Part 1 动词主要时态和语态表
1.一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时
主动： do / did / will do
被动： are done / were done / will be done
2.现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时
主动： are doing / were doing / will be doing
被动： are being done / were being done
3.现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时
主动： have done / had done / will have done
被动： have been done / had been done
现在完成进行时
主动： have been doing
动词主要时态的意义及运用
1.现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时
英语提示语：up to now， so far， for three years， since 1995， over past ten years，by the end of this week， by the year of 1995
汉语提示语：已经，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
By the end of this week， we’ll have finished the task.
现在完成进行时:从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night.
I’ve often been thinking of you.
He’s been worrying about her safety.
Obviously she’s been crying.
All these years he’s been traveling.
过去完成时:
1) said， reported， thought等引导的间接引语中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
He said that he had been in China for over ten years.
He showed me the poems he had written.
He believed that he had done the right thing.
He told me that he had known her since he was a child.
I heard that they had made an important discovery.
She learned that scientists had made a breakthrough in the treatment of that disease. 2） hardly…when， no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
No sooner had she arrived than she began to complain.
Hardly had we got out when it began to snow.
Scarcely had I come in when the phone rang.
3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中
e.g If I had tried harder， I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
4) 用于状语从句
When she had sung her song she sat down.
I found the letter long after he had gone away.
Before we had finished our meal he ordered us back to work.
He refused to go till he had searched all the rooms.
I didn’t begin the work until he had gone.
As soon as he had done it, he knew it was a mistake.
5) 用于定语从句
She showed me the pictures she had painted.
Peter, who had waited for an hour, was very angry when his sister came up.
She wore the necklace her mother had left her.
6) 与time连用
It was the first time I had made such a mistake.
It was the second time he had been in that house.
It was the third time she had been out with him.
7) 其它
We finished the work earlier than we had expected.
The concert was more successful than they had thought.
We didn’t get along as well as we had hoped.
I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train.
I’d intended visiting him this weekend but I wasn’t able to make it.
We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go.
历年考题中的动词时态和语态
1.So far， Irving ___ （live） in New York City for ten years. （has lived）
2.The patient ___ （send） to another hospital before we got there. （had been sent）
3.The second half of the nineteenth century ___ （witness） the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. （witnessed）
Part 2. 非谓语动词
动词主要时态和语态一览表非谓语动词形式意义
1.现在分词
一般式 doing 主动，正在进行
被动式 being done 被动，正在进行
完成主动式 having done 主动，已经完成
完成被动式 having been done 被动，已经完成
过去分词 done 被动，已经完成
2.动词不定式
一般式 to do 主动，将要进行
被动式 to be done 被动，将要进行
完成主动式 to have done 主动，已经完成
进行主动式 to be doing 主动，正在进行
3.非谓语动词作状语
1)动词不定式：①目的状语；②结果状语
e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）
2)分词：①伴随状语；②原因状语；③条件状语④让步状语；⑤时间状语
e.g. Walking along the street， he met his old friend. （时间）
Being very tired， my father didn‘t go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand， the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space， the earth looks like a blue ball. （条件）
4.非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构
Having done their homework， the children began to play. （分词作状语）
After having done their homework， the children began to play. （连词+分词）
After they had done their homework， the children began to play. （状语从句）
With homework done， the children began to play. （独立结构）
5.非谓语动词作定语
If there is no choice， there is no decision ___ （make）。（to be made）
Do you know the man ____ （ stand） in front of the house？（standing）
The question ____ （discuss） at the moment is very important. （being discussed）The pidge ____ （build） in the 1950s is still in good condition. （built）
6.动名词和动词不定式作主语和表语
动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。
e.g Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go apoad.
Seeing is believing.
7.作宾语
1)接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit， acknowledge， avoid， deny， consider， enjoy， escape， excuse， forgive，finish， suggest， mind， include， involve， delay，put off， postpone， feel like， look forward to， be used to， be accustomed to， etc.
2)接动词不定式作宾语的动词：
want， tend， intend， pretend， hope， plan， expect， be supposed to，
seem， be likely to， used to， be willing to， desire， force， prefer， start， begin
3)接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：
forget， remember， regret
stop， continue
need/ want
allow doing/ allow sb to do
① How can I forget meeting you for the first time？
Sorry， I forgot to lock the door.
② I can‘t stop laughing. /Can you stop to give me a hand？
③ The grass needs cutting. /The grass needs to be cut.
④ We don‘t allow smoking here. /You are not allowed to smoke here.
历年考题中的非谓语动词
1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ （do） is ignored by society as of no value or importance. （doing）
2. Anyone ___（want） to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. （wanting）
3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ （control） his direction. （to control）
4. As research techniques become more advanced， the number of animals ___ （use） in experiments may decrease. （used）
5. A life ___ （live） without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed. （lived）
6. This poem， if ___ （translate） word for word into Chinese， will make no sense. （translated）
7. They may have their passports _____ （remove）， making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. （removed）
8. Her body， with hands and feet ____ （bind）， was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. （bound）
Part 3. 虚拟语气
真实条件句: If I have time I’ll come over to see you.
If you are waiting for a bus you’d better join the queue.
If he has written the letter, I’ll post it.
第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气时间从句主句
与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
If I had enough money, I would buy a computer.
If I had a map I would lend it to you.
If I lived near my office, I’d walk to work.
If I were you I’d plant some trees round the house.
If you tried again you might succeed.
If I could type, I might save a lot of time.
If I knew her number I could ring her up.
与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done
If you had arrived a little earlier, you would have seen her.
If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.
If anything had happened, he would have let us know.
If I had left sooner, I’d have caught the bus.
I should/would have talked to mother if I had thought of it.
If we had found him earlier we might have saved his life.
与将来事实相反 were to do should/could/would + do should do
If he were(was) to resign, who would take his place?
If I were to do the job, I would do it in a different way.
If you should have any difficulty in getting the medicine, (you could) ring this number.
第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气
would rather + 从句; wish + 从句; if only + 从句; as if/ as though + 从句;It‘s time + 从句
I would rather you told me the truth.
I’d rather you didn’t ask me that question.
I had rather you did it.
I wish I knew what was going to happen.
I wish I could help you.
I wish I were young again.
I wish I had listened to your advice.
She wished she hadn’t come.
I remember it vividly as though it were tonight.
He talks as though he knew where she was.
It’s high time you bought a new car.
It’s time we were leaving.
第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。
1. suggest， propose， advise， move（动议）， ask， order， require， request， desire，insist， prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；
She demanded that I pay her immediately.
He insisted that Jennie send her to dancing school.
I advise that he go at once.
I propose that Tom be the chairman.
2. suggestion， proposal， advice， motion， order， requirement， request， desire，preference等名词后的同位语从句；
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.
3. important， necessary， essential， imperative， desirable， advisable， preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中；
It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.
It’s vital to her health that she take this medicine.
It’s natural that you’d forget it.
4. lest， in case， for fear that 等引导的从句中。
5. 错综时间
If you had taken her advice, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
If it hadn’t been for the doctors’ care, I wouldn’t be speaking to you new.
If he were leaving, you would have heard about it.
6. 倒装和其它
Were I Tom I would refuse.
Would you require anything, just give me a ring.
Should she be interested, I’ll phone her.
If it weren’t for our help, we could be in serious trouble.
Were it not for their loan, our life would be very difficult.
历年考题中的虚拟语气
1.If it hadn‘t been for your help， we ___ （be） in real trouble. （would have been）
2.He would have given you more help， if he ___ （not be） so busy. （had not been）
3.It is high time that we ___ （take） firm measures to protect our environment. （took）
4.It was imperative that students ___ （finish） their papers before July 1st. （should finish/ finish）
Part 4. 定语从句和名词性从句
* 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句—引导定语从句
1）关系代词（在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which， that， who， whom， whose 2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when， where， why， how
* 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句—引导名词性从句：
1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that， whether， if
2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what， which， who， whom， whose， whatever，whoever…
3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when， where， why， how
1. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别
The story （that） he told me may not be true.
The story that he has made a fortune may not be true.
2. 什么时候用介词＋which 的形式？
The place which I visited last week is very beautiful.
The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.
3. which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句
He is easy to get angry， which is well known.
He is easy to get angry， as everybody knows.
历年考题中的定语从句和名词性从句
1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.
[A] that [B] which [C] in which [D] in that A
2. It is a well-known fact ___ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.
[A] that [B] if [C] when [D] whether A
3. Very few people understood this contract， ___ was very obscure.
[A] the language [B] the language of which B
[C] all it said [D] which it had said
重点语法练习题
历年考题中的动词时态和语态
1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ （come） from things that once lived.
2. In the past two decades， research ___ （expand） our knowledge about sleep and dream.
3. Some proverbs ___ （be） in the language for 1，000 years， for example， A friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. ___ （stand） at the gate was a young man in green coat.
5. In 1991， after the Gulf War， Bush‘s approved rating reached 91 percent， the highest level recorded since polling ___ （begin） in the 19302.
6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ （make） us tolerate crime more than we should.
7. So far， Irving ___ （live） in New York City for ten years.
8. The patient ___ （send） to another hospital before we got there.
9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ （witness） the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ （drive） off by the sight of his cheerful face.
历年考题中的非谓语动词
1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ （do） is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
2. Anyone ___（want） to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ （control） his direction.
4. As research techniques become more advanced， the number of animals ___ （use） in experiments may decrease.
5. It seems reasonable to assume that， other things ___ （be） equal， they would prefer single to shared rooms.
6. This poem， if ___ （translate） word for word into Chinese， will make no sense.
7. They may have their passports _____ （remove）， making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.
8. Her body， with hands and feet ____ （bind）， was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
9. I couldn‘t help but ___ （feel） this is a very strange life.
10. Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ （revolve） round the sun.
历年考题中的虚拟语气
1. If it hadn‘t been for your help， we ___ （be） in real trouble. He would have given you more help， if he ___ （not be） so busy.
3. It is high time that we ___ （take） firm measures to protect our environment.
4. It was imperative that students ___ （finish） their papers before July 1st.
5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ （give） to every adult person.
6.I would rather he ____ （ buy） the house next year.
7. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ （meet） them before.
8. Should she come tomorrow， I ___ take her to the museum.
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
9. If we ___ everything ready by now， we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
[A] hadn‘t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn‘t have got [D] wouldn’t get
历年考题中的定语从句和名词性从句
1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.
[A] that [B] which [C] in which [D] in that
2. It is a well-known fact ___ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.
[A] that [B] if [C] when [D] whether
3. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order ____ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices.
[A] which [B] what [C] that [D] in that
4. It is not yet known ____ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.
[A] whether [B] if [C] that [D] how
5. Such attitudes amount to a belief ___ leisure can and should be put to good use.
[A] which [B] if [C] whether [D] that
6. The reason for making a decision is ___ a problem exists， goals are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
[A] why [B] because [C] where [D] that
7. ___ developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.
[A] What [B] Whether [C] That [D] Which
8. Very few people understood this contract， ___ was very obscure.
[A] the language [B] the language of which
[C] all it said [D] which it had said
9. Often music was played out of doors， ___ nature provided the environment.
[A] which [B] that [C] in which [D] where
10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition， ____， to our disappointment， we saw very few high-tech products.
[A] where [B] which [C] as [D] that
形容词比较级和最高级
1.The more stress you are under， the ___ （likely） you are to catch a cold.
2. The ___ （far） away we get from the earth， the thinner the air becomes.
3.We know that we are getting even older， and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth， the ____ （old） its population is likely to be.
4. As Jane was the ____ （old）， she looked after the other children in the family. 翻译: 1. 直到最近我才意识到语言与文化密切相关。
2. 我们匆匆忙忙地赶回学校，生怕天会下雨。
3. 这些问题没有迅速解决是汤姆的过错。
4. 他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系。
5. 无论他怎么说，我也不相信他。
Keys：1. Not until recently did I realize that language and culture are closely related to each other. （倒装句）
2. We hurried to the school lest it should rain. （lest后接动词原形的虚拟语气）
3. It‘s Tom’s fault that these questions are not solved rapidly. （形式主语）
4. The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not. （whether 引导宾语从句）
5. Whatever he says， I won‘t believe him. （让步状语从句）
名词解释
1. Affixation （p7）
A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base， which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it.
2. Compound （p11）
A compound， the product of composition， and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.
3. Conversion （p12）
The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.
4. Acronyms （p15）
Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.
5. Verb Phrase （p16）
The head word of a verb phrase is the main verb. Two elements in the structure are important： the main verb and auxiliaries.
6. Finite Verb Phrase （p17）
Its head word is a finite verb， which is restricted by tense and keeps concord with the subject.
7. Non-finite Verb Phrase （p17）
Its first element is a non-finite verb free from the restrict of tense and concord of subject.
8. YES-NO questions （p37）
YES-NO questions can be answered by “Yes” or “No”
9. WH-questions （p39）
WH-questions begin with WH-series of words.
（What if = what should I do P41， How come = why P42）
10. Tag questions （p43）
A tag question normally consists of a statement and a question tag.
11. Exclamation （p49）
Express our impression， especially our surprise， excitement， amazement， etc. It doesn‘t take S-V inversion.
12. Proper Nouns （p56）
Proper nouns denote individual persons， places， etc， normally begins with a capital letter， has no plural form and can‘t occur after an article.
13. Countable nouns （p57）
Nouns that can take plural.
14. Mass nouns （p57）
Nouns that can‘t take plural.
15. Collective nouns （p57）
These are generally countable nouns， but even in the singular they refer to groups of people， animals or things.
16. Foreign plurals （p62）
Words that are borrowed from other languages often have foreign plurals.
17. Unit nouns （P65）
Unit nouns are used to specify the quantities of the modified noun.
18. Determiner （p74）
Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun.
19. Pseudo-passive （P141）
A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized；it can occur in a comparative construction，with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase， and with other link verbs besides be and get.
20. Predictive meaning （epistemic） P162
The predictive meaning， rather homogeneous in nature， is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability and indicates the speaker’s confidence in the truth of his statement.
21. Non-predictive （non-epistemic） p163
Non-predictive meanings of modal auxiliaries are very heterogeneous in nature， this category covers a variety of meanings， except “prediction”。
22. Putative Should （p178）
Putative should is not very meaningful in its own right； in many cases， its function is to fill in a structural slot. This use of should is commonly found in the that-clause after an adjective or a noun denoting a feeling or an opinion.
e.g. It‘s strange that she should wear her evening dress for such an informal party.
23. Infinitive （P191）
The infinitive occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to.
24. Subject complement （P210）
Semantically， subject complements denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes – the two notions that are most typically expressed by be and become.
25. Stative adjectives （P222）静态形容词
The majority of adjectives are stative in nature， describing permanent inherent qualities. e.g. a big house
26. Dynamic adjectives （P222）动态形容词
Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.） in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude）
27. Inherent adjectives （P223）本意形容词
Inherent adjectives denote inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. （e.g a big house）
28. Non-inherent adjectives （P223）非本意形容词
Non-inherent adjectives identify qualities in an indirect way. （e.g. a big eater）29. Restrictive adjectives （P224）限定性形容词
Restrictive adjectives help identify the noun by describing its distinctive qualities （e.g. a fat woman）
30. Non-restrictive adjectives （P224）非限定性形容词
Non-restrictive adjectives provide additional information not essential for the identification of the noun. Adjective modifying proper noun are normally non-restrictive. （e.g. my fat wife）
31. Coordination （P259）并列词
Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions） which join units at the same level.
32. Subordination （P259）主从连接词
Realized by subordinators （also termed subordinating conjunctions）， involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause （also termed the superordinate clause）。
33. end-focus （P355）尾部焦点
under neutral conditions， the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus.
34. text （P18）
Refers to a unified passage and it is a semantic unit. It is structurally well-integrated， and semantically coherent.
35. reference 照应（P381）
using grammatical pro-form which explicitly/clearly refer elsewhere
36. substitute 替代（P381）
cuts off part of the sentence （ a word， phrase， or a clause） and fills in the gap with a smaller item， which corresponds to the replace item.
37. ellipsis：省略（P381）
leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute.
38. exophoric reference 语言外照应（P382）
Nonlinguistic or situational context.
39. endophoric reference 语言内照应（P382）
Linguistic or textual context
40. anaphoric reference 前照应（P383/285）
A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause
41. cataphoric reference 后照应（P383/285）
A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference， which goes with a restrictive relative clause
2014年4月自考英语二00015试题及答案 第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there’s nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortabl e clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you d on’t need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But d on’t be fool ed into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscl es. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you d on’t get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more cl early. How d o you get engaged in the sport if you d on’t know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simpl e Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you’ll see peopl e cheering for all the runners. Running isn’t always about how fast you are running or how far you’re going. It’s about getting out there and d oing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you’re looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It’s hard to find a safe environment for running.
重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者 请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简
Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不
Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.
专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very imp ortant. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English well. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important.
自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although
<<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 试题及答案000154月自考英语二2014年第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you'll see people cheering for all the runners. Running isn't always about how fast you are running or how far you're going. It's about getting out there and doing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you're looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It's hard to find a safe environment for running. 》》》》精品资料》<<<<<< <<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 A.True B. False C. Not Given 4.Running is good to people's body and mind. A.True B. False C. Not Given 5.A long-distance run is good in many ways. A.True B. False C. Not Given 6.You can find running programs online. A.True B. False C. Not Given 7.Running programs set goals for you.
本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。 第一、方法篇 自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。 由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。 但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。我们举几个成功的例子吧。 我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。 比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause （同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。 它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving，existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。从课本上我们看到这样的例句：To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man. He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name. 你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we re move a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。
? UNIT 1 ? 重点单词和短语 ? objective accomplish predict accompany attain scheme skilled argue define ? interview prospect ? course of action in the way(by the way, in no way, in a way) make a guess at contribute to and the like (and so on) ? seek to do sth. in part point of view vary from…to … ? apply for (to) ? have no idea bring about take the trouble to do ? put oneself in one’s place ? to one’s advantage at a disadvantage ask for in hand turn down (up, on, off, out, over, back) ? 重点、难点句子详解 ? 1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. ? 解析：courses of action意思是行动方案、做事步骤；made是过去 分词；from among 为二重介词 ? 例：We’ll inform you as soon as tickets become _____. (06-4) ? A. valuable B. capable C. acceptable D. available (D) ? 2. … some suggest that the management process is decision making. ? 解析：suggest表示认为、提出、暗示意思，后面不用虚拟语气，表
英语二内容串讲 阅读三重境界 ＊彻底糊涂：细节 ＊彻底明白：细节+主旨 ＊似懂非懂：翻译 阅读四项能力 词能、句能、篇能、考能 词能第一 一、五个猜词绝招 1.利用上下文确定词义 例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy. 例2：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society. 例3：A first year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', and 'sophomore', 'junior' and 'senior' designate the second—third—and fourth—year student. 例4：The tired soldiers trudged through knee deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep. 2.利用构词法确定词义 例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy. 例2：They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked too many difficult questions. 例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught. 3.利用语法知识确定词义 例1：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person. 例2：A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely. 例3：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering. 例4：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient's heartbeat and breathing. 4.根据同义、反义关系确定词义 表示反义的信号词：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to…… 例1：My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen. 例2：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying. 例3：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others. 5. 利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义 例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen. 例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater. 二、词的构成：常见的前缀和后缀
2005年4月全国高等教育自学考试英语语法试题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Chose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter in the blank. 1. The task force is supposed_____. A. to be getting reinforced B. that to be getting reinforced C. to being got reinforced D. that been got reinforced 2. He muffled his voice to avoid_____. A. having been identified B. to be identified C. identified D. being identified 3._____, I would call him in advance. A. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you 4. The company encourages _____ uniforms. A. to wear B. wears C. wearing D. have worn 5. What is _____ story you have ever heard? A. funnier B. a funniest C. the funnier D. the funniest 6. You may take an oral or written exam _____ you prefer. A. according as B. according to C. if D. whether 7. The Tower of London, _____ so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction. A. which B. there C. where D. from it 8. Pride and prejudice _____ never failed to characterize the aristocracy. A. had B. has C. have D. are 9. Not only the players and the coach but also the referee _____ responsible for the defeat. A. were B. was C. is D. are 10. How often _____ your car _____? I think it ought _____ twice a week at least. A. is … washed, to be washed B. is … washed, to wash C. is … washed, to have washed D. has … been washed, to be washed 11. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard out in the street. A. having been opened and closed B. opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to be opened and closed 12. I had hoped that Jennifer _____ a doctor, but she was not good at medicine. A. will become B. become C. would become D. becomes 13. Most people enjoy _____. A. to flatter B. to be flattered C. flattering D. being flattered 14. Congratulations on _____ to the university. A. having admitted B. being admitted C. admitting D. have admitted 15. As we went _____ in our investigation of the case, we had more evidence of a political conspiracy. A. far B. farther C. further D. farthest 16. _____ his immense fortune, he died a most unhappy man. A. Although B. With all C. With D. Because of 17. He takes no interest in studies; _____, he plays tennis all day. A. in short B. instead C. anyhow D. still 18. The factory was burned down last night; _____ many workmen were thrown out of employment. A. for this sake B. on that account C. in that case D. unfortunately 19. The old _____ usually self-conceited as age sometimes does tell. A. is B. will be C. are to be D. are 20. There _____ a tall building, several tennis courts and lots of non-deciduous trees on the center of the area. A. is B. are C. stand D. appears 二、选择填空题(本大题共6小题，每小题2分，共12分)