中文2479字
Revealed comparative advantage and competitiveness of China’s
agricultural products
Zhan Jing
Economy and Management Collage, Nanhua University, Hengyang,
4210100, China
中国主要农产品的显性比较优势及竞争力分析
詹晶
（南华大学经济管理学院，湖南衡阳，421001）
译文正文：
中国主要农产品的显性比较优势及竞争力分析
詹晶
（南华大学经济管理学院，湖南衡阳，421001）
摘要：本文在大量数据的基础上测算了1980－2003年期间中国部分农产品的显性比较优势指数及其比较竞争力。测算结果表明中国在可食用蔬菜、茶叶等农产品上仍然具有比较优势，但是24 年来中国农产品的显性比较优势指数呈现下降趋势。
关键词：农产品; 国际贸易; 显性比较优势(RCA); 竞争力
中国的农产品出口，为增加外汇、就业机会及城乡居民收入做出了重大贡献。2003年农产品贸易余额为2.5美元亿美元，占外贸顺差总额的9.8％。诚（2003）报道，由农产品出口可直接和间接创造19.88个就业机会。
巴拉萨（1965）在全球层面上首次提出了中国农产品的相对竞争力可以通过显示性比较优势分析（RCA），这对意识到中国农产品的竞争地位有作用的。
显示性比较优势的公式
有某些类型的测量方法可以判定一个产业的竞争力，其中RCA指数就是重要的一个，RCA的概念基于的是传统的贸易理论。原来的RCA指数，由巴拉萨（1965），可以被定义为：
RCA= (X ij /X it) / (X nj / X nt)
其中x表示出口,i代表一个国家，j是一种商品，x ij表示i国用来出口商品j。t代表一组商品和n代表一组国家。因此,该方程分析一个国家的出口占世界出口的商品与该国的出口总额占世界出口总额。如果i国家j商品的世界出口份额，占i国的所有产品的世界出口份额越大，RCA将越大于1，这表明一个国家在生产特定商品上有一个“显性”比较优势。
RCA是基于观察贸易模式。RCA价值的增加意味着在一国一种商品的竞争力增加。这种测量是很容易，它被广泛采用。但在现实中，可以观察到的贸易格局被政策和干预扭曲，因此可能会歪曲潜在的比较优势。这在农业部门尤其如此，政府的干预是司空见惯的，这一点由巴拉萨（1965）指出。进口限制的程度，出口补贴和其他的保护政策可能会扭曲的显示性比较优势指数正在成为关注的问题。
作为衡量政府对农业的支持，经济合作与发展组织（1999）按农业与产业估计总支持等值（TSEs）。这是很自然的认为TSEs越高，产业越会得到支持。显而易见的是，在联合国的支持水平最高，随后是美国，最低的是中国。作为世界贸易组织的承诺，所
有成员国的政府干预预期减弱。然而，在一些考虑的时期农业是不可能是完全摆脱政府干预。
福利收益源于农业贸易自由化,例如，泰尔斯和安德森(1988和1992)和经合组织(1995年),这意味着农业政策必须影响贸易流量(即容量)和可能对贸易模式(即方向)。自由是优于各种程度的贸易限制。沃华夫和VO（1990）发现出口业绩更受经济基本面影响而不是政府干预,而进口行为正好相反。
沃华夫（1989）指出，政府的干预和竞争力往往是负相关的。这表明，那些露出了比较优势的产品群可以变得更具竞争力，如果市场变得更加开放。RCA仍然潜在的比较优势和竞争优势提供了有益的指导，虽然指数是毋庸置疑的。
中国主要农产品的显性比较优势
上述所定义的RCA指数计算了1980至2003年期间中国农产品出口与其余的世界对比。数据来源中国国家统计局(国家统计局)。所有样品的产品类别和贸易覆盖17流过24期。年度RCA指数计算这个四位数的水平,但在三位的水平。
表1中国主要农产品的RCA指数，1980-2003.
以下两个领域的RCA值，可以定义为：高RCA>2，低2> RCA> 1。此外，如果RCA 值小于1时，表示一个国家发现比较劣势（RCD）在一个特定的商品。因此，一些观察，可以从表1中。
1. 1980年，中国显示性比较优势在17个产品有7种。他们是茶叶，大米，猪肉制品，猪肉，水果，鸡肉和肉类。对于其他产品中国是显性比较劣势。2003年茶叶，大米，鸡肉和猪肉产品继续保持其竞争地位。此外，蔬菜和蘑菇获得了竞争力。
2. 在所有产品类的显性比较优势中，五种制品的比较优势高，其中两种在1980年优势低，而在2003年只有其中两个制品高。
3. 鸡肉，猪肉和茶叶一直保持他们的竞争力，在整个24年期间。
4. 肉、猪肉和水果是产品类别在1980年用RCA衡量，但是在2003年用RCD。然而,蔬菜产品和蘑菇的产品类别在1980年用RCD衡量，但是在2003年用RCA。这两类都是加工产品。
5. 在24年期间，4个农产品类别在中国经历了一个改进：蘑菇和蔬菜产品从“RCD”改为“RCA”，棉花和谷物的RCA值也有所增加，但他们仍然在RCD位置。
6. 对于大多数类型的农业产品,中国的竞争力减弱了。17产品类别中有12种的RCA 价值经历了下降。
结论与展望
上述研究结果表明，在中国显性比较优势的农产品大部分是劳动密集型产品。蔬菜产品的上升是令人鼓舞的，部分原因在于中国在农业的劳动力成本低。
比较优势指数的下降水平意味着在中国的农业产品中的竞争力正在减弱，可能会导致以下原因。在外部，许多经济一体化的组织已建立和合并其成员国，从而形成固体的区域贸易封锁的经济体。在内部，许多农产品的质量不能达到国际标准；大多数农业企业是技术创新中的弱者。更重要的是，工业协会和中介机构没有使其潜能充分发挥在推进农产品加工业，并维护市场秩序。
为加强中国的农业产品竞争力，进一步应努力通过发展农业龙头企业推进农业产业化推进。国内主要农业生产者是个体农民家庭。农业企业只有在发展的最初阶段。
当农民被企业和/或合作组织在家庭责任合同制度的基础上组织进行工业化管理，他们将会得到更全面的服务，并将更好地分配农业的资源。
在此期间，企业应高度意识到市场的需求和充分利用信息技术和现代市场供给和需求的最新趋势与时并进，并更好地组织其营销的销售方法。
这些企业应该更多的资金注入R&D程序、技术传播和品牌营销。规范化的管理应应用在生产、加工、包装、运输、销售、卫生检疫的农业产品，以满足国际质量认证的要求。
此外，中国政府应考虑设立特别学校对农民的教育和培训，提高其素质和竞争力，促进农业和农村经济的长期增长。
因此，工业化可以推进农业产品的RCA关于该国的农业结构的战略性调整和产业的国际市场竞争力。
外文原文
Revealed comparative advantage and competitiveness of China’s
agricultural products
Abstract: This paper deals with the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products, base on the index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) using lots of data for the period of 1980 to 2003. The index is useful in identifying the demarcation between comparative advantage and comparative disadvantage. The research indicates that some agro-products in China such as edible vegetables and tea have a comparative advantage, but the RCA values have been declining over the 24-year period, which has vast impacts on future reform in China’s agricultural structure.
Keywords:agricultural product, export, revealed comparative advantage (RCA), competitiveness.
China’s exports of agricultural products have made significant contributions to increasing foreign exchange, job opportunities and rural income. In 2003 the agricultural trade balance was US$2.5 billion, which accounted for 9.8 per cent of total foreign trade surplus. Cheng (2003) reported that 19.88 job opportunities can be created directly and indirectly by exports of agricultural products.
T he relative competitiveness of China’s agricultural products can be analyzed by means of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) first proposed by Balassa (1965) at the global level, which is useful to be aware of the comp etitive position of China’s agricultural products. Formulation of revealed comparative advantage
There are some kinds of measurement in determining the competitiveness of an industry, among which RCA index is an important one and the concept of RCA is grounded on conventional trade theory. The original RCA index, formulated by Balassa (1965), can be defined as:
RCA= (X ij /X it) / (X nj / X nt)
Where x represents exports, i is a country, j is a commodity, X ij is exports by country i in commodity j. t is a set of commodities and n is a set of countries. Therefore, this equation analyses a country’s export share of world export of a commodity with the country’s total export share of world total exports. If country i’s share of world exports of commodity j is
gre ater that country i’s share of world exports of all goods, the RCA will be greater than 1, which suggests that a country has a “revealed” comparative advantage in the production of that particular commodity.
RCA is based on observed trade patterns. An increasing in the value of RCA means an increasing in a country’s competitiveness in a commodity. This kind of measurement is so easy that it is widely adopted. But in reality, observed trade patterns can be distorted by policies and interventions and therefore may misrepresent underlying comparative advantage. This is especially true of the agricultural sector, where government interference is commonplace, a point noted by Balassa (1965). The extent to which import restriction, export subsidies and other protection policies might distort index of revealed comparative advantage is becoming a concern.
As a measure of government support to agriculture, the OECD (1999) estimates total support equivalents (TSEs) by country and industry. It is natural to think that the higher the TSEs is, the more support the industry gets. It is evident that the level of support was highest in the UN, then in the USA, and lowest in China. As a commitment to the World Trade Organization, government intervention in all member countries is expected to diminish. Nevertheless, agriculture is unlikely to be completely free of government intervention for some considerate time.
The welfare gains result from agricultural trade liberalization, e.g. Tyers and Anderson (1988 and 1992) and OECD (1995), which implies that agricultural policies must have an impact on trade flow (i.e. volume) and possibly on trade patterns (i.e. direction ). The free is superior to various degree of trade restriction. V ollrath and V o (1990) found export performance to be more affected by economic fundamentals than by government intervention, whereas the reverse applied to import behavior.
V ollrath (1989) noted that government intervention and competitiveness tend to be inversely related. This suggests that those product groups revealing a comparative advantage could become even more competitive if markets were to become more open. The RCA still provide a useful guide to underlying comparative and competitive advantage, although the index is not beyond doubt.
Revealed comparative advantage in main agricultural products of China
The RCA index as defined above is computed for China’s agricultural products for export over the period 1980-2003, with those of the rest of the world as contrast. The data are supplied by National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of China. The all samples cover 17 product
categories and trade flows over the 24-year period. Annual RCA index is calculated at the four-digit level, but reported at the three-digit level.
The following two fields of RCA value can be defined: high for RCA＞2, low for 2＞RCA＞1. In addition, if the RCA value＜1, it denotes that a country has revealed comparative disadvantage (RCD) in a particular commodity. Thus, several observations can be made from Table 1.
1. In 1980 China had the revealed comparative advantage for 7 of 17 product groups. They were tea, rice, pork products, pork, fruits, chicken and meat. For the others China had the revealed comparative disadvantage. In 2003 tea, rice, chicken and pork products maintained their competitive position. Moreover, vegetable products and mushroom gained competitiveness.
2. Among all product groups with revealed comparative advantage, five of them ware high, two of them low in 1980; while in 2003 only two of them ware high.
3. Chicken, pork and tea had maintained their competitiveness during the whole 24-year period.
4. Meat, pork and fruits were the product groups with a RCA in 1980 but a RCD in 2003. However, vegetable products and mushroom were the product categories with a RCD in 1980 but with a RCA in 2003. These two categories were all processed products.
5. During the 24-year period, four agricultural product groups in China experienced an
improvement: mushroom and vegetable products improved from “RCD” to “RCA”; the RCA value of cotton and cereals also had increased, although they were still in RCD position.
6. For most kinds of agricultural products, China’s competitiveness had weakened. The RCA value of 12 of 17 product groups experienced a fall.
Conclusion and prospects
T he above findings suggest that most of the agricultural products with revealed comparative advantage in China are labor-intensive products. The rise in vegetable products is encouraging partly because of China’s low cost labor in agriculture.
The decreasing level of comparative advantage index means that the competitiveness in China’s agricultural products is weakening which would have resulted from the following reasons. Externally, many economic integrated organizations have been established and merged the economies of their member states, thus forming a solid regional trading blockage. Internally, the quality of many agricultural products can’t come up to international standards; most agro enterprises are weak in technological innovation. What’s more, ind ustrial association and intermediary agencies have not brought their potentialities into full play in advancing the agricultural processing industry and maintaining market order.
To strengthen China’s agricultural products competitiveness, further efforts should be made to push agricultural industrialization forward by developing leading agricultural enterprises. The domestic major agricultural producers are individual farmer households. Agricultural enterprises are only in the initial stage of development.
When farmers are organized by enterprises and /or co-operative organizations to carry out industrialized management on the basis of the household responsibility contract system, they will get more comprehensive services, and agricultural resources will be better allocated.
In the meantime, the enterprises should be highly conscious of market demands and make full use of information technology and modern sales methods to keep abreast with the latest supply and demand trends in the market and to better organize their marketing.
These enterprises should also pump more funds into R&D programs, technology spreading and brand marketing. Standardized management should be applied in producing, processing, packaging, transporting, selling and hygienic quarantining of agricultural products to meet the requirement of international quality certification.
In addition, the government of China should consider establishing special schools for farmers’ education and training to raise their qualities and competitiveness, boos ting the long-term growth of agriculture and rural economy.
Accordingly, industrialization can advance the strategic adjustment of the country’s agricultural structure with reference to the RCA of agricultural products and will sharpen the
competitive edge of the industry in the international market.
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.doczj.com/doc/6313259866.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
外文翻译原文--目的地竞争力：可持续发展目标的战略 规划和愿景 Destination Competitiveness Meeting Sustainability Objectives Through Strategic Planning and Visioning Lisa Ruhanen The University of Queensland The School of Tourism and Leisure Management 11 Salisbury Road Ipswich QLD 4305 Australia lruhanencom 1 Introduction Destinations whether national state or local are
increasingly taking their role as tourist destinations very seriously as evidenced by the al- location of considerable funds towards tourism promotion and market- ing Much of this funding is being directed towards the enhancement and development of their touristic image and attractiveness Ritchie Crouch 2000 With so many destinations competing for the tourist dollar both on an international and domestic level competition is erce and destinations are looking to capitalize on all of their assets to dier- entiate themselves from their competitors This increasing level of com-
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就业竞争力包涵着在就业能力和职业发展过程中的多项综合能力，关于其定义有多种解释。国际劳工(ILO)则指出，就业能力是个体获得和保持、在工作中进步以及应对工作生活中出现的变化的能力；英国原教育与就业部(DFEE)把就业能力解释为获得和保持工作的能力，进一步讲，就业能力是在劳动力市场内通过充分的就业机会实现潜能的自信。国外学者Howard认为就业竞争力是指雇员具有劳动力市场和雇主所需要和认为有吸引力的技能的能力；Fuguate认为：就业竞争力是指个体在其职业期间确认和实现在组织内部和外部职业机会的能力。国内学者赵志川认为大学生的就业竞争力是大学生初次进入人力资源市场以及在以后的职业生涯中能够相对于其他竞争对手更加有效地向市场提供自己的智力和服务，从而保证自身持续生存和发展的综合素质和能力；楼锡锦认为大学生就业竞争力是指毕业生在就业市场上，具有战胜竞争对手、找到适合才能发挥和实现自身价值的适当工作岗位的能力，可归结为核心竞争力、基础竞争力和竞争力。 本文所研究的大学生就业竞争力主要是指大学生在校期间通过较为系统的基础知识和专业知识的学习掌握，以及适应社会需要的综合素质的开发培养，在就业竞争和职业发展中所具有的获得和保持工作的职业化能力。 二、构建提升大学生就业竞争力的培养体系的必要性 (一)传统大学生培养模式的错位现象 1．大众化的高等教育与精英就业观的错位
毕业论文外文翻译（一） 论文题目：国外发展农产品物流的成功经验及其对浙江的启示 外文题目：Logistics &the National Economy 出处：International Journal of Physical Distribution & LogisticsManagement 作者：MCB UP Ltd 原文： Logistics &the National Economy Introduce Logistics has always been a central and essential feature of all economic activity and yet paradoxically it is only in recent years that it has come to receive serious attention from either the business or academic world. One very obvious reason for this neglect is that, whilst the functions that comprise the logistics task are individually recognised, the concept of logistics as an integrative activity in business has only really developed within the last 20 years. What is logistics? It can be variously defined, but expressed at its simplest it is: The process of strategically managing the movement and storage of materials, parts, and finished inventory from suppliers, through the firm on to customers. Logistics is thus concerned with the management of the physical flow which begins with sources of supply and ends at the point of consumption. It is therefore clearly much wider in its reach than simply a concern with the movement of finished goods—a commonly held view of physical distribution. In the logistics scheme of things we are just as much concerned with plant and depot location, inventory levels, materials management and information systems as we are with transport. One of the features of the logistics concept which is its greatest attraction whilst simultaneously being the greatest drawback to its widespread adoption in industry so far is that it places the emphasis on integrating activities that traditionally have been located in different functions of the business. Thus in many
银行英语： 出口信贷 export credit 出口津贴 export subsidy 商品倾销 dumping 外汇倾销 exchange dumping 优惠关税 special preferences 保税仓库 bonded warehouse 贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade 进口配额制 import quotas 自由贸易区 free trade zone 对外贸易值 value of foreign trade 国际贸易值 value of international trade 普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT -------------------价格条件 ---------------------- 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价 price 码头费wharfage 总值 total value 卸货费landing charges 金额 amount 关税customs duty 净价 net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价 wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价 retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice 国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价） C&F-cost and freight 到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价） CIF-cost,insurance and freight --------------------交货条件 ---------------------- 交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S) 装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery
外文翻译 原文 EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF INDIAN TEXTILEAND GARMENT INDUSTRY Material Source: Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations Author:Samar Verma The international trade in textile and clothing sectors has been a egregious exception to the most favoured nation principle of GATT and, since the early 1960s, has been a case of managed trade through forced consensus. However, the WTO Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) marked a significant turnaround. According to the ATC, beginning 1st January 1995, all textiles and clothing products that had been hitherto subjected to MFA-quota, are scheduled to be integrated into WTO over a period of ten years. “The dismantling of the quota regime represents both an opportunity as well as a threat. An opportunity because markets will no longer be restricted; a threat because markets will no longer be guaranteed by quotas, and even the domestic market will be open to competition”. From 1st January 2005, therefore, all textile and clothing products would be traded internationally without quota-restrictions. And this impending reality brings the issue of competitiveness to the fore for all firms in the textile and clothing sectors, including those in India. It is imperative to understand the true competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing firms in order to make an assessment of what lies ahead in 2005 and beyond. Owing to its significant contribution, the Indian textile and clothing industry occupies a unique place in the Indian economy. It contributes about 4% of GDP and 14% of industrial output. Second largest employer after agriculture, the industry provides direct employment to 35 million people including substantial segments of weaker sections of society. With a very low import-intensity of about 1.5% only, it is the largest net foreign exchange earner in India, earning almost 35% of foreign exchange. This is the only industry that is self-sufficient and complete in cotton value chain- producing everything from fibres to the highest value added finished
绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策 当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。 本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。 随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。 绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
JG02 Unified Serial No. from Data Centre: Customs Export Declaration Form of the People’s Republic of China
Customs Declaration Form 报关单 An exporter has to apply to the customs for declaration of the commodity before the shipment. The customs officer will sign on the customs declaration form and release the goods if the goods are up to the requirement. 出口方必须在装运前对出口货物进行报关，如果货物符合要求，海关官员就签署报关单对货物进行放行。 The person who asks for declaration is required to be qualified, that is to say, he/she should have the certificate of customs declaration. The examination is held by the General Administration of Customs of 申请报关的人要求具备资质，就是说他或她应有报关证。考试由中华人民共和国海关部署举行。 The customs declaration form is in different colors, for example: the white one is made out for general trade and the pink one is used for processing trade. The contents of these documents are similar. We take the specification of an export customs declaration form for general trade as an example to show the method of making out the document. 报关单有不同颜色，如白色报关单按一般贸易缮制，粉红色报关单用于加工贸易。这些单据的内容相似。我们以一般贸易的出口货物报关单的内容为例介绍该单据的缮制方法。 The Main Contents and Notes of Customs Declaration Form： 报关单的主要内容及注释： 1. 预录入编号：No. of Pre-record It is given by the customs while the exporter is applying to customs. It is given by computers automatically. 出口方申请报关时由海关给的编号，是由计算机自动编制的。 2. 海关编号：No. of Customs It is given by the computer system automatically or given by the custom officer. 由计算机系统自动编制或由海关人员给出。 3. 出口口岸：Port of Export It refers to the name and code of the customs at final port of export. 指最后口岸的海关名称及代码。 说明：若出口货物在设有海关的发运地办理报关手续，出口口岸仍应填写出境口岸的名称。如在深圳办理报关手续，陆路运输至上海出境的货物，其出口口岸为上海。同时加注关区代码。 4. 备案号：record number for checking It refers the number of “Register Manual” or the number of “Certificate of Paid or Free Tax” 指《登记手册》编号或《征免税证明》编号。 5. 出口日期：Date of Export It refers to the date of shipment. It is the applied date of departure of the vessel. 指发运日期，也就是船申报出境的日期。 6. 申报日期：Date of Application It is the date that the exporter applies for declaration. 指出口方向海关申报出境的日期。 7. 经营单位：Executive company Fill in the company’s name who signs and executes the S/C in Chinese, (generally refers to the exporter), and the customs code of the company. 用中文填写签订和执行合同的公司(一般指出口人)名称及经营单位代码。 说明：如果总公司签订合同，由分公司执行，则填分公司名称。出口企业间相互代理，以代理方为经营单位。注意填写全称，注明经营单位代号，该代号是出口企业办理海关注册登记时，海关设置的编码，共10位数字。 8. 运输方式：Mode of Transportation It refers to the final departure mode of transportation , such as sea, road, railway and air, etc. 指货物出境的最后运输方式，如江海、公路、铁路及航空等。 9. 运输工具名称Name of Transportation Tool It refers to the name of departure tool of transportation (for example, sea for vessel and number of voyage, railway for the number of train and air for the number of flight). 指货物出境的运输工具名称(如江海填船名及航次，铁路填车次，航空填航班号)。
外文翻译 原文 The Core Competence of the Corporation Material Source:Harvard Business Review,May-June,1990 P79-93 Author:C.K.Prahalad and Gary Hamel C. K. Prahalad is professor of corporate strategy and international business at the University of Michigan. Gary Hamel is lecturer in business policy and management at the London Business School. Their most recent HBR article "Strategic Intent" (May June 1989), won the 1989 McKinsey Award for excellence. This article is based on research funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. The Roots of Competitive Advantage The distinction we observed in the way NEC and GTE conceived of themselves a portfolio of competencies versus a portfolio of businesses was repeated across many industries. From 1980 to 1988, Canon grew by 264%, Honda by 200%. Compare that with Xerox and Chrysler. And if Western managers were once anxious about the low cost and high quality of Japanese imports, they are now overwhelmed by the pace at which Japanese rivals are inventing new markets, creating new products, and enhancing them. Canon has given us personal copiers; Honda has moved from motorcycles to four wheel off road buggies. Sony developed the 8mm camcorder, Yamaha, the digital piano. Komatsu developed an underwater remote controlled bulldozer, while Casio's latest gambit is a small screen color LCD television. Who would have anticipated the evolution of these vanguard markets? In more established markets, the Japanese challenge has been just as disquieting. Japanese companies are generating a blizzard of features and functional enhancements that bring technological sophistication to everyday products. Japanese car producers have been pioneering four wheel steering, four valve-per cylinder engines, in car navigation systems, and sophisticated electronic engine management systems. On the strength of its product features, Canon is now a player in facsimile transmission machines, desktop laser printers, even semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
摘要：高职院校大学生的就业问题关系到高职院校的可持续发展。应从提高大学生的就业竞争力入手提升学生的整体就业水平。大学生的就业竞争力可归纳为基本素质、基本工作能力、专业技能、求职技能四个要素。高职院校应分析当前制约毕业生就业竞争力提升的内部因素与外部因素，有针对性地提出提升大学生就业竞争力的有效途径。 关键词：高职院校；学生；就业竞争力 近年来，大学生就业形势日趋严峻，妥善解决好大学生的就业问题，不仅关系到我国高等教育的可持续发展，也直接关系到社会的稳定与和谐，同时还决定着高等院校尤其是高职院校的生存与发展。要做好毕业生就业工作，必须对毕业生的就业竞争力作系统、全面、客观的分析，从提高就业竞争力入手提升大学生的整体就业水平。 就业竞争力的内涵与构成要素 大学生就业竞争力本质上是一种表现力，是大学生综合素质的集中反映和显著标志，是毕业生把握并获取就业机会、赢得欣赏的实际能力和比较优势。概括说来，大学生就业竞争力是指毕业生在就业市场上战胜竞争对手、找到自身才能发挥和实
现自身价值的适当的工作岗位的能力，即满足社会和用人单位对人才需求的能力。从社会对人才的需求来看，笔者认为大学生就业竞争力包含以下四个要素。 （一）基本素质 诚信意识人无信不立，国无信不强。诚信是一个合格公民所必须具备的最基本的思想道德素质，也是市场经济最可靠、最坚实的基石，是维护市场秩序、调整人们社会关系的准则。大学生的诚信状况直接关系到我国市场经济体制建设的成败。社会上的信用缺失，使德才兼备的人才受到用人单位的青睐，有才无德的人是不会受欢迎的。大学生作为未来社会生活的新生力量，应当认真经营好个人信誉这个无形资产。 强烈的责任心责任心是我们这个社会为人处事的基本要求，是一个人能否立足于社会，获得事业发展的至关重要的人格品质，是做人的基本素质。一个人工作能力的大小与他掌握知识的程度和工作方法有很大关系，而一个人的工作态度，即责任心问题则是影响一个人事业成败的关键。从某种意义上说，责任心往往比能力更为重要。大学生一定要树立对自己和他人、对家庭和集体、对国家和社会的责任心，这样才能得到用人单位的青睐。 扎实的科学文化素质科学文化素质主要体现在学生的知识结构、专业水平以及科学精神等方面。一切职业都要求从业者具有相应的知识，因此，在人才竞争日趋激烈的情况下，大学生必须掌握系统的科学知识、扎实的专业知识、广博的社会知识，具有完善而全面的知识结构，才能适应未来工作的需要。 （二）基本工作能力
题目：关于农产品出口竞争力研究的文献综述 众所周知，农产品出口对增加农民收入、优化农业结构和加快农业发展均有积极的意义。我国农产品出口额已经连续六年保持上升趋势，但我国的农产品出口在国家贸易结构和世界贸易结构中仍然处于弱势地位，最根本的原因在于我国农产品在国际市场上缺乏强有力的竞争力。我国农产品出口竞争力不强的原因何在，如何提高我国农产品的国际竞争力呢？ 加入WTO后，我国农产品在国际市场上的竞争力更加剧烈，因此如何提高农产品的出口竞争力将是个非常关键的问题。本文将对国内近年来有关于农产品出口竞争力研究成果进行回顾和梳理。文中对农产品出口竞争力的概念，影响因素从国内和国外两个方面进行梳理以及提高农产品出口竞争力的措施进行简单评价 一、有关竞争力的概念 一国外学者认为： 1．竞争力的内涵。 出口竞争力，就是出口产品在国外市场的国际竞争力。古典经济学认为，国际竞争力的强弱取决于一个国家或地域或地区生产要素：劳动力、资金与自然禀赋等方面具有的相对优势，从亚当·斯密创立比较优势论到大卫·李嘉图相对优势论，还有赫克歇尔一俄林自然禀赋理论都沿袭这一看法；经济历史学家强调经济体制在国际竞争中的重要作用，他们认为有利的制度形式是推动国家或地域经济发展的动力，从而也必然促进其国际竞争力的提高。 2．竞争力的理论基础。 长期以来，古典经济学家李嘉图的比较优势论是西方国际贸易理论的“基石”。李嘉图认为，国际贸易的基础并不限于生产技术上的绝对差异，只要各国之间存在着生产技术上的相对差异，就会出现生产成本和产品价格的相对差别，从而使各国在不同的产品上具有比较优势，是国际分工和国际贸易成为可能。他以各国劳动生产率的差异为基础进行分析，认为每个国家或地域都集中生产并出口其具有比较优势的产品，进口其具有比较劣势的产
跨境电商外文文献综述 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型 摘要 通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。 关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链
1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统，由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及：进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用，以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单
广东省外贸企业的出口竞争力分析（纺织业） 1. 绪论 1.1研究背景及目的 纺织与我们的生活息息相关。早在原始社会时期，古人已利用自然资源制造简单的纺织工具，而现在我们日常的衣、某些生活用品和艺术品都是纺织的产物。我们的生活离不开纺织产物，纺织对于全世界人们来说都是生活中不可划缺的一部分，占据着举足轻重的位置。 目前中国是世界最大纺织品生产国，也是世界纺织品第一出口大国，很多人选择到中国购买服饰，而纺织业是广东省的三大传统支柱产业之一。纺织业发展对广东省的国民经济的发展起到开辟市场，积累资金，保证外汇储备、国际收支平衡、解决社会就业及纺织业可持续发展至关重要。因此，研究中广东省纺织行业是非常重要的，纺织业是广东省发展的重要的行业，也是广东省为之骄傲的行业。 1.2.中国纺织史 中国纺织生产起源大概在旧石器时代晚期，距今约２万年左右的北京山顶洞人已学会利用骨针来缝制苇、皮衣服。 夏代时期，社会的中、下层，主要是流行麻葛类纺织品。 商朝的纺织品主要包括丝织、麻织、毛织、棉织等等。 西周时期的纺织，主要流行的除了有新石器时代以来的丝、麻、葛织等传统，还有商代的毛织习俗。 到春秋战国，纺织生产在数量上和质量上都有很大的发展，丝织物成为远近闻名的高贵衣料。有一部分纺织品生产者逐渐专业化，因此，手艺日益精湛，缫、纺、织、染工艺逐步配套。 秦汉到清末，丝织物一直保持高档品的地位，还出现以供观赏为主的工艺美术织品。而蚕丝作为中国的特产闻名于世，很多人冒名前来中国采购。纺、织、染、整工艺日趋成熟。 元、明两代，棉纺织技术发展迅速，人民日常衣着由麻布逐步改用棉布。 1870年中国开始引进欧洲纺织技术，开设大型纺织工厂，因此形成了少数大城市集中性纺织生产和农村农民分散性手工机器纺织生产并存的局面。 中华人民共和国成立后，纺织生产迅速发展。纺织技术迅速提高，拥有制造全套纺织染整机器设备，从而棉纺织规模迅速扩大，毛、麻、丝纺织、化学纤维也有相应的发展。 1.3中国纺织业现状及发展 1990年广东省纺织业在全省制造业总产值的排位处于第二，成为广东工业化初期的主体行业，2002年我省纺织品服装出口占全球纺织品服装出口总额的4%左右，服装出口101亿美元，占全球服装出口5.1%，广东省成为全球第三大服装出口基地，2003年广东省规模以上纺织企业有3659个，总资产为1141亿元，完成工业总产值1594亿元，占全省工业总产值的7.4%，在全国同行业排第三，实现利税排全国第四位，而纺织品服装出口总额居全国首位。面向未来，广东省全面建设小康社会、率先实现现代化的道路上，纺织业必将继续发挥无可替代的重要作用，但入世后我国现有海外市场被发达国家挤占了，如美国以高品位、高质量的纺织品参与国际竞争，使而中国纺织设备相对落后、生产效率低、产品质量低、产品品种档次低下，大量市场被挤占了，因此对广东省纺织业研究是刻不容缓的。 2.纺织业出口竞争分析 2.1内部优势分析 人力资源优势