilful binder uses no strings or knots, while to unloose what he has bound will be impossible. In the same way the sage is always skilful at saving men, and so he does not cast away any man; he is always skilful at saving things, and so he does not cast away anything. This is called 'Hiding the light of his procedure.'
Therefore the man of skill is a master (to be looked up to) by him
who has not the skill; and he who has not the skill is the helper of (the reputation of) him who has the skill. If the one did not honour
his master, and the other did not rejoice in his helper, an (observer), though intelligent, might greatly err about them. This is called 'The utmost degree of mystery.'
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十八章
知其雄，守其雌，为天下溪。
为天下溪，常德不离，复归于婴儿。
知其白，守其辱，为天下谷。
为天下谷，常德乃足，复归于朴。
知其白，守其黑，为天下式。
为天下式，常德不忒，复归于无极。
朴散则为器，圣人用之，
则为官长，故大智不割。
Chapter 28
Who knows his manhood's strength,
Yet still his female feebleness maintains;
As to one channel flow the many drains,
All come to him, yea, all beneath the sky.
Thus he the constant excellence retains;
The simple child again, free from all stains.
Who knows how white attracts,
Yet always keeps himself within black's shade,
The pattern of humility displayed,
Displayed in view of all beneath the sky;
He in the unchanging excellence arrayed,
Endless return to man's first state has made.
Who knows how glory shines,
Yet loves disgrace, nor e'er for it is pale;
Behold his presence in a spacious vale,
To which men come from all beneath the sky.
The unchanging excellence completes its tale;
The simple infant man in him we hail.
The unwrought material, when divided and distributed, forms vessels. The sage, when employed, becomes the Head of all the Officers (of government); and in his greatest regulations he employs no violent measures.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第二十九章
将欲取天下而为之，吾见其不得已。
天下神器，不可为也，不可执也。
为者败之，执者失之。
是以圣人无为，故无败?
无执，故无失。
夫物或行或随? 或嘘或吹?
或强或羸? 或载或隳。
是以圣人去甚，去奢，去泰。
Chapter 29
If any one should wish to get the kingdom for himself, and to
effect this by what he does, I see that he will not succeed. The kingdom is a spirit-like thing, and cannot be got by active doing. He who would so win it destroys it; he who would hold it in his grasp
loses it.
The course and nature of things is such that
What was in front is now behind;
What warmed anon we freezing find.
Strength is of weakness oft the spoil;
The store in ruins mocks our toil.
Hence the sage puts away excessive effort, extravagance, and easy indulgence.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第三十章
以道佐人主者，不以兵强天下。
其事好远。
师之所处，荆棘生焉。
大军之后，必有凶年。
善有果而已，不以取强。
果而勿矜，果而勿伐，果而勿骄。
果而不得已，果而勿强。
物壮则老，是谓不道，不道早已。
Chapter 30
He who would assist a lord of men in harmony with the Tao will
not assert his mastery in the kingdom by force of arms. Such a course is sure to meet with its proper return.
Wherever a host is stationed, briars and thorns spring up. In the sequence of great armies there are sure to be bad years.
A skilful (commander) strikes a decisive blow, and stops. He does
not dare (by continuing his operations) to assert and complete his mastery. He will strike the blow, but will be on his guard against
being vain or boastful or arrogant in consequence of it. He strikes
it as a matter of necessity; he strikes it, but not from a wish for mastery.
When things have attained their strong maturity they become old.
This may be said to be not in accordance with the T ao: and what is not in accordance with it soon comes to an end.
老子: 「道德经」: 第三十一章
夫兵者，不祥之器，
物或恶之，故有道者不处。
君子居则贵左，用兵则贵右。
兵者不祥之器，非君子之器，
不得已而用之，恬淡为上。
胜而不美，而美之者，是乐杀人。
夫乐杀人者，则不可得志于天下矣。
吉事尚左，凶事尚右。
偏将军居左，上将军居右，言以丧礼处之。
杀人之众，以悲哀泣之，战胜以丧礼处之。
Chapter 31
Now arms, however beautiful, are instruments of evil omen,
hateful, it may be said, to all creatures. Therefore they who have
the Tao do not like to employ them.
The superior man ordinarily considers the left hand the most honourable place, but in time of war the right hand. Those sharp weapons are instruments of evil omen, and not the instruments of the superior man;--he uses them only on the compulsion of necessity. Calm and repose are what he prizes; victory (by force of arms) is to him undesirable. To consider this desirable would be to delight in the slaughter of men; and he who delights in the slaughter of men cannot get his will in the kingdom.
On occasions of festivity to be on the left hand is the prized
position; on occasions of mourning, the right hand. The second in command of the army has his place on the left; the general commanding in chief has his on the right;--his place, that is, is assigned to him
as in the rites of mourning. He who has killed multitudes of men
should weep for them with the bitterest grief; and the victor in
battle has his place (rightly) according to those rites.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第三十二章
道常无名朴。
虽小，天下莫能臣。
侯王若能守之，万物将自宾。
天地相合，以降甘露，民莫之令而自均。
始制有名，名亦既有，
夫亦将知止，知止可以不殆。
譬道之在天下，犹川谷之于江海。
Chapter 32
The T ao, considered as unchanging, has no name.
Though in its primordial simplicity it may be small, the whole
world dares not deal with (one embodying) it as a minister. If a
feudal prince or the king could guard and hold it, all would spontaneously submit themselves to him.
Heaven and Earth (under its guidance) unite together and send down the sweet dew, which, without the directions of men, reaches equally everywhere as of its own accord.
As soon as it proceeds to action, it has a name. When it once has
that name, (men) can know to rest in it. When they know to rest in
it, they can be free from all risk of failure and error.
The relation of the Tao to all the world is like that of the great
rivers and seas to the streams from the valleys.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第三十三章
知人者智，自知者明。
胜人者有力，自胜者强。
知足者富。
强行者有志。
不失其所者久。
死而不亡者寿。
Chapter 33
He who knows other men is discerning; he who knows himself is intelligent. He who overcomes others is strong; he who overcomes himself is mighty. He who is satisfied with his lot is rich; he who
goes on acting with energy has a (firm) will.
He who does not fail in the requirements of his position, continues long; he who dies and yet does not perish, has longevity.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 老子: 「道德经」: 第三十四章
大道泛兮，其可左右。
万物恃之以生而不辞，功成而不有。
衣养万物而不为主，可名于小?
万物归焉而不为主，可名为大。
以其终不自为大，故能成其大。
Chapter 34
All-pervading is the Great T ao! It may be found on the left
hand and on the right.
All things depend on it for their production, which it gives to
them, not one refusing obedience to it. When its work is accomplished, it does not claim the name of having done it. It
clothes all things as with a garment, and makes no assumption of being their lord;--it may be named in the smallest things. All things
return (to their root and disappear), and do not know that it is it
which presides over their doing so;--it may be named in the greatest things.
Hence the sage is able (in the same way) to accomplish his great achievements. It is through his not making himself great that he can accomplish them.
初中---五种基本句型 中考对五种基本句型的考查主要集中在以下几方面： 1. 掌握五种基本句型的基本用法。 2. 掌握五种基本句型在用法上的区别。 中考考查这部分内容时的题型和大体分值为： 单选（1分） 写句子（1分） 写作（1-2分） 阅读理解（1-2分） 一、知识精讲 五种基本句型是句子最基本的组成部分。掌握了这五种基本句型，在阅读中当我们遇到较复杂的句子时，运用这些基本句型，对句子的分析就会变得容易多了。在写作中，首先要能运用好这些基本句型，才能得到高分。 （一）五种基本句型的句子成分： 1. 句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语等。 2. 主语（subject）：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 【例句】 We often speak English in class. 我们在课上经常说英语。 Smoking does harm to the health. 吸烟对健康有害。 The rich should help the poor. 富有的人应该帮助贫困的人。 3. 谓语（verb）：谓语可用来说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词常在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。分及物动词和不及物动词两种。 【例句】 He practices running every morning. 他每天早晨练习跑步。 I have caught a bad cold. 我得了重感冒。 We like helping the people in trouble 我们喜欢帮助那些处于困境中的人。
初中英语语法大全：英语五个基本句型1简单句、并列句、复合句 根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1简单句 句型：主语+谓语 只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。简单句有五种基本句型，详见第十七章。 They are playing baseball in the garden. 他们正在公园里打棒球。 Her brother and sister both are teachers. 她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。 2并列句 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句 （常见的并列连词有and，but，or） 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 My friend was at home，and we talked for along time. 我的朋友在家，我们谈了好长时间。 Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher.
她父亲是个医生，她母亲是个老师。I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasn't interested in it.我非常喜欢这个故事，可是李明却对它不感兴趣。 Hurry up，or you'll be late. 快点，否则你就会迟到的。 3复合句 句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。） 句子的成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分： 1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in No.1 Middle School.（讲述“谁”～） 我们在一中学习。 The classroom is very clean. （讲述“什么”很干净） 这间教室很干净。 Three were absent.（数词作主语）
各种英语句型结构总结 各种英语句型结构总结 一、接不定式（而不接动名词）作宾语的24个常用动词 affordtodosth.负担得起做某事 agreetodosth.同意做某事 arrangetodosth.安排做某事 asktodosth.要求做某事 begtodosth.请求做某事 caretodosth.想要做某事 choosetodosth.决定做某事 decidetodosth.决定做某事 demandtodosth.要求做某事 determinetodosth.决心做某事 expecttodosth.期待做某事 feartodosth.害怕做某事 helptodosth.帮助做某事 hopetodosth.希望做某事 managetodosth.设法做某事 offertodosth.主动提出做某事 plantodosth.计划做某事
preparetodosth.准备做某事 pretendtodosth.假装做某事 promisetodosth.答应做某事 refusetodosth.拒绝做某事 wanttodosth.想要做某事 wishtodosth.希望做某事 注：有些不及物动词后习惯上也接不定式，不接动名词：aimtodosth.打算做某事 failtodosth.未能做某事 longtodosth.渴望做某事 happentodosth.碰巧做某事 hesitatetodosth.犹豫做某事 struggletodosth.努力做某事 二、接不定式作宾补的36个常用动词 advisesb.todosth.建议某人做某事 allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事 asksb.todosth.请（叫）某人做某事 bearsb.todosth.忍受某人做某事 begsb.todosth.请求某人做某事 causesb.todosth.导致某人做某事 commandsb.todosth.命令某人做某事 drivesb.todosth.驱使某人做某事 electsb.todosth.选举某人做某事
英语学习中的六种基本句型结构 英语的句式从表达形式上来看，形式多样且丰富多彩，但仔细观察后就不难发现，无论其怎样变化，它们大都基本保持了常见的六个句型结构。也就是说，绝大多数英语句子都是由这六个基本句式演变、衍生而成的。因此，掌握好这六个基本句型以及他们的基本用法，对于初学英语的同学们来说，就显得非常重要了。这里做一简单列举与说明，希望对同学们的学习有所帮助： 英语五种基本句型列式如下： 一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）主语——动词 二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）主语——动词——表语 三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）主语——动词——宾语 四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）主语——动词——宾语——宾语 五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）主语——动词——宾语——补语 六：There be + 主语+ 其它 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词如：work，sing，swim，fish，jump，arrive，come，die，disappear，cry，happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard。李明学习很努力。 2) The little girl cried even harder。小女孩哭得更厉害了。 3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon。事故是昨天下午发生的。 1、The sun is rising。 2、I'll try。 3、Did you sleep well？(well做状语，修饰不及物动词sleep) 4、The engine broke down。 注意：在此句型中，有少数不及物动词表达被动含义，表达主语本身所具有的特性，不用被动语态。 1、The book sells well。 2、The window won't shut。 3、The pen writes smoothly。 4、Cheese cuts easily。 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link、V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be，look，seem，smell，taste，sound，keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious、这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now、刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become，turn，get，grow，go等。如： 1) Spring comes、It is getting warmer and warmer。春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before。这棵树比以前长得高多了。
19种英语常用句型结构 [精] 初学英语的人常常感到在掌握一些英语单词和基本语法后，在英语说和写方面还是很难表达自己，其中一个原因是没有掌握一些英语句型，只有掌握了一些句型才能比较正确、完整地表达自己。下面是一些常用的句型及其例句。 1.否定句型 2.判断句型 3.祝愿祈使句式 4.感叹句型 5.疑问句型 6.数词句型 7.关联指代句型 8.比较句型 9.比喻类句型 10.条件假设句 11.时间句型 12.地点句型 13.原因句型 14.目的句型 15.结果句型 16.程度句型 17.让步句型
18.转折句型 19.省略句 1. 否定句型 1) 一般否定句 I don't know this. No news is good news. There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house. 2)特指否定 He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don't think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right. 3)部分否定 I don't know all of them. I can't see everybody/everything. All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都对。）All is not gold that glitters. （闪光的不一定都是金子。） Both of them are not right.（并非两人都对。） 4)全体否定 None of my friends smoke. I can see nothing/nobody.
英语常用句型结构大全英语五种基本句型结构 一年一度的高考即将到来，作为三大主科之一的英语，在考试中所 作占的分数比例很大，但是英语也是许多考生的薄弱科目。那幺想学好英语 的得到高分最起码要掌握英语最基本的常用句型语法等，下面小编就给大家 分享一下英语五种基本句型结构，希望大家学业有成，工作顺利 ?英语中的五种基本句型结构一、句型1：Subject (主语) + Verb (谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以 直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, ?jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。3)Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.二、句型2：Subject (主语) + Link. V(系动词) + Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这 样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) + Verb (谓语) + Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1) He took his bag and left.(名词) 他拿着书包离开了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.
五种基本句型 句子由主语和谓语两大部分组成。主语结构比较单一，谓语结构则不然，不同类别的谓语动词导致不同的谓语结构，从而形成了不同的句型( Sentence Pattern )。换句话说，不同的句型是由不同类别的谓语动词所决定的，因此，句型又被称为动词句型 ( Verb Pattern )。语法家们对句型的分类不尽相同，一般认为，现代英语的基本句型主要有五种： 1. “主----系-----表” (SLP)句型： 在这种句型中，谓语动词是以be为主的连系动词(Linking Verb )，后面跟主语补语(Subject Compleme nt),如： These oranges have kept fresh. 这些桔子一直很新鲜。 Mary is a student / here /in the room. 玛丽是个学生/ 在这儿/ 在房间里。 有的语法家把be后面的副词(短语)或介词短语视为状语，从而形成了“主----动----- 状” (SVA这一在五种基本句型之外的句型(见上面最后一个例句)。 2. “主----动” (SV句型： 在这种句型中,谓语动词为不及物动词( Intransitive Verb ),谓语部分通常只包括限定 动词,即使有状语,也属任意性状语,即：去掉后并不影响句子结构和意义的完整,如： This bread won 't keep (for a long time). 这种面包不好(长期)存放。 Tom has left. 前面说过, 有些句子中的状语是不可缺少的,这种状语被称为必具性状语,从而构成“主 ----动----状” (SVA)句型，但这仅限于少数几个动词的某些用法，因而不是一种主要句型，如： They are staying in a hotel. 他们暂住在一家旅馆里。 3. “主----动----- 宾” (SVO 句型： 在这种句型中,谓语动词为只带一个宾语的及物动词,这种动词被称为单宾语及物动词 ( Monotransitive Verb ),如： He kept the money. 他保存着这些钱。 The train leaves London at nine. 这列火车九点钟驶离伦敦。
句子的基本句型 由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等句子成分，按不同方式可组合成五种基本句型。 句子成分的表示方法： S: Subject主语； V: Verb动词； O: Object宾语； P: Predicative表语； IO: Indirect Object间接宾语； DO：Direct Object 直接宾语
OC: Object Complement宾语补足语； ◇第一种句型：主语+不及物动词(S+V) 该句型所用动词都是不及物动词，其后当然不能接宾语，但是可以用状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子。 He runs fast in the street. 他在街上跑得飞快。 The meeting begins at nine. 会议九点开始。 ◇第二种句型：主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+DO) 该句型所用动词都是及物动词，可作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词或短语及从句。 We attended the meeting. 我们出席了那次会议。(名词作宾语) She stopped him. 她叫住了他。(代词作宾语) She wants to ask a question. 她要问一个问题。(不定式作宾语) They enjoy listening to the classic music. 他们喜欢听古典音乐。(动名词作宾语) 注意：一些不及物动词之后加上介词就可以具有及物动词的功能，其后就可以接宾语了。 这一类词组有：listen to 听；look at 看；look after 照看；look for 寻找；arrive at/in 到达等。 May I turn on the light? 我可以开灯吗? What are you looking for? 你在找什么? ◇第三种句型：主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P) 连系动词的后面必须接表语，说明主语的情况和状态。通常可作表语的是名词或形容词。 She became a lawyer last year. 去年，她成为了一名律师。 He is honest. 他是诚实的。 It is getting colder and colder. 天气渐渐冷了。 It tastes delicious. 这好吃极了。 下列动词也作连系动词使用：look 看起来；smell 闻起来；sound 听起来；taste 尝起来；feel 感觉；keep 保持；grow/go/get/turn变得。 ◇第四种句型：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO) (1)宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，但某些动词，除直接宾语外，还要求一个间接宾语，以表示该动词所表示的动作所及的人或物，通常由名词或代词的宾格担任。 She gave me a ticket for that film. 她给了我一张那部电影的票。
句型宝典 疑问句型 What is this? 结构︰问句：What＋be 动词＋this（that…）？ 答句：This（that…）＋be 动词＋a book（pen…）。 说明︰此句型意为“这（那）是什么？这（那）是书（钢笔…）”。what（什么）叫做“疑问词”，用于询问“事物”，通常放在句首，后接be <动词>，再接<主词>，第一个字母w要大写，句尾要加问号(?)，位置不可排错。 What is this? This is a chair. 这是什么？这是一张椅子。 What’s this? It’s a book. 这是什么？它是一本书。 What is that? That is a desk. 那是什么？那是一张书桌。 What are these? 结构︰问句：What are＋these／those…？ 答句：These／Those are＋复数名词（＋s／es）。 说明︰<主词>与<动词>的形式要一致，is 后面接单数<名词>，are 后面要接复数<名词>。 What are these? These are books. 这些是什么？这些是书。 What are those? Those are cups. 那些是什么？那些是茶杯。 What are they? They are glasses. 它们是什么？它们是玻璃杯。 What are you? 结构︰问句：What＋be 动词＋主词（人）…？ 答句：主词＋be 动词＋a student…。 说明︰此句型意为“你是做什么事情的？我是学生…”。疑问词what 除了询问事物之外，还可用于询问“人的职业或身分”。be <动词>随<人称代名词>的变化而改变形态，如：I am，we are，you are，he is…。 What are you? I am a student. 你是做什么事情的？我是一名学生。 What is she? She is a teacher. 她是做什么事情的？她是一名教师。 Are you a ...? 结构︰问句：Be 动词（am，are，is）＋主词＋…？ 肯定简答：Yes，主词＋am（are，is）。 否定简答：No，主词＋am（are，is）not。 说明︰在否定<简答句>中，<主词>和am，is，are 可以缩写；在肯定<简答句>中则不可。 Is he a student? Yes, he is. (No, he isn’t.) 他是学生吗？是的，他是。（不，他不是。）Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. (No, I’m not.) 你是教师吗？是的，我是。（不，我不是。）Is that a clock? Yes, it is. (No, it isn’t.) 那是钟表吗？是的，它是。（不，它不是。）What is your name? 结构︰问句：What＋is＋所有格＋name? 答句：所有格＋name＋is＋名字。 说明︰“my，your，his，her”为单数人称的<所有格>；<所有格>后面必接<名词>，即“<所有格>＋<名词>”；<所有格>不可与a，an，this，that，these 或those 紧接一起使用。 What is your name? My name is Sue. 妳叫什么名字？我的名字叫苏。 What is his name? His name is John. 他叫什么名字？他的名字叫约翰。 What is her name? Her name is Jean. 她叫什么名字？她的名字叫珍。 Who is that ...?
英语句型大全手册－详尽版 1. 疑问句型 what is this? 结构︰问句：what＋be 动词＋this（that…）？ 答句：this（that…）＋be 动词＋a book（pen…）。 说明︰此句型意为“这（那）是什么？这（那）是书（钢笔…）”。what（什么）叫做“疑问词”，用于询问“事物”，通常放在句首，后接 be <动词>，再接<主词>，第一个字母 w要大写，句尾要加问号(?)，位置不可排错。 what is this? this is a chair. 这是什么？这是一张椅子。 what’s this? it’s a book.这是什么？它是一本书。 what is that? that is a desk. 那是什么？那是一张书桌。 what are these? 结构︰问句：what are＋these／those…？ 答句：these／those are＋复数名词（＋s／es）。 说明︰<主词>与<动词>的形式要一致，is 后面接单数<名词>，are 后面要接复数<名词>。 what are these? these are books.这些是什么？这些是书。 what are those? those are cups.那些是什么？那些是茶杯。 what are they? they are glasses.它们是什么？它们是玻璃杯。 what are you? 结构︰问句：what＋be 动词＋主词（人）…？ 答句：主词＋be 动词＋a student…。 说明︰此句型意为“你是做什么事情的？我是学生…”。疑问词 what 除了询问事物之外，还可用于询问“人的职业或身分”。be <动词>随<人称代名词>的变化而改变形态，如：i am，we are，you are，he is…。 what are you? i am a student.你是做什么事情的？我是一名学生。 what is she? she is a teacher.她是做什么事情的？她是一名教师。 are you a ...? 结构︰问句：be 动词（am，are，is）＋主词＋…？ 肯定简答：yes，主词＋am（are，is）。 否定简答：no，主词＋am（are，is）not。 说明︰在否定<简答句>中，<主词>和 am，is，are 可以缩写；在肯定<简答句>中则不可。 is he a student? yes, he is. (no, he isn’t.)他是学生吗？是的，他是。（不，他不是。） are you a teacher? yes, i am. (no, i’m not.) 你是教师吗？是的，我是。（不，我不是。） is that a clock? yes, it is. (no, it isn’t.) 那是钟表吗？是的，它是。（不，它不是。） what is your name? 结构︰问句：what＋is＋所有格＋name? 答句：所有格＋name＋is＋名字。 说明︰“my，your，his，her”为单数人称的<所有格>；<所有格>后面必接<名词>，即“<所有格>＋<名词>”；<所有格>不可与 a，an，this，that，these 或 those 紧接一起使用。 what is your name? my name is sue.妳叫什么名字？我的名字叫苏。 what is his name? his name is john.他叫什么名字？他的名字叫约翰。 what is her name? her name is jean.她叫什么名字？她的名字叫珍。 who is that ...?
英语基本句型讲练 1. 主系表结构：主语+系动词+表语 Link verbs: be, look, feel, sound, seem, taste, smell, become, go, turn, get, grow, prove, fall, keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, turn out e.g. 1) Smith is a boss/over 40/ smart/ in a room/ to go to see a film/ excited/out 2) Her job is looking after the baby. 3) This dictionary is not hers but mine. 4) She looks happy/ felt happy/ fell ill/ went mad. 5) It is no use/ useless doing it now. 2. Exx.(高考书面表达P6) Grammar Link verbs 系动词又叫连系动词：它是中学英语中的重要语法项目之一，也是历届高考考查重点和热点。 I：用法 连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词，或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，说明主语是什么或怎么样。 II：分类 英语中最常用的连系动词有20个左右，一般分为四类： 1：“存在”类：表示存在或具有某种特征或状态。这类连系动词强调“存在”。 常见的有：be (是)，seem(似乎是)，appear(似乎、显得)，prove (证明是) 等。 例如： You are a student, aren’t you?你是学生，对吗？ He is very disappointed with the results of his examinations.他对考试结果很失望。 Who looks after your dog while you are out? 你不在家谁来照料你的小狗？ The theory he stuck to proved (to be) correct.他所坚持的理论证明是正确的。
英语常见的基本句式和句型结构 英语中有四种基本的句式：陈述句、祈使句、疑问句和感叹句。 例如： Declarative: Tom'll come to the meeting tomorrow. 陈述句：(汤姆明天会参加会议。) Imperative: Turn to page 232 in your science book. 祈使句：(请把你的科学课本翻到第232页。) Interrogative: Where do you live? 疑问句：(你住在哪里啊?) Exclamatory: That's awesome! 感叹句：(太棒了!) 陈述句 陈述句是对事实、安排或观点进行“声明”或陈述。陈述句可以是肯定句，也可以是否定句。陈述句以句号(.)结尾。
I'll meet you at the train station. (我们在火车站见面吧。) The sun rises in the East. (太阳从东方升起。) He doesn't get up early. (他不早起。) 祈使句 祈使句是发出命令(有时是要求)的一种句式。祈使句中一般没有主语，you是隐含的主语。祈使句以句号(.)或感叹号(!)结尾。 Open the door. (把门打开。) Finish your homework. (把你的作业做完。) Pick up that mess. (把这乱七八糟的收拾一下。) 疑问句
疑问句就是提出问题的句式。疑问句中，助动词位于主语前面，而主语后则跟着主动词(例如：Are you coming..?)。疑问句以问号结尾。 How long have you lived in France? (你在法国住了多久呀?) When does the bus leave? (公交什么时候开走的?) Do you enjoy listening to classical music? (你喜欢听古典音乐吗?) 感叹句 感叹句通过感叹号(!)对一个陈述(陈述句或祈使句中)进行了强调。 Hurry up! (快点!) That sounds fantastic! (听起来棒极了!) I can't believe you said that! (我真不敢相信你会那么说!)
中考英语常用经典句型结构 1. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 做某事花费某人……时间/金钱。 2. Sb. spends (money/time) on sth./ in doing sth. 某人户而非时间或金钱做某事。有时in可以省略。 3. Sth. costs sb. some time/ some money 某人花费……时间或金钱在某事上。 4. Sb. pay some money for sth. 某人花……钱来买某物。 5. It + be + adj.+of + sb. to do sth. 某人能做某事真是太……了。（本句型的形容词通常是表示主观感情或态度的。如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, foolish, right, wrong, careful, careless等。） 6. It + be + adj.+ for + sb. + to do sth. 对某人来说做某事真是太……了。（本句型中的形容词通常是表示客观情况。如：easy, hard, difficult, important, necessary, impossible, interesting等。） 7. It is + adj. + to do sth. 做某事…… 8. It is + adj. + doing sth. 做某事很……（对话结束时使用） 9. find it + adj. + to do sth. 发现做某事…… 10. ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”。 before通常用来表示在某个时间点以前。另外，before可单独作状语，ago则不能。 11. not…until…直到……才……；不到……时不……
初二（下）英语五种基本句型专项练习题 一、请判断下列句子的结构类型： 1.He is running. 2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry. 3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions. 4.She seemed angry. 5.My father bought me a beautiful present. 6.Why do you keep your eyes closed？ 7.Will you tell us an exciting story？ 8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean. 9.I heard the baby crying in the sitting room. 10.Can you push the window open？ 二、用所学的五种句型造句： A：1．正在下着雨。 2．我的哥哥很用功。 3．我每天早晨六点钟起床。 4．日出于东而没于西。 5．比尔和吉姆每天都一起读书一起玩。B：1．我的名字是汤姆。 2．约翰和玛丽是同班同学。 3．你准备好了吗？ 4．所有的问题都不容易回答。 5．你的梦想一定能实现的。 6．这些玫瑰花看起来很美，闻起来也很香。C：1．现在我们正在学习英语。 2．海伦做她的课外作业都很小心。 3．昨天你看到他了吗？ 4．我们的英语老师林先生会说英语和日语。 5．大部分的小孩都爱阅读故事。 D： 1．她的伯父昨天给了她一件很好的礼物。2．请给我们一些吃的东西。 3．这位老师常给这些男、女生讲有趣的故事。4．她的父亲上星期买了一只新的手表给他。5．我的美国朋友比尔在几天前写了一封信给我。E： 1．他们都叫他“小胖”。 2．他使他的年老的母亲很快乐。 3．老师经常都要我们坐得端正。 4．你有办法发动这部汽车吗？ 5. 我们的老师有时候会强迫我们做课外作业。 三、将下列五种基本句型构成的句子译为汉语。1．Do you know her younger sister? 2．I got home after dark yesterday. 3．Bill always does very well at school.
英语常用基本句式和句型结构 【要点归纳】 ▲英语句式绝大多数以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为核心架构。英语是SV型语言。即以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为主干，以谓语动词为核心。 ▲一般来说，一个英语句子若没有谓语动词（实义动词或系动词），这个句子一定是错误的。 ▲英语句子的谓语只能由动词来充当，动词在英语句子中如果不充当谓语就必须用非谓语形式（动名词、不定式或分词）。但汉语句子的谓语既可以是动词，也可以是形容词、名词等。 如：The prices are stable and the market is flourishing. To study English is not easy. Study English not easy. (×) ▲汉语句法的显著特点是“动词连用”，动词不需要形态变化，便可以按时间和动作发生先后顺序和情节发展连续使用几个动词。一个英语句子，除并列谓语的情形外，只能出现一个谓语，否则须用其他手段处理： ★变为非谓语形式 ★连词连接﹛并列连词（并列谓语；并列句） ★从属连词→引出从句 ★用名词或介词来表示 ▲汉语“动词连用”有两类，一类是由一个主语发出的连续几个动作，叫连动式；一类是由谓语的两个动作，前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语，即两个动词不是由一个主语发出的，称作兼语式。请看： 一）连动式 英语中没有汉语这种连动式，表达先后关系的几个动词，可用and连接或用分词结构。如： 我打开门走进来。 I opened the door and came in. (Opening the door, I came in.) 二）兼语式
如：“他请我到他家来做客。”“我”是“请”的宾语，又是“到他家来做客”的主语。也就是说“我”身兼两职。英语句式表达汉语兼语式有以下几种方式： 1) 将兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语，常用不定式，有时用不带to的不定式，或分词，副词，形容词，名词，介词结构等。对于第一个动词，汉语中常用的动词有“使”、“叫”、“请求”、“让”、“迫使”、“导致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促进”、“鼓励”等，在英语中均有对应的动词（make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等）。如： He invited me to dinner in his house. ▲在SV总句式基础上，根据谓语动词的类型不同，可总结出下五大句型：[S1] ⑴主语+系动词+表语She seems kind. a. The soup is delicious. (形容词作表语) b. Helen became an electrical engineer. (名词作表语) c. He is in good health. (介词短语作表语) d. The story is interesting. (现在分词作表语) e. His wish is to become a doctor. (动词不定式作表语) ⑵主语+不及物动词He changed a lot. a. The moon shines brightly. (一般现在时) b. The car won’t go. (一般将来时) c. The child behaved badly at the party. (主语+不及物动词+程度状语+地点状语) d. Production declined 6% last month. (一般过去式) e. They will fly to London. (主语+不及物动词+地点状语) ⑶主语+及物动词+宾语We love our country. a. We visited our friends. (名词作宾语) b. I am considering going abroad. (动名词作宾语)
英语句型分析,英语中几种基本句型结构大全 很多同学由于没有掌握高中英语的学习方法导致学习效率很低，还有一部分同学对于高中英语这个学科没有办法提起学习兴趣，所以导致这个高中英语成为自己的弱势科目，拉低了自己的总成绩，现在小编给大家总结一些高中英语的常用句型，来帮助大家更好地学习高中英语。 高考英语听力答案规律及应考技巧高考英语完形填空蒙题技巧高考英语语法填空固定规律及做题技巧高考英语完形填空解题技巧汇总 1高中英语常用句型—疑问句型结构︰问句：What+be动词+this(that?)? 答句：This(that?)+be动词+abook(pen?)。 结构︰问句：Whatare+these/those?? 答句：These/Thoseare+复数名词(+s/es)。 结构︰问句：What+be动词+主词(人)??答句：主词+be动词+astudent?。1高中英语常用句型—引导的倒装句表示―另一者也如此‖，即前者的情况 也适用于后者，用so,neither/nor引导的倒装句，助动词的选择依据前一句的谓语动词。具体例子如下： 1).Hehasfinishedhishomework,sohaveI. 2).Mysisterpreferscoffee,sodoI. 3).Johncan’trideabicycle,neither/norcanI. 4).Ifhebuysthebook,sowillhisclassmates. 1高中英语常用句型—状语从句so/such……..that…….引导结果状语从句时须注意： [1]当名词前有many,much,little,few修饰时,用so不用such因为此时的中心
初中英语句型结构总结 1 see，hear，notice，find，feel，listen to，look at (感官动词)+ do 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越…… 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） a place of interest 名胜 4 agree with sb. 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一种/样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with 同……一道，伴随…… 8 as soon as 一……就…… 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for …求助向…要…(直接接想要的东西) 11 ask sb. for sth. 向某人要什么 12 ask sb. to do sth. 询问某人某事 ask sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 at least 至少 17 be /feel confident of sth. /that clause + 从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v.原) = can (+ v.原）能够……base on 以……(为)根据 20 be able to do sth. 能够干什么 21 be afraid to do \of sth. 恐惧，害怕…… 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 23 be angry with sb. 生某人的气 24 be angry with (at) sb. for doing sth. 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as … 原级… as 和什么一样 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth. 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth. 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 be close to … 离……很近 33 be different from … 和……不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 37 be full of 装满……的be filled with 充满 38 be glad + to do/从句做某事很高兴 39 be going to + v.(原）打算，计划，准备…… 40 be good at(+ doing) = do well in 在某方面善 长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb. 对某人有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 47 be late for = come late to 迟到 48 be like 像…… 49 be mad at 生某人的气 50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见 原材料) be made in 在……生产或制造 51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见 原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb. 受某人欢迎 be pleased with 对…感到满意 55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表……的缩写 57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth. be sorry for sb. 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb. 61 be strict in doing sth. 严于做某事 62 be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格 63 be strict with sb in sth. 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth. 对做某事有信心 67 be sure of sth\doing. 对做某事有信心 68 be sure that sth. 对做某事有信心 69 be sure to do sth. 一定会做某事 70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth. 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事 74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be (feel) afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 be afraid of sth. 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 76 because + 句子because of + 短语 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start … with … = begin … with … 以…开始… 78 between … and … 两者之间 79 borrow sth. from sb. 向……借…… lend sth. to sb. lend sb. sth. 借给……什么东西 80 both = the same (as) = not different (from) 表 相同 81 bother 打扰bother sb. to do sth. both … and … …和……都 82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb. sth. eg: We call him old wang. 84 care 关心 85 catch up with sb. 赶上某人 86 chat with sb. 和某人闲谈 take sb. to + 地点带某人去某地 87 come in 进来 88 come over to 过来 89 come up with 提出 90 communicate with sb. 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考虑做…… 92 dance to 随着……跳舞 93 decide to do sth. 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好 do well in 在……方面干的好 96 do wrong 做错drop off 放下（某物） 97 Don't forget to do sth. 不要忘了做某事。 98 Don't mind +doing /从句/名词. 不要介 意……。 99 each + 名(单)每一个…… 100 end up + doing 101 enjoy + doing 喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑 103 expect to do sth. 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来fall off 从……摔下来 105 fall in love with sb. /sth. 爱上…… 106 far from 离某地远 107 find + it + adj. + to do 发现做某事…… 108 find sb./sth. +adj. 发现什么…… 109 finish + doing（名词）完成做…… 110 fit to sb. = be fit for sb. 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 112 from … to … 从某某到某某 113 get /have sth. done 做完，被（别人）做…… 114 get a part-time job = find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb. = get on well with sb. 与某人相处得好 116 get along with sb. = get on with sb. 与某人相 处 117 get ready for = be ready for 为什么而准备 get … ba ck 退还…… 118 get sb into trouble 给某人麻烦 119 get sb. to do sth. get out of 从……取出 120 get … from … 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 122 give sth to sb. give sb sth. 给某人某物 123 go fishing 钓鱼go swimming 游泳 go over 过一遍；仔细检查 124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of